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Italiano II Il 21 di gennaio 2016 Aggettivi Italian Language Lessons Grammar, spelling, and usage Italian Adjectives Italian and English differ in their usage of adjectives. Italian descriptive adjectives are usually placed after the noun they modify, and with which they agree in gender and number. COMMON ITALIAN ADJECTIVES ENDING IN O allegro buono cattivo freddo grasso cheerful, happy good, kind bad, wicked cold fat leggero nuovo pieno stretto timido light new full narrow timid, shy Adjectives ending in -o have four forms: masculine singular, masculine plural, feminine singular, and feminine plural. Observe how the adjectives nero and cattivo change to agree with nouns they modify. ENDINGS OF -O ADJECTIVES SINGULAR il gatto nero (the black cat, masculine) PLURAL i gatti neri (the black cats, masculine) la gatta nera (the black cat, feminine) il ragazzo cattivo (the bad boy) la ragazza cattiva (the bad girl) le gatte nere (the black cats, feminine) i ragazzi cattivi (the bad boys) le ragazze cattive (the bad girls) Il lavoro presentazione LA FAMIGLIA e Progetti DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR Adjectives describe, qualify or modify nouns and pronouns. They can also be descriptive when describing the noun in detail by assigning an attribute to that noun. In English adjectives generally come before the noun they modify, in Italian they come after. In Italian the adjective and noun must also have to agree in number and gender. Adjectives precede the noun when the adjectives indicate a valuation, impression or a judgment of the speaker. These are known as accessory adjectives (words like “beautiful,” “thin,” and “large,” etc.) If you ask yourself how/what (com’e) something is you will probably come up with the proper descriptive adjectives. For instance: This is a house. (no adjective) = Questa è una casa. This is a big and beautiful house. (with adjectives) = Questa è una casa bella e grande. In this example each adjective tells describes another element of the house. Claudia è una ragazza. = Claudia is a girl. (no adjective) Claudia è una ragazza intelligente. = Claudia is an intelligent girl ( con aggettivo) As you can see the addition of adjectives changes the meaning of the sentence. While adjectives are not always necessary, but they are important because they allow us to be specific in our thinking and description. Adjectives for More Than One Noun An adjective referring to more names of the same genre gets the plural of that genre. For example, "ho comprato una scatola e matite nuove." ("I bought a new pencil case and pencils.") In Italian, if an adjective refers to a different genre, but all the nouns are singular then the masculine plural of the adjective is used. ie: Passeggio con un signore ed una signora anziani = I'm walking with an older man and woman. Cappello e borsetta moderni = Trendy hat and purse. While an adjective modifying two nouns of different genders is always masculine. For example, "i padri e le madri Italiani" ("Italian fathers and mothers.") If an adjective refers to more names linked by the conjunction O it is preferred to match the adjective to the closest name: Preferisci una rosa O un garofano rosso? Or better: preferisci una rosa rossa O un garofano rosso? Indosserai la giacca o il soprabito nuovo? The substitution of an adjective for a noun referring to a person or object with a particular quality is more common in Italian than in English. For example: La ragazzina vuole comprare il gelato = The young girl wants to buy an ice cream. I giovani di oggi sono viziati = Young people today are spoiled. Ci sono pochi bambini in Italia = There are few children in Italia Descriptive adjectives usually agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify, as I already said previously,and they usually follow it. Adjectives ending in E mantain "e" for both masculine and feminine singular, changing to an -i in the plural. Claudia e Franco sono portoghesi = Claudia and Franco are Portuguese. If there are two or more nouns of different genders, adjectives get the masculine ending: Tullio ed io siamo italiani = Tullio and I are Italian. Adjectives: Before or After the Noun? Sometimes adjectives are placed either before or after the noun, depending on the placement the meaning can change: Una amica vecchia (a friend who is old) or una vecchia amica (we have been friends for a long time.) Una grande donna (a great or courageous woman), una donna grande (a large woman). Some adjectives