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1. What are the four major eras of history? 2. ***What do each of these historians study? A. Archaeologist— B. Paleontologist— C. Anthropologist— 1. ***Besides the term A.D., what other term might historians use to classify years that occurred during the life of OR after the death of Jesus Christ? 2. ***What are the four characteristics that all civilizations share? 3. List TWO ways that Paleolithic people were different from Neolithic people. CONCEPT REVIEW #1 Government & Religion in Ancient Egypt ***Notes*** • During the Old Kingdom period, Egypt was a THEOCRACY. This means that one all-powerful ruler was responsible for the nation’s political AND religious affairs. • Egyptians were fiercely loyal to their PHARAOH (the title given to the ruler) because they believed that the unity of their kingdom depended upon his strong rule. They also believed that he was the son of Re, the Egyptian sun god. • The pharaoh held total power AND owned all the land in Egypt. There was NO such thing as private property. • To make his job more manageable, the pharaoh appointed BUREAUCRATS to help him rule/govern. The bureaucrats would supervise construction and collect taxes. • The ancient Egyptians believed that their gods/goddesses controlled both natural forces and human activities. • The ancient Egyptians believed that the afterlife would be better than their present life. • Amon-Ra—god of the sun; chief god • Osiris—god of the dead; ruler of the underworld; husband of Isis • Thoth—god of learning • Bast—goddess of cats • Set—god of chaos, evil, deserts, and storms • Horus—god of the sky AND war • Hathor—goddess of love • Isis—goddess of magic, marriage, healing, AND motherhood; wife of Osiris • Anubis—god of embalming and the dead • Hapi—god of the Nile River Egyptian Gods & Goddesses The Embalming Process The History of Mummification FLY SWATTER GAME ANUBIS BUREAUCRAT EMBALMING DYNASTY LOWER EGYPT THEOCRACY OLD KINGDOM NARMER PHARAOH HYMN TO THE NILE INUNDATION UPPER EGYPT AMON-RA CATARACT NILE RIVER