Download Question book 3 - Lesmahagow High School

Physics
Dynamics and Space
Question Booklet 3
Space
Dynamics and Space
Speed of light in materials
Material
Speed in m/s
Air
3 x 108
Carbon dioxide
3 x 108
Diamond
12 x 108
Glass
20 x 108
Glycerol
2.1 x 108
Water
23 x 108
Gravitational field strengths
Gravitational field strength
on the surface in N/kg
Earth
Jupiter
Mars
Mercury
Moon
Neptune
Saturn
Sun
Venus
Uranus
Pluto
Specific heat capacity of materials
Material
Specific heat
capacity in J/kgoC
10
26
4
4
16
12
11
270
9
117
42
Alcohol
Aluminium
Copper
Glass
Glycerol
Ice
Lead
Silica
Water
Steel
Specific latent heat of fusion of materials
Material
Specific latent heat of
fusion in J/kg
Alcohol
Aluminium
Carbon dioxide
Copper
Glycerol
Lead
Water
Speed of sound in materials
Material
Speed in m/s
Aluminium
5 200
Air
340
Bone
4 100
Carbon dioxide
270
Glycerol
1 900
Muscle
1 600
Steel
5 200
Tissue
1 500
Water
1 500
2 350
902
386
500
2 400
2 100
128
1 033
4 180
500
Melting and boiling points of materials
Material
Melting
point in oC
5
099 x 10
395 x 105
180 x 105
205 x 105
181 x 105
025 x 105
334 x 105
Specific latent heat of vaporisation
of materials
Material
Sp.l.ht vap(J/kg)
Alcohol
112 x 105
Carbon dioxide
377 x 105
Glycerol
830 x 105
Turpentine
290 x 105
Alcohol
Aluminium
Copper
Glycerol
Lead
Turpentine
-98
660
1 077
18
328
-10
Boiling point
in oC
65
2470
2 567
290
1 737
156
SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors
Prefix
Symbol
Factor
giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
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G
M
k
m

1 000 000 000=109
1 000 000
=106
1 000
=103
0001
=10-3
0000 001
=10-6
2
Weight, Thrust and Acceleration
In this section you can use the equation:
unbalanced force = mass x acceleration
also written as
where F
F = ma
= unbalanced force in newtons (N)
m
= mass in kilograms (kg)
a
= acceleration in metres per second per second (m/s 2).
Helpful Hint
When a spacecraft is in space the only force acting on it is its engine thrust.
engine thrust (F)
1.
Find the missing values in the table.
Mass (kg)
Acceleration (m/s2)
(a)
700,000
2.0
(b)
45,000
0.9
Force (N)
(c)
1000
0.05
(d)
3,600,000
0.01
(e)
10,000
80,000
(f)
2,600,000
2,000,000
2. The engine of a space shuttle can produce a thrust of 600 000 N. The
mass of the shuttle is 8 x 105 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the
shuttle in space.
3. What engine thrust must be produced by a rocket of mass 3 x 106 kg in
order to produce an acceleration of 1·4 m/s2 in space?
4. The maximum engine thrust of a spacecraft is 2·4 x 107 N and this
produces an acceleration of 12 m/s2 in space. What is the mass of the
spacecraft?
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Weight, Thrust and Acceleration
5. An engine force of 160 kN is used to slow down a shuttle in space. If the
mass of the shuttle is 120 000 kg what is its rate of deceleration?
Helpful Hint
To find the acceleration, a, of an object during a vertical take-off you will
need to calculate the unbalanced force acting on the object first.
Example
thrust
1st. Unbalanced force = thrust – weight
2nd a = F
m
(where F = unbalanced force)
weight
6. Use the three stages outlined in the example above to find the missing
values in the following table. Assume that each mass is in the Earth’s
gravitational field.