that change meaning according to their position: • figlio unico (the only son), un figlio unico nel suo genere (a unique son) • l'unica occasione (the only chance), un'occasione unica (a unique opportunity) • un'amica vecchia (an old friend, age), una vecchia amica (an old friend) • diversi giorni (several days), giorni differenti (different days) • un alto ufficiale (a high-ranking officer), un ufficiale alto (a tall officer) • una buona famiglia (a wealthy family), una famiglia buona (a honest family) • una donna povera (a poor woman), una povera donna (a very sad woman) In this lesson we learned how important adjectives are, especially descriptive adjectives, which in Italian need to be used correctly in order to enrich your sentence and elaborate on the noun in it. Exercise: Find the correct adjective: Come si dice chi 1. Chi non ha più denti 2. Chi non può più lavorare per la vecchiaia e le malattie 3. Chi non vede da lontano 4. Chi affronta imprese per le quali non ha requisiti 5. Chi sa molte cose su un argomento 6. Chi è una persona responsabile 7. Chi compie imprese difficili 8. Chi vuole ottenere subito dei risultati 9. Chi inciampa spesso 10. Chi non è mai sicuro di niente Answers: Sdentato,malato, miope, incosciente, colto, affidabile, coraggioso, impaziente, maldestro, insicuro. Il libro della classe SENTIERI Italian Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives I Possessive adjectives are those that indicate possession or ownership. They correspond to the English "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." The Italian possessive adjectives are also preceded by definite articles and agree in gender and number with the noun possessed, not with the possessor. The table below provides a chart of possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi) in Italian. ITALIAN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES I ENGLISH my your (of tu) MASCULINE SINGULAR il mio il tuo FEMININE SINGULAR la mia la tua MASCULINE PLURAL i miei i tuoi FEMININE P le mie le tue your (of Lei) his, her, its our your (of voi) your (of Loro) their il il il il il il Suo suo nostro vostro Loro loro la la la la la la Sua sua nostra vostra Loro loro i i i i i i Suoi suoi nostri vostri Loro loro As a rule, the Italian possessive adjectives are preceded by definite articles: la mia camicia (my shirt) il nostro amico (our friend) i vostro vicini (your neighbor) i suoi libri (his/her books) One exception is made for idiomatic phrases such as these: a casa mia (my house) è colpa sua (it's his/her fault) è merito tuo (it's your merit) piacere mio (my pleasure) le le le le le le Sue sue nostre vostre Loro loro possessive adjectives II Use of Italian Definite Articles with Possessive Adjectives Mom and dad, your brothers and sisters, grandpa and your Aunt Millie. They're all special people, and so there's a rule just for them. In the plural form, the Italian definite article will appear before the Italian possessive adjective that refers to a family member or relative. For example, instead of saying "my brothers," you are literally saying "the my brothers." The table below contains other examples: USE OF ITALIAN DEFINITE ARTICLES WITH POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Mio fratello è carino. (My brother is cute.) I miei fratelli sono carini. (My brothers are cute) Questo è tuo zio. (This is your uncle) Questi sono i tuoi zii. (These are your uncles.) Mia nonna è vecchia. (My grandmother is old.) Le mie nonne sono vecchie. (My grandmothers are old.) Mio cugino è straordinario. (My cousin is exceptional.) I miei cugini sono straordinari. (My cousins are exceptional.) Possessive adjectives are those that indicate possession or ownership. They correspond to the English "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." The Italian possessive adjectives are also preceded by definite articles and agree in gender and number with the noun possessed, not with the possessor. The table below provides a chart of possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi) in Italian. As a rule, the Italian possessive adjectives are preceded by definite articles: la mia camicia (my shirt) il nostro amico (our friend) i vostro vicini (your neighbor) i suoi libri (his/her books) One exception is made for idiomatic phrases such as these: a casa mia (my house) ècolpa sua (it's his/her fault) è merito tuo (it's your merit) piacere mio (my pleasure) Possessive adjectives and family members continued…. Italian possessive adjectives are preceded by articles. