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Kingdom Animalia Notes Ch 26-29 General Characteristics • Eukaryotic • ________________ • No cell walls • Move to find the following: – _________ – _________ – _________ – _________ • ______________– eat other organisms for energy – Omnivore (plants & animals) – Carnivore (animals only) – Herbivore (plants only) • Digest their food because food must be broken down to fit inside the cells for metabolizing 9 Phyla • ____________– animals have holes throughout their body (Ex: Sponges) • ____________ – animals with soft bodies and cnidocytes = stinging cells (Ex: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral) • ____________ – flat worms (Ex: planarians, tapeworms) • ____________– round worms (Ex: heartworm, trichinella, pin worms) • ____________ – mollusks (Ex: snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopus, squid) • ____________ – segmented worms (Ex: earthworm & leeches) • _____________ – insects, crustaceans, arachnids • _____________ – spiny skinned animals (Ex: Sea star) • _____________ – animals with a backbone = Vertebrates Origin of Invertebrates • Between _____________ (millions of years ago): First eukaryotic, _______________ organisms • Most likely flat, plate-shaped organisms with soft bodies that absorbed nutrients from their water environments (possibly lived in symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae) • Bilateral symmetry and possible segmentation • Very little cell specialization or body organization The Cambrian Period • Explosion of Animals • Began __________ • Evolution of shells, skeletons, and other hard outer coverings • More specialized cells, tissue and the beginnings of organ systems • Body symmetry, segmentation, some of type of skeleton, anterior & posterior ends and appendages for specific functions Evolutionary Trends Specialized Cells, Tissues & Organs 1. PORIFERA & CNIDARIA: No tissues, organs nor organ systems – just specialized cells Germ Layers: Porifera (sponges) – 0 Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) – 2 1. WORMS: First Appearance of Organs & Organ Systems Germ Layers: 3 Platyhelminthes (planarians & tapeworms) Nematoda (hookworm, heartworm, pinworm) Annelida (earthworm & leeches) Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus) Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, centipedes, shrimp, lobster) Echinodermata (sea star, sand dollar) Chordata (vertebrates) Body Symmetry – ____________: Porifera – ____________: Cnidaria & Echinodermata – ____________: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda & Chordata Cephalization – Concentration of nerve cells at the ____________ of the animal – Evolved with ________________ – Began with GANGLIA in WORMS – Eventually, the evolution of the BRAIN starting in MOLLUSKS and ARTHROPODS ________ (BODY CAVITY) Formation – Evolved with the development of 3 germ layers – ACOELOMATES: _____________ • PORIFERA • CNIDARIA • PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) – PSEUDOCOELOMATES: __________________ • NEMATODA (roundworms) – COELOMATES: ___________________ • ANNELIDA • MOLLUSCA • ARTHROPODA • ECHINODERMATA • CHORDATA Embryology – _______________ (mouth before anus): SPONGES to ARTHROPODS – _______________ (anus before mouth): ECHINODERMS & CHORDATES Body Plans • Asymmetry = no definite shape (sponge) • Radial Symmetry = circle body plan with a central point (sea star, jellyfish, sand dollar, hydra) • Bilateral Symmetry = 2 sides of the body are arranged in the same way; the 2 sides of the body are almost mirror images of each other (most animals have this type of symmetry) Body Directions • __________ = backside of animal (darker) • __________ = belly-side of animal • __________= left and right side of the animal; away from the midline • __________- Toward the midline • • __________ = head end (cephalization – concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the animal which results in the formation of a true brain) ____________ = tail end Early Development of Animals • Fertilized egg = _________ • Zygote Embryo • Embryo continues to divide to become a ____________ (hollow ball of cells) • The Blastula folds creating an opening called a ______________ = called __________________ • Blastopore leads to a tube which will become the following: – Protostomes: mouth- ex. earthworm – Deuterostomes: anus- ex. echinoderms Germ Layers • _____________ (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the digestive & respiratory tract • _____________ (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems • _____________ (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs, nerves, integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc.) Porifera • Hollow tube body plan: _____________– no coelom • Contains pores (holes) throughout body • No tissue, organs and organ systems • Live in water • Asymmetry • As adults sponges are __________ – attach to one place & do not move for the rest of its life • Filter feeders • Reproduce asexually and sexually – _______________ (have both male & female reproductive organs) – external fertilization • Water goes into pores and out the OSCULUM • ____________ (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin or hard, spiky material called spicules Cnidaria • Soft bodies • Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells • Inside each cnidocyte is a ______________= coiled barbed stinger with poison • Cnidocytes are triggered by touch • Used to paralyze & capture prey • Radial symmetry • Contain tissue • Acoelomates • Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes • Mouth • No circulatory/respiratory systems • Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring • 2 Body types – _________(moves) & __________ (sessile) • Sexually reproduce – hermaphrodites – external fertilization Classes of Cnidaria • Class Hydrozoa – hydra, man of war • Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish • Class Anthozoa – sea anemone & coral Worms • • • • Invertebrates with soft bodies Bilateral symmetry Tissue, organs, organ systems 3 types: – ________ – ________ – ________ Platyhelminthes • Platy = flat, helminthe = worm • Free-living = planarian • Parasites = tapeworm • Has the first primitive excretory system called ________________ = removal of ammonia (urea = higher forms of animals) • No circulatory/respiratory system – get oxygen & nutrients thru osmosis & diffusion • Digestive system = intestines for digesting food • Have one opening that serves as both mouth and anus • Sexually reproduction – hermaphrodites – internal fertilization • Can regenerate Nematoda • Round worms • Largest phylum of worms (in number) • Some free-living, some parasitic • Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals • Has a tube within a tube body plan • Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus (_________________) • No circulatory/respiratory system • Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization • Hookworm • Ascaris (pinworm-live in the intestine of its hosts) • Trichinella (found in the muscles of pigs) • Filarial Worms (live in blood & lymph vessels of birds and mammals) • Heartworm Mollusca • Soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have _________ (valves) • Live on land, fresh & salt water • Bilateral symmetry • Has a true ________= cavity where all the organs are held • • • Common body parts: – Mantle = thin tissue that covers soft body – Mantle cavity = where the gills are located – Visceral mass = coelom (gut) where all the organs are held – Foot = strong muscle used for movement 1st group of animals to have a circulatory & respiratory system (heart & gills) 2 types of circulatory systems: __________ (vessels) & _________ (no vessels) Classes of Mollusks • Univalves or Gastropods (snails, slugs) • ______________ (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops = adductor muscles of clams) • ______________(octopus, squid) – complex nervous system – centralized with a true brain, closed circulatory system, stream-lined to move quickly, very smart Annelida • ______________worms • Bilateral symmetry • Tube shaped bodies • Has a ____________ • Ex: earthworms & leeches • Complete digestive system • No respiratory system (oxygen diffuses thru skin) • Nervous system – pair of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord • Circulatory system – 5 aortic arches that serve as the heart and a dorsal & ventral blood vessel (closed) • Excretory system • Sexually reproduces – hermaphrodites – external fertilization Arthropods • Arthro = joint; Pod = foot • All appendages are ____________ • _________phylum in the animal kingdom • Usually has 3 body sections: – Head – Thorax – Abdomen • Has an exoskeleton made of chitin which is shed when the arthropod grows – process is called MOLTING • Has a coelom – gut that holds all the organs • Have ALL the body systems • 5 classes – Arachnids – Centipedes – Millipedes – Crustaceans – Insects Class Insecta • Able to fly • Have antennae • Compound eyes (multiple lenses) • Open circulatory system • Blood does not carry oxygen = blood is clear • Respiratory system = spiracles & book lungs • Goes through Metamorphosis = change in the body from the young to adult; triggered by hormones Metamorphosis • Complete = 4 stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult • Incomplete = 3 stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult • Why go through this life cycle?! – Adults and young have different homes, food sources and predators, therefore, they will not compete increasing their chance of survival Echinoderms • Echino = spiny; derm = skin • Embryos develop like the embryo of vertebrates = _______________ • Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of calcium plates • Water vascular system with tube feet that carry out its body functions