Mass (kg)
Weight
Thrust (N)
(N)
(a) 3
30
60
(b) 2000
2000
21000
(c) 1500
20,000
(d) 50,000
550,000
(e) 70,000
840,000
(f) 76,000
896,800
Unbalanced
Acceleration
Force (N)
(m/s2)
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Weight, Thrust and Acceleration
7. A water rocket has a mass of 0·8 kg and is launched in a school playground
with an initial upwards thrust of 12 N.
(a) What is the weight of the water rocket in the
playground?
(b) What is the initial acceleration of the rocket in
the playground?
(c) If this water rocket were launched from the
moon, what would be its initial acceleration?
(Remember to find the new weight first !)
8. A rocket is launched from Earth with an initial acceleration of 2·5 m/s2.
The mass of the rocket is 1 600 000 kg.
(a) Calculate the unbalanced force acting on the rocket during its launch.
(b) What is the weight of the rocket?
(c) Calculate the engine thrust of the rocket.
(d) What engine thrust would be required to launch this rocket from the
moon with the same acceleration?
9. Calculate the acceleration of the following objects.
(a) A model rocket of mass 30 kg being launched from Earth with an
engine thrust of 800 N.
(b) A satellite in space whose mass is 1,800 kg and whose engine force is
4·68 kN.
(c) A 100 000 kg shuttle travelling at 50 m/s in space.
(d) A toy rocket of mass 1·5 kg whose engine stopped while the rocket
was in mid air.
(e) A spaceship of mass 4 x 107 kg lifting off from Saturn with an engine
thrust of 9 x 108 N.
(f) A rocket of mass 2·2 x 106 kg being launched from Neptune with an
engine thrust of 4·4 x 107 N.
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Weight, Thrust and Acceleration
10. A space shuttle has a weight of 1·8 x 107 N on Earth. Its engines produce
a thrust of 2·7 x 106 N during part of its journey through space.
(You will need to refer to the data sheet on page 2 for parts of this
question.)
(a) Calculate the mass of the shuttle.
(b) What is the acceleration of the shuttle in space while its engine
thrust is 2·7 x 106 N?
(c) Could the shuttle have been launched from Earth with this engine
thrust of 2·7 x106 N? Explain your answer.
(d) The engine thrust was 2·7 x 107 N during the launch from Earth. What
was the acceleration of the shuttle during its launch?
(e) If a similar shuttle was launched from Venus with an engine thrust of
2·7 x 107 N, what would be the acceleration of this shuttle during
lift off?
(f) What engine thrust would be required in order to launch this shuttle
from Jupiter with an acceleration of 5 m/s2?
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Cosmology Questions 1
1. What is a solar system?
2. The moon orbits the Earth , it is an example of a natural _______
3. List the eight planets in our solar system, in order, from closest to the
sun to furthest away from the sun.
4. Which of the planets is the largest?
5. Which planets have no moons?
6. What is the difference between the four planets nearest the sun
compared to the four furthest away from the sun?
7. What is the description now given to describe Pluto?
8. What is a star mostly made of?
9. What is a galaxy?
10. What is the name of our galaxy?
11. What is the name given to the unit of distance typically used in space?
12. What is the name of the nearest star to the sun – and how far away is
it?
13. What is the name given to the start of the Universe?
14. What is meant by ‘the Universe’?
15. Give one piece of evidence that supports the theory behind the start
of the Universe?
16. What estimate do cosmologists put on the age of the Universe?
17. List three conditions which must exist for life, as found on Earth, to
exist on another planet.
18. What is the name given to a planet which orbits around another star
(but not our Sun)?
19. What is the name given to the area where planets which might be
habitable are found?
20.List three ways we can explore space.
SIC Physics Fevelopment Group I McI
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Cosmology Questions 2
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Cosmology Questions 2
Clues down
Clues across
1.
2. This object can separate white
light into its various colours.
4. We could describe ourselves
as this compared to the
Universe.
6. The number of stars in our
Solar
System.
8.
A cluster of stars.
9.
The sun will not keep burning
for ----.