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule with family members in the singular form, for which you don’t have to use the article. But remember to put it before possessive adjectives, when the family members are plural or when the name is preceded by another adjective or suffix that modify the noun. Some examples: • Mio zio abita in un piccolo appartamento in centro = My uncle lives in a small apartment in the centre • I miei zii vivono in una grande villa in campagna = My uncles live in a large villa in the countryside • Mio cugino ha aperto un ristorante italiano a Londra = My cousin opened an Italian restaurant in London • I miei cugini sono in vacanza negli Stati Uniti = My cousins are on holiday in the United States • Il mio fratellino ha 6 anni = My little brother is 6 years old • Sono andata a Firenze a trovare la mia cara nonna = I went to Florence to visit my dear grandmother Possessive adjective “loro” must always be preceded by the article, even if the family relative’s name is singular. Giovanna e Fabio vengono alla festa di compleanno con la loro figlia = Giovanna and Fabio come to the birthday's party with their daughter ___________________________________________ LAVORO di SENTIERI 1. Pagina 79 Pratica 1,2,3 2. Pagina 94 Use the vocabolario to describe your friends and family, 10 sentences max. . 3. Pagina 95 Pratica 1, 2, 3 4. Pagina 96 Comunicazione 5, 6 5. Pagina 98 Read Una serata IN Casa Complete the attivita’ on the bottom of the page Attivita’ Chi e’ ?” 6. Pagina 100 Read L’amicizia Create vocabulary list in your notebook from the reading Extra help has always been available CAPITOLO 3 Preposizioni Semplici A Preposition is a word used before a noun or a pronoun to express its relation to another word. Here are some simple (oneword) Italian prepositions, some of which you have already learned. Usi-di, a, in, da e per 1. The prepositions a, in and da are used to indicate location or means of transportation. Each is used as follows: The preposition a: Before the names of cities and small islands Before nouns such as casa, scuola, teatro, piedi (on foot), letto, and tavola Abitano a Venezia. They live in Venice Siamo andati a capri. We went to capri. Andiamo a capri We are going to capri. Viene a scuola oggi ? Are you coming to school today? Andiamo a casa a piedi? Are we going home on foot? Vado a letto. I’m going to bed. Abitano a capri. They live in capri. The preposition in: Before the names of continents, countries, states, regions, and large islands Before nouns as classe, biblioteca, ufficio, chiesa, citta’, montagna, campagna, viaggio, crociera and vacanza; Before nouns indicating means of transportation, such as treno, aereo, macchina, bicicletta, autobus, tassi’, and Pullman (tour bus) motorcoach Siete stati in Europa? Have you all been to Europe? Vai in montagna? Are you going to the mountains? Vivono in citta’ o in campagna? Do they live in the city or in the country? Avete viaggiato in treno o in aereo? Did you travel by train or by plane? Andiamo in biblioteca. We are going to the library. Siamo venuti in macchina We came by car. Vanno in vacanza in Sicilia They are going on vacation to sicily. The preposition Da: Before a persons name , title or profession to refer to that person’s home or workplace; Before a disjunctive pronoun to represent a person’s workplace or home. Stasera andiamo da Pietro. Tonight we are going to Pietro’s Vado dalla dottoressa Pini. I’m going to Doctor Pini’s office. Mangiate da Maria stasera? Are you all eating at Maria’s house tonight? Venite da me domani? Are you all coming to my house tomorrow? Per: To indicate purpose, Italian uses per + infinitive. This construction corresponds to the English (in order) to + infinitve. Studio per imparare. I study in order to learn. Lavoro per vivere. I work in order to live. Preposizioni Articolate di + i = dei We use this in the same cases as the prepositon "di" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a consonant. Es: Nella maggior parte dei casi. / In most cases. di + gli = degli We use this in the same cases as the prepositon "di" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a vowel. Es: Il fiuto degli animali. / The scent of the animals. di + le = delle We use this in the same cases as the prepositon "di" when the noun which follows is feminine plural and starts with a consonant. Es: Il becco delle anatre, il palmo delle mani. / The beak of the ducks, the palm of the hands. dell' We use this in the same cases as the prepositon "del" and "della" when the