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Anxiety Disorders
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
Part Two
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Condition characterized by patterns of
persistent, unwanted thoughts and
behaviors
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Obsessions:
Compulsions:
Thoughts, images, behaviors, impulses reappear
despite the person’s effort to suppress them.
Repetitive, purposeful acts performed
according to certain ‘rules’ in response to
an obsession.
A Mild Obsessive Experience: rechecking a door to see if it’s locked
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Somatoform Disorders
Psychological problems appearing in the
form of bodily symptoms or physical
complaints
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Conversion Disorder
A somatoform
disorder marked by
paralysis, weakness,
or loss of sensation,
but with no
discernable physical
cause.
Treatment
Psychotherapy and stress management
training may help reduce symptoms.
The affected body part or physical function
will need physical or occupational
therapy until the symptoms disappear
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
1
Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis
Somatoform disorder involving excessive
concern about health and disease
Glove Anesthesia
A disorder involving loss of
sensitivity in the hand and
wrist.
Since no combination
Si
bi ti off
nerves serve this area, a
glove anesthesia is
clearly psychogenic in
origin.
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Dissociative
Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders
Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of
the personality
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative
fugue
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
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A psychologically
induced loss
of memory for
personal
i f
information
ti
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative
amnesia with the
addition of “flight”
from one’s home,
family, and job
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Abnormality involving
the sensation of
mind and body
having separated.
The sense of having
an ‘out of body’
experience
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Condition in which the
individual displays
multiple identities.
(formerly called Multiple
Personality Disorder)
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder involving
persistent loss of appetite
that endangers an
individual’s health –
g from
stemming
psychological reasons
rather than organic causes.
3
Eating Disorders
Bulimia
Eating disorder
characterized be
eating binges
followed by
“purges,” induced
by vomiting or
laxatives.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenic
Disorders
Psychotic disorder
involving
distortions in
thoughts,
perceptions,
and/or emotions.
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Disorganized
Catatonic
Catatonic
Paranoid
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Undifferentiated
Positive
Residual Type
Features incoherent
speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior.
For example… talking to
imaginary people
Negative
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
4
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Involves either stupor or
extreme excitement.
Two forms
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Catatonic Stupor:
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Patients may remain motionless for
hours, even days, …. sometimes
holding rigid, statue like poses.
Catatonic Excitement:
Patients become agitated,
hyperactive
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Disorganized
Catatonic
Catatonic
Paranoid
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Any form in which the
person displays
active symptoms
(e.g. delusions,
hallucinations)
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Prominent feature:
combination of
delusions and
hallucinations.
Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of symptoms
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished
by deficits, such as
withdrawal and
poverty of thought
processes
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5
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has
been found in a variety of factors including…
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis
The theory that says genetic factors place the
individual at risk…and environmental stress factors
transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic
disorder
A. genetics
B. abnormal brain structure
C. Biochemistry
Fundamentally it is a brain disorder…no longer
seen as a result of defective parenting or
repressed childhood trauma
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality Disorders
Personality
Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive,
inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of
thinking, emotion, social relationships, or
impulse control.
control
Disorders
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
An exaggerated sense
of self-importance.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
Characterized by a
long-standing pattern
of irresponsible
behavior indicating a
lack of conscience
and a diminished
sense of
responsibility to
others.
Characterized by a grandiose
sense of self-importance,
a preoccupation with fantasies
of success and power,
and a need for constant
attention
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
6
Borderline Personality Disorder
An unstable personality given to
impulsive behavior.
Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions That May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Main signs: instability, impulsivity
Unpredictable moods
Mild depression
Marital
problems
Physical
complaints
Academic
problems
Parent-child
Parentproblems
Job problems
Bereavement
Malingering
Stormy interpersonal relationships
Becoming
B
i upsett and
d abusive
b i iin response tto
perceived slights
Little tolerance for frustration
Tendency for substance abuse
Suicide
Promiscuity
Binge eating, wreckless driving, selfmutilation
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Autism
Developmental
A developmental disorder marked by
disabilities in language, social interaction, and
the ability to understand another person’s state
of mind.
Disorders
A fundamental brain disorder with genetic influences
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Asperger’s Syndrome/Disorder
A milder variant of Autistic Disorder.
It differs from other
autism spectrum
disorders by its relative
preservation of
linguistic and cognitive
development.
People with Asperger's
often display intense
interests.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dyslexia/ Developmental Reading Disorder
A reading disability,
thought by some
experts to involve a
brain disorder in the
language processing
center.
It is estimated that dyslexia affects between 5%
and 17% of the U.S. population.
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7
ADHD
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A developmental disability involving short attention
span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining
inactive for any period of time..
For these problems to be diagnosed as
ADHD, they must be out of the normal range
for the child's age and development
.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Percent of Youth 4-17 ever diagnosed with
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder::
National Survey of Children's Health, 2003
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Ritalin
Methylphenidate
It is believed that it works by activating the
brain stem arousal system and cortex.
Pharmacologically, it works on the
neurotransmitter dopamine, and in that respect
resembles the stimulant
i
characteristics
i i off
cocaine.
Street Name / Slang Terms
Kibbles & Bits, Kiddy-Cocaine, Skippy,
Smarties, Vitamin R.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
8
Adjustment Disorders
Relatively mild problems that do not fit
well under other headings
The largest group of people fit into this category.
Examples include….
Mild depression
Job, marital or academic problems
Physical complaints
Parent-child problems
Bereavement
Malingering (faking an illness)
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Shyness
A distressing pattern of
avoiding or
withdrawing from
social contact.
It is treatable, but it is not a
DSM-IV disorder
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What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments, but
diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize
individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in
which their problems arise.
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The Plea of Insanity
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John Hinckley Jr.
Insanity
A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric
one, referring to a person who is unable,
because of a mental disorder or defect, to
confirm his or her behavior to the law.
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Found not guilty" for reason of insanity in the
1982 trial for his attempted assassination of
President Ronald Reagan.
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9
Jeffrey Dahmer
The Dahmer conviction
was hailed by many as
the death of the insanity
defense.
Dahmer was convicted of the murder
of 15 young men, whose mutilated,
cannibalized bodies had been
found in his Milwaukee apartment.
If such a clearly deranged
killer could not be found
legally insane, it seemed
unlikely that the defense
would ever be
successful, at least in a
high profile case
involving a violent crime.
At trial, he admitted the killings, but
pled not guilty by reason of insanity.
His plea was rejected, and the jury
found Dahmer to be legally sane at
the time of the murders.
He was sentenced to 15 life terms.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
End of
Chapter
12
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