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“Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.” - Luger SCJ4553 COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE Siti Zaiton Mohd Hashim, Phd http://kpnet.fsksm.utm.my/sitizaiton Items What is artificial intelligence History of AI What is computational intelligence What does “artificial” intelligence mean? Programming a computer to successfully perform tasks that are thought to require intelligence Playing chess Proving theorems Translating Malay into English Walking across a room Recognizing a familiar face Understanding directions Ali always scores 100% in all his tests. He is ________ boy. A. a clever B. an intelligent C. a lucky Other possible AI definitions • AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and other living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms for solving. – e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, learning, self-adaptation, reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc. • Other Definition : a program that – Acts like human (Turing test) – Thinks like human (human-like patterns of thinking steps) – Acts or thinks rationally (logically, correctly) • Some problems used to be thought of as AI but are now considered not. What is Artificial Intelligence? The use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular (Boden) The study of intelligence independent of its embodiment in humans, animals or machines (McCarthy) The pursuit of metaphysics by other means (Longuet-Higgins) -it can be identified as the study of any of the most fundamental concepts and beliefs about the basic nature of reality AI is the study of how to do things which at the moment people do better (Rich & Knight) AI is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men. (Minsky) History of AI Definition: Computational Intelligence A methodology involving computing that exhibits an ability to learn and/or to deal with new situations, such that the system is perceived to possess one or more attributes of reason, such as generalization, discovery, association and abstraction (Russel et al, 1998). 9 Scope of CI practical adaptation concepts, paradigms, algorithms and implementations that enable or facilitate appropriate actions (intelligent behavior) in complex and changing environments. 10 CI in Computer Science • • A universally accepted definition of CI is hard to give. There is a broad consensus CI in Computer Science: Fuzzy, Neuro and Evolutionary computing also DNN computing. 11 Good candidates for CI •Fuzzy, imprecise or imperfect data •No available mathematical algorithm •Optimal solution unknown •Rapid prototyping required •Only domain experts available •Robust system required More recently: • DNA Computing • Quantum Computing 12 Recent Developments 13 The Importance of CI Solve the problems in realistic situation ( not ideal) such as fuzzy, imperfect or incomplete, only domain experts available. Complementary approaches with mathematical based algorithm solutions Encourage new technology development especially in Quantum and DNA computing. 14 CI : Techniques & Applications Genetic Algorithm Neural Network Fuzzy Logic Rough Set Case-based Reasoning Constraints-based Reasoning Hidden Marcov Model Support Vector Machine Hybrid Algorithm • • • • • • • • Searching Forecasting Classification Scheduling Visualization Modelling and Simulation Pattern Recognition Data Mining Class Group Presentation Address research problem Explore literatures Discuss works and finding Write a paper and present it (formal way)