noun which follows starts with a vowel (both masculine and feminine). Es: Il biglietto dell' autobus, gli abitanti dell' Africa. / The ticket for the bus, the inhabitants of Africa. a + il = al We use this in the same cases as the prepositon " a" when the noun which follows is masculine singular and starts with a consonant. Es: Stasera vado al parco. / This evening I'm going to the park. a + i = ai We use this in the same cases as the prepositon " a" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a consonant. Es: Bisogna dirlo ai ragazzi. / It's necessary to tell the guys. a + gli = agli We use this in the same cases as the prepositon " a" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a vowel. Es: Bisogna dirlo agli operai. / It's necessary to tell the workers. a + la = alla We use this in the same cases as the prepositon " a" when the noun which follows is feminine singular and starts with a consonant. Es: Bisogna chiederlo alla maestra. / It's necessary to ask the teacher. a + le = alle We use this in the same cases as the prepositon " a" when the noun which follows is feminine plural and starts with either a consonant or a vowel. Es: Bisogna dare da mangiare alle mucche e alle oche. / It's necessary to feed the cows and the geese. all' We use this in the same cases as "alla" and "al" , when the noun which follows starts with a vowel. Es: Devi andare all' ospedale, è necessario chiedere all' infermiera. / You have to go to the hospital, it's necessary to ask the nurse. da + il = dal We use this in the same cases as "da" when the noun which follows is masculine singular and starts with a consonant. Es: Il vento che arriva dal mare. / The wind which comes from the sea. da + i = dai We use this in the same cases as "dal" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a consonant. Es: Dai cani e dai gatti. / From dogs and from cats. da + gli = dagli We use this in the same cases as "dai" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a vowel. Es: Dagli animali e dagli uomini. / From animals and from men. dall' We use this in the same cases as "dal" and "dalla" when the noun which follows starts with a vowel. Eg: Dall' ansia, dall' odio. / From anxiety, from hatred. in + il = nel We use this in the same cases as "in" when the noun which follows is masculine singular and starts with a consonant. Eg: Nel mare. / In the sea. in + la = nella We use this in the same cases as "in" when the noun which follows is feminine singular and starts with a consonant. Eg: Nella casa. / In the house. in + i = nei We use this in the same cases as "in" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a consonant. Eg: Nei casi. / In the cases. in + gli = negli We use this in the same cases as "in" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a vowel. Eg: Negli occhi. / In the eyes. in + le = nelle We use this in the same cases as "in" when the noun which follows is feminine plural and starts with a consonant. Eg: Nelle case. / In the houses. nell' We use this in the same cases as "nel" and "nella" when the noun which follows starts with a vowel. Eg: Nell' andito, nell' aria. / In the passage, in the air. su + il = sul We use this in the same cases as "su" when the noun which follows is masculine singular and starts with a consonant. Eg: La gatta sul tetto che scotta. / The cat on the scalding roof. su + i = sui We use this in the same cases as "sul" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a consonant. Eg: La casa dava sui colli circostanti. / The house looked out on the surrounding hills. su + gli = sugli We use this in the same cases as "sugli" when the noun which follows is masculine plural and starts with a vowel. Es: C'è una grande speculazione sugli affitti e sui terreni. / There is a lot of speculation on the rent and land. su + la = sulla We use this in the same cases as "su" when the noun which follows is feminine singular and starts with a consonant. Eg: L'aquilone si posò sulla capanna. / The kite rested on the hut. su + le = sulle We use this in the same cases as "sulla" when the noun which follows is feminine plural and starts with a consonant or with a vowel. Es: Sulle case, sulle ali. / On the houses, on the wings. sull' We use this in the same cases as "sul" and "sulla" when the noun which follows starts with a vowel. Es: Sull' orlo, sull' aria. / On the edge, on the air. Simple prepositions in the Italian language Let’s start with the most common uses of simple prepositions: The preposition “di” • Can indicate who is the owner of something • Can