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Modifiers (“describing words”) o Adjectives and adverbs o Can be single words or can be phrases (can do double duty as prepositional phrase) o Adjectives modify (or “describe”) nouns and pronouns Adjectives tend to answer the questions Which one? In a way, adjectives give up a way to distinguish one noun (person, place, thing) from another. Which car? The fast car…. not the slow one… or the red one… or the expensive one… but the fast one Which roses? The yellow, longstemmed roses gathered in a bunch … not the red, miniature roses collected in that vase Other questions that adjectives “answer:” What’s it like? What color is it? How does it look? What kind of ----? What does it sounds like? How big is it? What does it feel like? What does it taste like? what it smells like, how heavy is it, what color it is Examples: John’s sloppy room, brandnew television set, an adorable dress, etc. Many adjectives are formed from other root words. Common suffixes for adjectives: -ic, -y, -istic, -ical, -ful, -iful. – iac, -ious, -ous, -ial, -able, -ish, -ive, etc. “magic” becomes “magical” “beauty” becomes “beautiful” “space” becomes “spatial” or “spacious” “doubt” becomes “doubtful” Dictionaries will give you the adjective forms of words that can be transformed o Ironically, adjectives can be overused and lead to some very non-descriptive writing, especially when they rely on opinion or perception. (Examples of unhelpful adjectives: pretty girl, hard job, bad movie.) Therefore, good writers use them in moderation, use them in combination with details and good development. They also tend to use more verbs than adjectives. o There are special adjectives called possessive adjectives. They show “ownership,” or “possession,” or at least that’s the way grade school teachers explain it. o Most possessive adjectives are generally nouns that have been turned into adjectives by use of apostrophes and the letter “s.” The purpose behind the conversion is to show that something belonging to somebody. (Example: “Father” is a noun. “Father’s” is a possessive adjective. The phrase “my father’s pipe” is intended to convey the fact that the writer’s father owns a pipe.) Most possessives are created by adding “-‘s” to a word. However, some words—like proper names and lots and lots of plurals--already end in “s,” so, in that case, usually all that’s needed is to add the apostrophe. Look this up in your book or a grammar handbook and familiarize yourself with enough examples so you see the patterns that exist. o Possessive-case pronouns are “pre-done.” They don’t need apostrophes. My, mine, our, ours, his, her, hers, you, yours, their, theirs, its o You can’t create plurals with apostrophes—EVER! o Adjectives in yellow often go directly in front of the word(s) they modify in blue. However, in a sentence with a linking verb, they often end up in the predicate. My green dress My car is making a strange sound. He bought a fancy new Lexus decked out with all sorts of expensive options and extras. The British spy was tried for treason The spy who was tried for treason was British. He is both intelligent and interesting. o Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They tend to answer the questions When? Where? Why? How often? In what fashion? With whom? For what reason? To what degree? How ____ is it? Common suffixes for adverbs transformed from other root words: -ly “slow” becomes “slowly” “fashion” (noun) becomes “fashionable” (adjective) becomes “fashionably” Special adverbs: “too,” “very,” “really,” “so,” “way,” “far,” “rather,” “quite,” “extraordinarily,” “extremely,” and “especially .” These special adverbs are called intensifiers. They are adverbs that go with adjectives. A joke might be described “funny” (an adjective) or “incredibly funny” (an adverb + adjective) if it went over with an audience very well. -ly is the most common suffix for adverbs but lots of adverbs go beyond one word in length and are, for that reason, called adverbial phrases. (Examples: “around the corner,” “every day after school,” and “once or twice a day”) Adverbs in yellow often go directly before or after the word(s) they modify in blue. The children played chess quietly. The children quietly played chess. The children played chess in the living room. Yesterday, the children played chess without fighting, but today they bickered endlessly about whose turn it was. Since it was too hot to play outdoors, the children stayed indoors and quietly played chess.