11. Paths for planets around the
Sun.
12. Here the gravitational field
strength is
virtually zero.
13. This fictional character was
not from
Earth.!
17. Obtained by mixing red,
green and
blue.
18. The Sun and its nine planets.
Jupiter--- Mars are planets.
2. ------- Centauri is the nearest star
outwith our Solar System.
3. The closest ‘star’ to Earth.
4. A useful object for star gazing.
5. We see these because of the
different frequencies in white light.
7. The moon is a natural satellite of
this planet.
8. This keeps our feet on the ground!
10. This large lens in a telescope
creates the image of a star.
14. This quantity is measured in
kilograms and does not change
from planet to planet.
15. 700 nm is the wavelength of this
light.
16. The Universe is the name given to -- matter and space.
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Distances in Space 1
Distances in Space
In this section you can use the following equation:
v =
d
t
where: v = average speed in meters per second (m/s)
d = distance travelled in metres (m)
t = time taken in seconds (s).
Helpful Hint
Because distances in space are so large, astronomers use light years to
measure distance. One light year is the distance light will travel in one
year. Light travels at 3 x108 m/s.
1.
How far is a light year?
2. The star Vega is 27 light years from earth. How far away is Vega in
metres?
3. The star Pollux is 3·78 x 1017 m from earth. How far is this in light years?
4. The star Beta Centauri is 300 light years from earth. How long does it
take light to travel from this star to the earth?
5. An astronomer on Earth views the planet Pluto through a telescope. Pluto
is 5,763 x 106 km from earth. How long did it take for the light from
Pluto to reach the telescope?
6. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is approximately 100,000 light years in
diameter. How wide is our galaxy in kilometres?
7. The nearest star to our solar system is Proxima Centuri which is
3·99 x1016 m away. How far is this in light years?
8. Andromeda (M31) is the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way and can just be
seen with the naked eye. Andromeda is 2·1 x 1022 m away from the Milky
Way. How long does it take for light from Andromeda to reach our
galaxy?
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Distances in Space 1
9. The Sun is the nearest star to the planet Earth. It takes light 8·3
minutes to reach us from the Sun. Use this information to find out the
distance from the Earth to the Sun in kilometres?
10. Sir William Herschel, an amateur astronomer, discovered the planet
Uranus in March 1781. Uranus is 2 871 x 106 km away from the sun. How
long does it take for sunlight to reach Uranus?
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Distances in Space 2
Given that the speed of light in a vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s
1. How far does light travel in
a. 1 second
b. 1 minute
c. 1 hour
d. 1 day
e. 1 year
2. If it takes 9 years for light from Sirius to reach Earth
How far away is Sirius in metres?
3. As the Sun is 1.5 x 1011 m from Earth.
How long does it take light from the Sun to reach Earth?
4. The moon is 3.84 x 108 m from Earth.
How long does it take light to travel from the Moon to Earth?
5. Uranus is 2.7x 1012 m from Earth.
How long will it take light to travel from Earth to Uranus?
6. Proxima the nearest other star to the Earth is 4.07 x 1016m away.
How many light years is this?
7. The Andromeda Galaxy is 1.9 x 1019 m away.
What is this in light years?
8. Ursa Major is a constellation that is 1x 107 light years from Earth.
How far is this in kilometres?
SIC Physics Fevelopment Group I McI
12
Space Exploration
1. Space exploration is an ever developing area of science. As a result of the
many different space programs across the world, technology is continually
advancing. Many of the materials and equipment designed have had an impact
on our daily lives.
Name one material or piece of equipment which was originally developed for
space, describe its use in space and give information about its use in everyday
life.
2. As well as the benefits of the space program there is a down side – Space
Junk!
NASA currently monitors over 13,000 man-made objects orbiting the Earth
larger than 10cm in diameter – this has increased from 9,000 in 2000. It
estimates that there are millions of much smaller objects and that the total
mass is about 5500 tonnes.
