Download Kingdom Animalia Notes Ch 26-29 General Characteristics

Kingdom Animalia Notes Ch 26-29
General Characteristics
• Eukaryotic
• ________________
• No cell walls
• Move to find the following:
– _________
– _________
– _________
– _________
• ______________– eat other organisms for energy
– Omnivore (plants & animals)
– Carnivore (animals only)
– Herbivore (plants only)
• Digest their food because food must be broken down to fit inside the cells for metabolizing
9 Phyla
• ____________– animals have holes throughout their body (Ex: Sponges)
• ____________ – animals with soft bodies and cnidocytes = stinging cells (Ex: jellyfish, hydra, sea
anemone, coral)
• ____________ – flat worms (Ex: planarians, tapeworms)
• ____________– round worms (Ex: heartworm, trichinella, pin worms)
• ____________ – mollusks (Ex: snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopus, squid)
• ____________ – segmented worms (Ex: earthworm & leeches)
• _____________ – insects, crustaceans, arachnids
• _____________ – spiny skinned animals (Ex: Sea star)
• _____________ – animals with a backbone = Vertebrates
Origin of Invertebrates
• Between _____________ (millions of years ago): First eukaryotic, _______________ organisms
• Most likely flat, plate-shaped organisms with soft bodies that absorbed nutrients from their
water environments (possibly lived in symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae)
• Bilateral symmetry and possible segmentation
• Very little cell specialization or body organization
The Cambrian Period
• Explosion of Animals
• Began __________
• Evolution of shells, skeletons, and other hard outer coverings
• More specialized cells, tissue and the beginnings of organ systems
• Body symmetry, segmentation, some of type of skeleton, anterior & posterior ends and
appendages for specific functions
Evolutionary Trends
Specialized Cells, Tissues & Organs
1. PORIFERA & CNIDARIA: No tissues, organs nor organ systems – just specialized cells
Germ Layers:
Porifera (sponges) – 0
Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) – 2
1. WORMS: First Appearance of Organs & Organ Systems
Germ Layers: 3
Platyhelminthes (planarians & tapeworms)
Nematoda (hookworm, heartworm, pinworm)
Annelida (earthworm & leeches)
Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus)
Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, centipedes, shrimp, lobster)
Echinodermata (sea star, sand dollar)
Chordata (vertebrates)
Body Symmetry
– ____________: Porifera
– ____________: Cnidaria & Echinodermata
– ____________: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda &
Chordata
Cephalization
– Concentration of nerve cells at the ____________ of the animal
– Evolved with ________________
– Began with GANGLIA in WORMS
– Eventually, the evolution of the BRAIN starting in MOLLUSKS and ARTHROPODS
________ (BODY CAVITY) Formation
– Evolved with the development of 3 germ layers
– ACOELOMATES: _____________
• PORIFERA
• CNIDARIA
• PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)
– PSEUDOCOELOMATES: __________________
• NEMATODA (roundworms)
– COELOMATES: ___________________
• ANNELIDA
• MOLLUSCA
• ARTHROPODA
• ECHINODERMATA
• CHORDATA
Embryology
– _______________ (mouth before anus): SPONGES to ARTHROPODS
– _______________ (anus before mouth): ECHINODERMS & CHORDATES
Body Plans
• Asymmetry = no definite shape (sponge)
• Radial Symmetry = circle body plan with a central point (sea star, jellyfish, sand dollar, hydra)
• Bilateral Symmetry = 2 sides of the body are arranged in the same way; the 2 sides of the body
are almost mirror images of each other (most animals have this type of symmetry)
Body Directions
• __________ = backside of animal (darker)
• __________ = belly-side of animal
• __________= left and right side of the animal; away from the midline
• __________- Toward the midline
•
•
__________ = head end (cephalization – concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the
animal which results in the formation of a true brain)
____________ = tail end
Early Development of Animals
• Fertilized egg = _________
• Zygote  Embryo
• Embryo continues to divide to become a ____________ (hollow ball of cells)
• The Blastula folds creating an opening called a ______________ = called __________________
• Blastopore leads to a tube which will become the following:
– Protostomes: mouth- ex. earthworm
– Deuterostomes: anus- ex. echinoderms
Germ Layers
• _____________ (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the digestive & respiratory
tract
• _____________ (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles, circulatory, reproductive and
excretory systems
• _____________ (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs, nerves, integumentary
system (skin, hair, nails, etc.)
