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Physiological properties of thrombocytes at newborn calves
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Oshurkova Julija Leonidovna*, PhD in Biology, associate professor of internal noncontagious
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diseases, surgery and obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
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Education "Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy by N.V. Vereshchagin",
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160555, Russia, Vologda-Dairy, Schmidt's street, 2, e-mail: [email protected], +7 (812)
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701-07-57
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Zavalishina Svetlana Yurievna, PhD in Biology, associate professor, associate professor of
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adaptive physical culture and medicobiological sciences of Kursk Institute of Social Education
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(branch) of Russian State Social University. Researched ID 36505389100
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Fomina Lyubov Leonidovna, PhD in Biology, associate professor of internal noncontagious
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diseases, surgery and obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
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Education "Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy by N.V. Vereshchagin".
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Soboleva Elena Nikolaevna, PhD in Veterinary, senior teacher of department of internal
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noncontagious diseases, surgery and obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
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Higher Education "Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy by N.V. Vereshchagin".
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Baruzdina Elena Sergeyevna, senior teacher of department of internal noncontagious diseases,
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surgery and obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
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"Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy by N.V. Vereshchagin".
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Tkachyova Elena Nikolaevna, senior teacher of department of internal noncontagious diseases,
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surgery and obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
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"Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy by N.V. Vereshchagin".
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Glagoleva Tatyana Ivanovna, PhD in Biology, doctoral candidate of All-Russian Research
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Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Animals.
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Summary
The aim of the work: having generalized the available information on physiology of
thrombocytes, to elucidate its features in newborn calves.
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Material and Methods. The study was performed on the basis of 50 modern literary sources.
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The method of the study included analysis and synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction
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based on systematic approach.
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Results. The analysis of the available literature suggests that stability of cholesterol and total
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phospholipid level as a part of thrombocyte membranes, and also constant level of peroxide
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oxidation of lipids in them which in many respects provide low level of thrombocyte activity, is
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characteristic of newborn calves. Stability of thrombocyte aggregation in newborn calves in
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response to weak aggregation agonists should be considered as a result of constancy of receptors
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mechanisms expression on their surface, level phospholipase A2 activity regulating arachidonic acid
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excretion from phospholipids. Stability of thrombocyte aggregation in response to strong inductors
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in newborn calves is due to the stability of receptor mechanisms, phospholipase C low activity,
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weak generation of phosphatidic acid and slowed rate of Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm.
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Conclusion. Low platelet activity in calves in a phase of neonatality is a basis of optimum level of
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microcirculation in their tissues, adequate, on the one hand, to their genetic program, and, on the
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other, to influences of the external environment. Species features of thrombocyte activity under the
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influence of certain environmental factors on the organism and mother state during pregnancy remain
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unclear. Further studies would not only enrich physiological science, but also show additional ways to
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influence viability and livestock efficiency index.
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Keywords: hemostasis; thrombocytes; calves; neonatality phase; physiology.
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Introduction
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Development of modern biological science is accompanied by further accumulation of
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knowledge [7], their practical use [33] and tracking their social consequences [45]. One of the most
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actively developing branches of agriculture on the planet is livestock production, which for several
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decades follows the way of intensification based on the competent use of knowledge of cattle
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biology [34]. Of special interest is a neonatality phase – the earliest stage of post-natal ontogenesis
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[46]. It is at this age that functioning of all organs and systems develops based on adequate
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activation of the genetic program of the living being under the influence of environmental factors [1,
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26]. It was found that the nature of all physiological processes in animals at more advanced age
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depends in many aspects on its successful progress [47]. Great attention is given to a neonatality
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phase in newborn cattle because of its high vulnerability to harmful effects of the environment,
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which can easily disturb many vital processes in animal organism [48].
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One of the systems making an organism of a newborn animal as a whole is blood [48]. At the
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same time the system of hemostasis [28] and its primary link – thrombocytes, which both provide its
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liquid properties and timely bleeding control [6, 12] is very important for its successful functioning.
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In human studies it was shown that rheological properties of blood, proper microcirculation and rate
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of exchange processes in tissues [2, 4, 36] is highly dependent on thrombocyte activity level.
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Processes of platelet hemostasis activity development in young cattle significantly influence the
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intensity of growth and at the same time can be easily disturbed by any environmental factors [10].
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Adequate age dynamics of many physiological indicators is determined by readiness of
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thrombocytes to react by adhesion, aggregation and secretion to the stimulus, thus providing in
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capillaries optimum hemocirculation level necessary for further ontogenesis [8, 13]. It is of great
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biological value since it provides optimum level of delivery of oxygen and nutrients, making
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necessary conditions for complete realization of genetically stipulated animal efficiency [37, 50].