(a)
What are the large man-made object orbiting Earth?
(b)
It has even been suggested that nuclear waste could be put on
the moon. State whether or not you think this is a good idea,
giving reasons for your opinion.
3. The first satellite – Sputnik 1 was launched on 4/10/1957. There are now a
very large number of satellites orbiting the Earth using cutting edge
technologies to collect signals from tracking devices, to take photographs and
temperature readings as well as many other functions.
(a)
What effect does changing the height above the Earth’s surface have
on the period of the satellite?
(b)
How are satellites used in weather forecasting?
(c)
How are they used in environmental monitoring?
(d)
What is GPS and what is it used for?
(e)
What is a geostationary satellite and how many are required for a
global communications network?
(f)
Find out about satellite tracking:i. Why would you want to track vehicles?
ii. Why would you want to track animals?
SIC Physics Fevelopment Group JM
13
Space Travel
1. Explain why the speed of a spacecraft, travelling in outer space, is
constant even although its engines are switched off?
2. How do spacecraft travelling in outer space change direction and where
does the energy come from?
3. Our two nearest planets are Mars and Venus.
a) If the closest Mars comes to the Earth is 65 million km calculate
how long it would take for a rocket travelling at 2900 m/s to reach
it?
b) How long would it take to send a message to reach Mars at this
time?
c) The time it takes to reach a distant planet such as Mars raises
challenges for manned missions.
i) What effect does weightlessness have on the human body?
ii) Can you list some of the concerns Mission Control would have and
come up with suggestions for solutions?
d) There have been a number of unmanned missions to Mars called
Mars Rovers. What were the names of the different rovers and
when did they land on Mars?
4. The closest distance between the Earth and Saturn is 1.2 x 109 km.
How long would it take a probe orbiting Saturn to send a signal to
Earth?
5. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched in 1977.
(a)
How are they powered, how do they change direction and where
does the energy needed to send transmissions come from?
(b)
After 12 years Voyager 2 shot past Neptune at a distance of
approximately 4.35 x 109 km from Earth. How long would it have
for a signal to reach the Earth?
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14
Re-entry 1
Re - Entry
In this section you can use all of the following equations:
where Ek
Eh
Ew
m
v
c
T
F
d
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ek
=
Eh
=
1mv2
2
cmT
Ew
=
F x d
kinetic energy (J)
heat energy (J)
work done (J)
mass (kg)
speed (m/s)
specific heat capacity (J / kg oC)
change in temperature (oC)
force (N)
distance (m).
Helpful Hint
Energy can not be created or destroyed. It can be changed from one
form into another. When an object re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere it
heats up. Some or all of its kinetic energy changes to heat energy as
work is done against friction. The shuttle has heat resistant tiles
covering its body to stop it burning up as it re-enters the atmosphere.
heat resistant tiles
In order to stop the shuttle when it touches down, work must be done by
friction forces in the brakes to change all its kinetic energy into heat
energy.
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Re-entry 1
1.
A small piece of metal of mass 2 kg falls from a satellite and re-enters
the Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of 4 000 m/s. If all its kinetic energy
changes to heat calculate how much heat is produced.
2. How much work must be done by the brakes on a shuttle of mass 2 x106
kg to bring it to rest if it lands with a touch down speed of 90 m/s?
3. The space shuttle Columbia re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere at a speed
of 8000 m/s and was slowed down by friction to a speed of 200 m/s. The
shuttle has a mass of 2 x106 kg.
(a) How much kinetic energy did the shuttle lose?
(b) How much heat energy was produced during this process?
4. A ‘ shooting star’ is a meteoroid that enters the Earth’s atmosphere and
is heated by the force of friction which causes it to glow. A certain
meteoroid has a mass of 30 kg and enters the atmosphere at a speed of
4000 m/s. Its specific heat capacity is 600 J/kgoC.