Porifera
• Hollow tube body plan: _____________– no coelom
• Contains pores (holes) throughout body
• No tissue, organs and organ systems
• Live in water
• Asymmetry
• As adults sponges are __________ – attach to one place & do not move for the rest of its life
• Filter feeders
• Reproduce asexually and sexually – _______________ (have both male & female reproductive
organs) – external fertilization
• Water goes into pores and out the OSCULUM
• ____________ (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin or hard, spiky
material called spicules
Cnidaria
• Soft bodies
• Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells
• Inside each cnidocyte is a ______________= coiled barbed stinger with poison
• Cnidocytes are triggered by touch
• Used to paralyze & capture prey
• Radial symmetry
• Contain tissue
• Acoelomates
• Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes
• Mouth
• No circulatory/respiratory systems
• Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring
• 2 Body types – _________(moves) & __________ (sessile)
•
Sexually reproduce – hermaphrodites – external fertilization
Classes of Cnidaria
• Class Hydrozoa – hydra, man of war
• Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish
• Class Anthozoa – sea anemone & coral
Worms
•
•
•
•
Invertebrates with soft bodies
Bilateral symmetry
Tissue, organs, organ systems
3 types:
– ________
– ________
– ________
Platyhelminthes
• Platy = flat, helminthe = worm
• Free-living = planarian
• Parasites = tapeworm
• Has the first primitive excretory system called ________________ = removal of ammonia (urea
= higher forms of animals)
• No circulatory/respiratory system – get oxygen & nutrients thru osmosis & diffusion
• Digestive system = intestines for digesting food
• Have one opening that serves as both mouth and anus
• Sexually reproduction – hermaphrodites – internal fertilization
• Can regenerate
Nematoda
• Round worms
• Largest phylum of worms (in number)
• Some free-living, some parasitic
• Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals
• Has a tube within a tube body plan
• Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus (_________________)
• No circulatory/respiratory system
• Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization
• Hookworm
• Ascaris (pinworm-live in the intestine of its hosts)
• Trichinella (found in the muscles of pigs)
• Filarial Worms (live in blood & lymph vessels of birds and mammals)
• Heartworm
Mollusca
• Soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have _________ (valves)
• Live on land, fresh & salt water
• Bilateral symmetry
• Has a true ________= cavity where all the organs are held
•
•
•
Common body parts:
– Mantle = thin tissue that covers soft body
– Mantle cavity = where the gills are located
– Visceral mass = coelom (gut) where all the organs are held
– Foot = strong muscle used for movement
1st group of animals to have a circulatory & respiratory system (heart & gills)
2 types of circulatory systems: __________ (vessels) & _________ (no vessels)
Classes of Mollusks
• Univalves or Gastropods (snails, slugs)
• ______________ (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops = adductor muscles of clams)
• ______________(octopus, squid) – complex nervous system – centralized with a true brain,
closed circulatory system, stream-lined to move quickly, very smart
Annelida
• ______________worms
• Bilateral symmetry
• Tube shaped bodies
• Has a ____________
• Ex: earthworms & leeches
• Complete digestive system
• No respiratory system (oxygen diffuses thru skin)
• Nervous system – pair of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord
• Circulatory system – 5 aortic arches that serve as the heart and a dorsal & ventral blood vessel
(closed)
• Excretory system
• Sexually reproduces – hermaphrodites – external fertilization
Arthropods
• Arthro = joint; Pod = foot
• All appendages are ____________
• _________phylum in the animal kingdom
• Usually has 3 body sections:
– Head
– Thorax
– Abdomen
• Has an exoskeleton made of chitin which is shed when the arthropod grows – process is called
MOLTING
• Has a coelom – gut that holds all the organs
• Have ALL the body systems
• 5 classes
– Arachnids
– Centipedes
– Millipedes
– Crustaceans
– Insects
Class Insecta
• Able to fly
• Have antennae
• Compound eyes (multiple lenses)
• Open circulatory system
• Blood does not carry oxygen = blood is clear
• Respiratory system = spiracles & book lungs
• Goes through Metamorphosis = change in the body from the young to adult; triggered by
hormones
Metamorphosis
• Complete = 4 stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
• Incomplete = 3 stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult
• Why go through this life cycle?!
– Adults and young have different homes, food sources and predators, therefore, they will
not compete increasing their chance of survival
Echinoderms
• Echino = spiny; derm = skin
• Embryos develop like the embryo of vertebrates = _______________
• Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of calcium plates
• Water vascular system with tube feet that carry out its body functions