express the material of which an object is made • Can introduce the origin of someone or something (verb to be + di) • Can indicate the age of someone or something • Is used when before an adjective there is an indefinite pronoun Examples: The preposition “a” • Is used with names of cities and small islands (or what the Italians consider to be small islands!) • Is used to introduce a time, a month, an age Examples: The preposition “da” • • • • • Can indicate an origin Is used with verbs indicating where a movement has started Can express who does something Indicates the function of an object Introduces a period of time begun in the past and not yet concluded • Indicates a particular moment in time, or a condition in the past • is used when, before an infinitive verb, there is an indefinite pronoun • Is often used together with the preposition A in the expression “da…a…” to indicate a well-defined period of time Examples: The preposition “in”: Is used with the names of nations, continents, regions, streets, and big islands Is used with means of transport (however, we say “andare a piedi” Is used with names of places that end up in -ia Examples: The preposition “con”: Can indicate company, participation, correspondence, and is usually used with verbs that indicate relationships between objects or people Can introduce a way to do something or reach a certain objective Examples: The preposition “su”: Is used to introduce a topc Can indicate the position of something which is higher, or on top of something else Examples: Ad Injection:random LID-meta articolo The preposition “per”: • Is used to indicate a destination • Is used to indicate going through something • Is used to indicate the time by which something happens or must be done • Is used to indicate a precise period of time • Can indicate the cause of something • In the structure “per + infinitive”, it expresses the aim for which something is done • Indicates the receiver of a benefit Examples: The preposition “tra” o “fra”: • Can be used to talk about a time or a place, and in particular to indicate something which is clearly defined between two points • Is used to express a period in the future Examples: Articulated prepositions in the Italian language Sometimes prepositions are followed by a definite article. In this case, the prepositions di, a, da, in, su join the article to form a single word: an articulated preposition. Con, per, tra, fra can also be followed by an article, but in this case the two words remain separate. Look at these table to understand how they are formed….it seems complicated but the method is always the same. Fun Reading! ABBRUZZO ITALIA LANCIANO LANCIANO 1. Sentieri Student Activities Manual Le pagine: 23 24 La liberazione d’Italia! 25 26 Bella Ciao Bella ciao Una mattina mi son svegliato o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao, una mattina mi son svegliato e ho trovato l'invasor. O partigiano, portami via, o bella ciao... o partigiano, portami via che mi sento di morir. E se io muoio da partigiano o bella ciao... e se io muoio da partigiano tu mi devi seppellir. Mi seppellirai lassu in montagna, o bella ciao... mi seppellirai lassu in montagna sotto l'ombra di un bel fior. E la gente che passera, o bella ciao... e la gente che passera dira "o che bel fior!" You're missing some words, here there are: E questo e il fiore del partigiano o bella ciao... morto per la liberta e questo e il fiore del partigiano morto per la liberta Goodbye, my Beautiful-->my LOve One morning I woke up goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye one morning I woke up and I found the invader (that means the German troups). Oh partisan (I guess it's a litterary translation: partigiano means Italian fighter of the Resistenza) take me away goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye oh partisan take me away that I'm feeling like dieing And if I die as partisan goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye and if I die as partisan you must bury me You will bury me over there, on the mountain goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye you will bury me over there on the mountain under the shadow of a wonderful flower And all the people passing by goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye and all the people passing by will say "what a wonderful flower!" Ad this is the flower of the partisan goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye my Beautiful, goodbye dead for our freedom and this is the flower of the partisan dead for our freedom