(a) Calculate the heat energy produced when all the meteoroids
kinetic energy is converted to heat.
(b) Calculate the rise in temperature of the meteoroid as it re-enters
the atmosphere.
5. A small spy satellite of mass 70 kg is constructed from a metal alloy of
specific heat capacity 320 J/kgoC. The satellite has a short lifetime of
two weeks before it re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of
5000 m/s.
(a) Calculate how much heat energy is produced when all the
satellites kinetic energy changes to heat energy.
(b) Calculate the theoretical rise in temperature of the satellite .
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Re-entry 1
6. The nose section of the shuttle is covered with 250 kg of heat resistant
tiles which experience a rise in temperature of 1400 oC during the
shuttle’s journey back through the Earth’s atmosphere. The shuttle is
slowed from 10 000 m/s to 100 m/s during this part of the journey .
shuttle enters Earth’s
atmosphere
v = 10 000 m/s
United St
ates
v = 100 m/s
(a) How much kinetic energy does the nose of the shuttle lose?
(b) How much heat energy is produced at the nose during re-entry?
(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the material used to make
the nose tiles.
7. A multistage rocket jettisons its third stage fuel tank
when it is empty. The fuel tank is made of aluminium and
has a mass of 4000 kg. (specific heat capacity of aluminium
is 900 J/kgoC)
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy lost by the fuel tank as
it slows down from 5 000 m/s to 1 000 m/s during its
journey through the atmosphere.
(b) How much heat energy is produced?
(c) Calculate the rise in temperature of the fuel tank .
8. The command module of an Apollo rocket returns to Earth at a speed of
30 km/h. During its journey through the atmosphere it is slowed to a
speed of 10 km/h. The mass of the module is 2 000 kg .
(a) Calculate the loss in kinetic energy of the command module.
(b) How much work is done by the frictional forces which slowed it down?
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Re-entry 1
9. Re-entry for a certain shuttle begins 75 miles above the Earth’s surface
at a speed of 10 km/s. It is slowed to a speed of 100 m/s by frictional
forces during which time it has covered a distance of 4 x107 m. The mass
of the shuttle and its payload is 2·4 x 106 kg.
(a) Calculate the loss in kinetic energy of the shuttle.
(b) How much work is done by friction?
(c) Calculate the average size of the frictional forces exerted by the
atmosphere on the shuttle as it slows down.
10. At touch down a shuttle is travelling at 90 m/s. The brakes apply an
average force of 4 x 106 N in total to bring the shuttle to a stand still.
The mass of the shuttle is 2 x 106 kg .
(a) How much kinetic energy does the shuttle have at touch down?
(b) How much work must be done by the brakes to stop the shuttle?
(c) Calculate the length of runway required to stop the shuttle.
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Re-entry 2
1. The Space Shuttle orbits the earth at 10 Km/s. It then re-enters
the Earth’s atmosphere and comes in to land.
(a) During re-entry it does not fire any engines to slow itself down.
What causes its speed to be reduced?
(b) What happens to the energy of the space shuttle when it re-enters the
Earth’s atmosphere?
(c) The Space shuttle is covered with heat resistant tiles.
Why are the tiles on the underside thicker than those on the upper
surface of the shuttle?
2. A meteor of mass 75 kg enters the Earth’s atmosphere at 30 km/s.
Explain what is likely to happen to the meteor before it reaches the
surface of the Earth?
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19
Re-Entry 3
1. When spacecraft, meteorites and space junk enter the Earth’s
atmosphere they are moving very quickly and have a large amount of
kinetic energy.
(a)
What happens to this kinetic energy when they come into
contact with the atmosphere?
(b)
How does this effect meteorites and how can we see them from
the surface of the Earth?
2. Explain why designers have to make manned spacecraft capable of
withstanding very high temperatures and what thermal protection
systems are used.
3. Find out how astronauts and spacecraft were protected on re-entry:(a)
In the early space programmes.
(b)
In the space shuttle missions.