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Introduction into practice of approaches for the restoration of the disturbed processes at their
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deviations from physiological state in animals was the important step forward in biology and
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veterinary [35, 49]. It becomes clear that the prognosis of state, and success or failure of correction
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is in many respects connected with dynamics of hematologic factors in animals, including activity of
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platelet hemostasis significantly influencing tissue microcirculation.
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The aim of the work: having generalized the available information on physiology of
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thrombocytes, to elucidate its features in newborn calves. The hypothesis of the study was:
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generalization of the known aspects of platelet function activity in newborn calves would help to
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determine accurately their still unclear aspects and allow planning the ways for further studies of
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thrombocytes physiology in newborn calves.
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Material and Methods
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The study was performed on the basis of 50 modern literary sources. Analysis and synthesis,
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generalization, induction and deduction based on systematic approach were used in the study.
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Results
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Generalizing data on mammal thrombocyte physiology, many of which were revealed in man,
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it is necessary to specify that thrombocytes are nuclear-free blood cells, which have the form of
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smooth biconvex disks with a diameter of 2-5 microns. Thrombocyte plasma membrane consists of
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polar phospholipids and proteins and has the thickness of 7-8 nanometers [37, 40]. Thrombocytes
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have a set of specific organelles, including three types of granules: α-granules, dense granules and
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lysosomes, and mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomas, Golgi apparatus. All organelles have their own
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membrane, and mitochondria - a double membrane. Dense granules contain ADP, ATP, serotonin,
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pyrophosphate, Сa2+ ions; α-granules - a growth factor, ß-thromboglobulin, factor V III, Willebrand
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factor (WF) antigen, factor V, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, fibronectin, lysosomal granules -
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phosphatases, arylsulphatases, acidic hydrolases [9]. Membrane-free structures – microtubules
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microfilaments and glycogen granules are found in thrombocyte cytosols [17].
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Thrombocytes circulate in the blood, practically without interacting with each other, other
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blood cells and vascular endothelium [22]. In case of blood vessel damage, thrombocytes are affected
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by various substances, initiating the processes of their aggregation and adhesion [11].
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influence of aggregate stimulators on thrombocytes, they quickly change their disc form to spherical,
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form pseudopodia, often of irregular shape [33].
Under
the
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Activation and subsequent aggregation of thrombocytes (AT) are caused by substances, various
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by their chemical nature: thrombin, collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADF), adrenaline, serotonin,
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A23187 ionophor, prostaglandins G2 and H2, arachidonic acid (AA), thromboxane A2, factor of
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thrombocyte activation. ADF, serotonin, adrenaline, and vasopressin are weak aggregating agents.
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Thrombin, collagen, A23187 ionophor are strong inductors of thrombocyte aggregation [21, 31].
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The rate of thrombocyte aggregation and release reaction (excretion of granular contents in the
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environment) depends on the nature of the aggregating agent and its dose. When strong inductors
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influence thrombocytes, high rate of cell aggregation is observed and, as a rule, it is of irreversible
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character [14]. Under the influence of high concentration of weak agonists and low concentrations of
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strong agents, thrombocytes release substances contained in the dense granules (reaction of release o f
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I ) . High collagen and thrombin concentrations initiate release of substances from α-granules and
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lysosomes (reaction of release of II) . Release reaction is necessary for the formation of a platelet
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stopper, vasospasm and acceleration of blood coagulation processes [25].
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There are several ways of thrombocyte activation by substances causing their aggregation and
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release reaction. The first way includes arachidonic acid metabolism and thromboxane A2formation,
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which is a calcium ionophor. The second way is connected with phosphatidylinositol metabolism and
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phosphatidic acid formation, which is also a calcium ionophor [20]. The third way is due to the release
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of phospholipid lysolecithin component of thrombocyte plasma membrane, called thrombocyte
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activation factor. This factor is supposed to activate thrombocytes irrespective of Сa2+ release [15,
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38].
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Process of thrombocytes activation under the influence of aggregation inductors can be divided
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into three stages. The first stage includes interaction of the aggregate with plasma membrane
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receptors and signal transmission into a cell [18]. The second - transformation of a signal with
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participation of secondary messengers, which causes Ca2+ ions release into the cytoplasm [43]. The
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third stage is external manifestation of the cell response, and includes pseudopodia formation,
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thrombocyte shape changes, their interaction with each other - aggregation and reaction of chemicals
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release from them [41]. The important role in perception of an external signal, its translation and
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response is played by thrombocyte plasma membrane - glycoproteins, and to thrombocyte contractile
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proteins which activity is regulated by Ca2+ ions [16, 19].
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In the analysis of the available literature on the platelet hemostasis physiology and mechanisms
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of its regulation in newborn calves, the sources describing its stability were found. Authors
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associated it with constancy of optimum quantity and ratio of cholesterol and phospholipids and
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constant level of lipid peroxide oxidation in thrombocytes [3, 5].
