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Anxiety Disorders Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders Part Two Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Obsessions: Compulsions: Thoughts, images, behaviors, impulses reappear despite the person’s effort to suppress them. Repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain ‘rules’ in response to an obsession. A Mild Obsessive Experience: rechecking a door to see if it’s locked Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Somatoform Disorders Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conversion Disorder A somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause. Treatment Psychotherapy and stress management training may help reduce symptoms. The affected body part or physical function will need physical or occupational therapy until the symptoms disappear Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 1 Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease Glove Anesthesia A disorder involving loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist. Since no combination Si bi ti off nerves serve this area, a glove anesthesia is clearly psychogenic in origin. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative Disorders Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative fugue Depersonalization disorder Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal i f information ti Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 2 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative identity disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated. The sense of having an ‘out of body’ experience Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities. (formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – g from stemming psychological reasons rather than organic causes. 3 Eating Disorders Bulimia Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Schizophrenia Schizophrenic Disorders Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Disorganized Catatonic Catatonic Paranoid Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Undifferentiated Positive Residual Type Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. For example… talking to imaginary people Negative Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 4 Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Involves either stupor or extreme excitement. Two forms Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Catatonic Catatonic Stupor: Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type Patients may remain motionless for hours, even days, …. sometimes holding rigid, statue like poses. Catatonic Excitement: Patients become agitated, hyperactive Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Disorganized Catatonic Catatonic Paranoid Paranoid Undifferentiated Residual Type Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories Undifferentiated Residual Type Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia Any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations. Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Major Types of Schizophrenia Positive Schizophrenia Negative Schizophrenia Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 5 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including… Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis The theory that says genetic factors place the individual at risk…and environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder A. genetics B. abnormal brain structure C. Biochemistry Fundamentally it is a brain disorder…no longer seen as a result of defective parenting or repressed childhood trauma Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality Disorders Personality Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control. control Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Narcissistic Personality Disorder An exaggerated sense of self-importance. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Antisocial Personality Disorder Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others. Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 6 Borderline Personality Disorder An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior. Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Main signs: instability, impulsivity Unpredictable moods Mild depression Marital problems Physical complaints Academic problems Parent-child Parentproblems Job problems Bereavement Malingering Stormy interpersonal relationships Becoming B i upsett and d abusive b i iin response tto perceived slights Little tolerance for frustration Tendency for substance abuse Suicide Promiscuity Binge eating, wreckless driving, selfmutilation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Autism Developmental A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind. Disorders A fundamental brain disorder with genetic influences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Asperger’s Syndrome/Disorder A milder variant of Autistic Disorder. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development. People with Asperger's often display intense interests. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dyslexia/ Developmental Reading Disorder A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder in the language processing center. It is estimated that dyslexia affects between 5% and 17% of the U.S. population. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 7 ADHD Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period of time.. For these problems to be diagnosed as ADHD, they must be out of the normal range for the child's age and development . Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Percent of Youth 4-17 ever diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:: National Survey of Children's Health, 2003 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ritalin Methylphenidate It is believed that it works by activating the brain stem arousal system and cortex. Pharmacologically, it works on the neurotransmitter dopamine, and in that respect resembles the stimulant i characteristics i i off cocaine. Street Name / Slang Terms Kibbles & Bits, Kiddy-Cocaine, Skippy, Smarties, Vitamin R. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 8 Adjustment Disorders Relatively mild problems that do not fit well under other headings The largest group of people fit into this category. Examples include…. Mild depression Job, marital or academic problems Physical complaints Parent-child problems Bereavement Malingering (faking an illness) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Shyness A distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact. It is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What are the Consequences of Labeling People? Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Plea of Insanity Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 John Hinckley Jr. Insanity A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Found not guilty" for reason of insanity in the 1982 trial for his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 9 Jeffrey Dahmer The Dahmer conviction was hailed by many as the death of the insanity defense. Dahmer was convicted of the murder of 15 young men, whose mutilated, cannibalized bodies had been found in his Milwaukee apartment. If such a clearly deranged killer could not be found legally insane, it seemed unlikely that the defense would ever be successful, at least in a high profile case involving a violent crime. At trial, he admitted the killings, but pled not guilty by reason of insanity. His plea was rejected, and the jury found Dahmer to be legally sane at the time of the murders. He was sentenced to 15 life terms. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 End of Chapter 12 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 10