4. An aluminium section of a rocket thruster weighs 0.9kg. It returns to
Earth at a speed of 5000m/s. If we assume that all its kinetic energy
is changed into heat on entry into the atmosphere, find:(a)
It’s rise in temperature. (for aluminium c = 900J/kgºC)
(b)
Explain why such small sections of a space craft would be
unlikely to be found on the Earth’s surface.
5. A satellite of mass of mass 70kg orbits the Earth at a speed of 4000m/s.
The satellite is mainly made from a metal alloy of specific heat capacity 310
J/kgºC.
(a)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the satellite when in orbit.
(b)
Calculate the change in temperature of the satellite if all the
kinetic energy is changed into heat as it returns to Earth.
(c)
Suggest why in practice this temperature would not be reached.
SIC Physics Development Group JM
20
Projectiles 1
1. The motion of a projectile can be thought of as comprising two independent
motions.
(a) Describe the horizontal component of motion.
(b) Describe the vertical component of motion.
(c) What assumption do we make in order to do the calculations?
2.
An Osprey is flying horizontally at a speed of 15 m/s when it drops the
fish it is carrying into the loch below. The fish hits the water 2 seconds
later.
(a) Calculate the height the osprey was flying at when it dropped the
fish.
(b) Assuming that the Osprey does not change its speed or direction,
where is it in relation to the fish when the fish hits the water.
SIC Physics Development Group AF
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Projectiles 2
Helpful Hint
In this section you can make use of the fact that any projectile path can be
split into separate parts - horizontal and vertical.
To solve any projectile problem it is necessary to use the formula which applies
to each of these directions.
Horizontally
Velocity is constant ( a = 0 m/s2)
v= d
t
where v = average horizontal velocity in metres per second (m/s)
d = horizontal distance travelled in metres (m)
t = time taken in seconds (s).
Vertically Acceleration due to gravity
Where a = acceleration due to gravity in metres per second per second (m/s 2)
u = initial vertical velocity in metres per second (m/s)
v = final vertical velocity in metres per second (m/s)
t = time taken in seconds (s).
To calculate the vertical distance travelled during any projectile journey you
must draw a speed time graph for the journey and use:
distance travelled = area under speed time graph.
1.
A stone is kicked horizontally at 20 m/s from a cliff top and lands in the
water below 2 seconds later.
20 m/s
Calculate :
(a) the horizontal distance travelled by the stone
(b) the final vertical velocity
(c) the vertical height through which the stone drops.
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Projectiles 2
2. A parcel is dropped from a plane and follows a projectile path as shown
below.
The horizontal velocity of the plane is 100 m/s and the parcel takes 12
seconds to reach the ground.
100 m/s
Calculate :
(a) the horizontal distance travelled by the parcel
(b) the final vertical velocity of the parcel as it hits the ground
(c) the height from which the parcel was dropped.
3. Sand bags are released from an air balloon while it is at a fixed height.
The bags follow a projectile path because of strong winds.
30 m/s
The bags have an initial horizontal velocity of 30 m/s and land on
the ground 10 seconds later. Calculate:
(a) the horizontal distance travelled by the sand bags
(b) their final vertical velocity.
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Projectiles 2
4. A satellite is launched during a practice simulation.
The satellite is given a horizontal velocity of 400 km/s and ‘crashes’ 200
seconds later.
400 km/s
practise launch pad
Calculate :
(a) the horizontal distance travelled by the satellite
(b) the final vertical velocity of the satellite
(c) the height from which the satellite was launched.
5. An archer fires an arrow and aims to hit a target 50 metres away. The
arrow is launched with a horizontal velocity of 100 m/s.
100 m/s
(a) What is the time of flight of the arrow?
(b) Calculate the final vertical velocity of the arrow.
(c) By how much does the arrow miss the target?
6. A golfer strikes a golf ball and it follows a projectile path as shown below.
(a) What is the vertical velocity of the ball at its maximum height?