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One more mechanism providing AT stability in calves in the neonatal period is the lack of
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thromboxane formation activity dynamics in thrombocytes. This was provided in newborn calves by
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the lack of reliable dynamics of activity of two enzymes of its synthesis in thrombocytes -
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cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase. There are data that ATP and ADF content in
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thrombocytes of calves during a neonatal period is stable. There are no significant fluctuations in
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their secretory process activity from thrombocytes in calves during the neonatal period [10].
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Researchers revealed low actin and myosin contents in intact thrombocytes of physiologically
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mature newborn calves, which remain unchanged within the first 10 days of life. Intensity of
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additional actin and myosin formation in them on the background of thrombocyte activation by
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strong and weak inductor and their subsequent aggregation is also insignificant and stable [47].
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AT studied under the influence of a number of inductors and their combinations revealed
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lack of dynamics of thrombocyte sensitivity level in calves to external stimuli during a neonatal
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period. Collagen causes the highest AT actively in them. AT is slightly less active in response to
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ADF and Ristomycin. Thrombin and adrenalin AT develop still later, also without any reliable
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dynamics during a neonatal phase. The established AT stability in newborn calves concerning
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isolated inductors was coordinated with constant time of AT development in them on the
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background of all combinations of inductors [4]. This information was confirmed by the results of
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the study of thrombocyte intravascular activity in them. During neonatality, the high level of
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discocytes and low total quantity of active forms of thrombocytes in the blood of calves remain
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stable. It is supplemented by constant low blood content of freely circulating platelet aggregates of
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any sizes [3, 10], that is extremely important for providing optimum conditions of microcirculation
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during their adaptation to the extrauterine life.
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Discussion
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The analysis of the available literature suggests that stability of cholesterol and general
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phospholipid level in thrombocyte membranes, and constant level of lipid peroxide oxidation, which
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mainly provide low thrombocyte activity [10], is characteristic of newborn calves.
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In healthy newborn calves, thrombocyte adhesive ability shows no dynamics due to
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constancy of receptors to FW and collagen on their surfaces, and because of constant FW
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concentration in their blood [3]. FW molecule is known to bind with one of its ends to collagen, and
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by the other – to thrombocyte through a receptor - GPIb, forming "an adhesion axis": collagen - FW
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- GPIb [23, 24].
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The important mechanism of stability of thrombocyte aggregation in calves during neonatality
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is constancy of low level of arachidonic acid exchange [4, 10]. Due to the lack of dynamics of
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cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase activity during neonatality, thromboxane formation
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level remains low in calves. It is followed by constant actin- and myosin formation at permanently
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low adenosine phosphates secretion from platelets, still further slowing the involvement of intact
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thrombocytes in aggregate formation [10].
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Stability of thrombocyte aggregation in newborn calves in response to weak aggregation agonists
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- ADF and adrenaline interacting with the corresponding receptors of their membrane, should be
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considered as a result of constancy of fibrinogen receptors (GPIIb-IIIA) expression on their surface,
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phospholipase A2activity level, regulating arachidonic acid release from phospholipids [27,39]. AT
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constancy in response to strong inductors has in its basis stability of phospholipase C low activity,
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small level of phosphatidic acid generation and slowed Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm in newborn
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calves [42, 44].
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The analysis of the available information on the combined action of two aggregation inductors
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on the process of thrombocyte aggregation in newborn calves allowed to state the existence of their
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unexpressed synergetic influence in physiological conditions. The established regularities of
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thrombocyte aggregation dynamics in a neonatal phase in calves in vitro were confirmed by
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intravascular thrombocyte activity. In view of a high level of discocytes, characteristic of newborn
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calves, it is possible to claim weak activation of thrombocytes in vivo. It can be explained by the
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fact that in blood of newborn calves only a small number of thrombocytes have a rounded shape and
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form processes with transition from a discocyte to the disco-echinocyte, then to spherocyte and a
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sphero-echinocyte. Besides the above listed mechanisms, it is promoted by a low level of expression
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of fibrinogenic receptors (GPIIb-IIIA) on their membrane and low degree of availability of
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subendothelium tissues to thrombocytes [29, 30].
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Conclusion
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Low platelet activity in calves in a phase of neonatality is a basis of optimum level of
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microcirculation in their tissues, adequate, on the one hand, to their genetic program, and, on the
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other, to influences of the external environment. Despite the large volume of the available information
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on thrombocytes, their functional features in calves during neonatal period cannot be considered to be
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studied completely. Species features of thrombocyte activity under the influence of different
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environmental factors of the organism, including weather and climatic conditions and mother state during
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pregnancy are still not determined. The level of activity of many mechanisms of platelet activity is not
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established in mixed bred cattle, especially in case of crossing animals of highly productive breeds. Many
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aspects of thrombocyte response mechanisms to aggregation inductors also remain unclear in newborn
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calves. Undoubtedly, further studies of the above problems will not only enrich physiological science, but
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also reveal new ways of influencing viability and productivity of cattle stock.
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