(b) What is the horizontal component of the velocity if the ball takes
seconds to travel 400 metres?
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4
Projectiles 2
7. While on the moon an astronaut throws a rock upwards and at an angle. The
path of the rock is shown below.
(a) What is the vertical velocity of the rock at its maximum height?
(b) How long does the rock take to reach its maximum height if it has an
initial vertical velocity of 20 m/s?
(Remember! On the moon a = 1·6 m/s 2)
8. Part of the space flight of a shuttle is represented in the velocity time
graphs below.
(a)
Horizontal motion
(b)
90
Speed
in m/s
40
Speed
in m/s
0
Vertical motion
Time in s 30
0
Time in s
30
Use the graphs to find out how far the shuttle travels both horizontally
and vertically in the 30 second journey.
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Projectiles 2
9. During take off from Mars one of the boosters on a rocket fails causing
the rocket to follow a projectile path rather than a vertical one.
The speed time graphs for a 20 second interval immediately after the
booster failed are shown below.
(a)
Horizontal motion
(b)
Speed
in m/s
15
10
0
Vertical motion
Speed
in m/s
20
Time in s
0
20
Time in s
Use the graphs to calculate:
(a) the horizontal distance travelled during take off
(b) the deceleration in the vertical direction during the first 20 seconds
(c) the vertical distance travelled.
10. A stunt motor cyclist tries to beat the record for riding over double
decker buses. He leaves the start position with a horizontal velocity of 35
m/s and lands 2·4 seconds later. Calculate :
(a) the horizontal distance travelled by the cyclist
(b) the final vertical velocity of the motor cycle as it touches the ground
(c) the height of the platform.
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26
Projectiles 3
1. A stone thrown horizontally from a cliff lands 24 m out from the cliff
after 3 s. Find:
a)
the horizontal speed of the stone
b)
the vertical speed at impact.
2. A ball is thrown horizontally from a high window at 6 m/s and reaches the
ground after 2 s. Calculate
a)
the horizontal distance travelled
b)
the vertical speed at impact.
3. An aircraft flying horizontally at 150 m/s, drops a bomb which hits the
target after 8 s. Find:
a)
the distance travelled horizontally by the bomb
b)
the vertical speed of the bomb at impact
c)
the distance travelled horizontally by the aircraft as the bomb fell
d)
the position of the aircraft relative to the bomb at impact.
a) the horizontal distance travelled
the vertical
speed at impact.
4. b)A ball
is projected
horizontally at 15 m/s from the top of a vertical cliff.
Itaircraft
reaches
ground
5 sm/s,
later.
period
until it
76. An
flyingthe
horizontally
at 150
drops aFor
bombthe
which
hits the between
tar get after 8projection
s.
Find:
hits the ground, draw graphs with numerical values on the scales of the
a) the distance travelled horizontally by the bomb
ball’s
b) the vertical speed of the bomb at impact
c) the distance
travelledvelocity
horizontallyagainst
by the aircraft
a)
horizontal
timeas the bomb fell
d) the position of the aircraft relative to the bomb at impact.
b)
vertical velocity against time
77. c)
A ball is projected
horizontally
at 15
m/s from thethe
top of
a vertical cliff.
It reaches
the distances
From the
graphs
calculate
horizontal
and
vertical
ground 5 s later. For the period between projection until it hits the ground, draw
travelled.
graphs with numerical values on the scales of the ball’s
a) horizontal velocity against time
b) vertical velocity against time
5. In the experimental set-up shown below, the arrow is lined up towards the
c) From the graphs calculate the horizontal and vertical distances travelled.
target. As it is fired, the arrow breaks the circuit supplying the electromagnet,
78.
In the experimental set-up shown below, the arrow is lined up towards the tar get.
and
the target falls downwards from A to B.
As it is fired, the arrow breaks the circuit supplying the electromagnet, and the target
falls downwards from A to B.
electromagnet holds
target in place
target
A
B
Explainwhy
why the
the arrow
will hit
the hit
tar get.
a) a)Explain
arrow
will
the target.
b)
b)
Suggest one set of circumstances when the arrow would fail to hit the target
Suggest
one
setitof
circumstances
when the arrow would fail to hit
(you must
assume
is always
lined up correctly).
the target (you must assume it is always lined up correctly).
Physics: Mechanics and Heat (Int 2) – Student Material
27
Satellite Questions
1. What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used to communicate with
satellites?
2. What speed does this radiation travel at?
3. Why can some electromagnetic frequencies not be used when sending a
signal from Earth to an orbiting satellite?
4. Fill in the gaps in the following paragraph.
Geostationary satellites orbit above the ______________.
Geostationary satellites always remain at the _____________ point
above the earth’s surface. Geostationary satellites orbit
___________ every 24 hours. Other satellites complete several
________________ every 24 hours. Other satellites operate at a
______________ height than Geostationary satellites.
5. Copy and complete the above table by filling in the gaps choosing from
the following:
390km
380 000km
Type of Satellite
28 days
90 minutes
20 000km
12 hours
1000km
100 minutes
Approximate Height
Time taken
above the earth (km)
for 1 orbit
International
Notes
Zero gravity Lab
Space Station
Monitoring Land
Polar Orbit
use, Weather
GPS Fleet
Navigation aid
Worldwide
Geostationary
36 000
24 hours
communication
Broadcasting TV
The Moon
SIC Physics Development Group PB
Gives us the Earths
tides.
28
Satellite Questions
6. An aerial cannot pick up strong enough signals from a satellite. In
order to bring radio signals to a focus a _________________
reflector must be used.
7. In short; what do parabolic mirrors do to electromagnetic radiation
coming from far away?
8. By adding an appropriate shaped mirror complete the following diagram to
show how signals are brought into focus.
9. Parabolic mirrors are used in torches and headlamps draw a diagram to
show how they help to form a beam of light that can be directed.
10. Radio telescopes use large parabolic reflectors, what are they used for?
11. High frequency radio signals are sent from the USA to Britain.
The signals are received by a ground station in Cornwall.
(a) Describe what happens to the signal after it leaves the American
ground station.
(b) Weather forecasters on television show us detailed pictures of rain
clouds over Britain.
How is this kind of information gathered?
SIC Physics Development Group PB
29
Satellite Questions
12. An army unit on military exercise at the Earth's equator have positioned a
satellite dish as shown.
Aerial
Dish
Aerial
Curved reflector
During their stay they find there is no need to change the position of the
dish, which is pointing vertically upward. Communications are good and are
never interrupted.
(a) Why is there no need to continually alter the position of the satellite
dish?
(b) What name is given to the type of satellite being used?
(c) What is the purpose of the curved reflector behind the aerial?
13. Why can radio waves not be used to carry television signals from
America to Britain using land based transmitters and receivers?
14. A Satellite is used to relay the signal from America to Britain. The
distance between the satellite and America is 55 000km which is the
same as the distance between Britain and the satellite.
Calculate the time taken for the signal to be sent from America
to Britain.
SIC Physics Development Group PB
30
Satellite Questions
15. Mrs Brown looked out of her window and saw a satellite-receiving dish
being installed on her neighbour's wall.
The installation engineers take great care to point the receiver towards
a geostationary satellite.
a)
What is a satellite?
b)
Explain what is meant by geostationary.
c)
Figure 2 shows signals from the satellite coming towards the
curved dish on the wall. Copy and complete figure 2 to show what
happens to the signals after they hit the curved dish.
Wall
[
figure 2
d) How do the signals get from the receiving dish to the T.V. in the
house?
e) It is recommended that people living northern Scotland should use a
85-centimetre diameter dish, while those living in south-east England
only need a 55-centimetre diameter dish.
i)
State one advantage of having an 85 centimetre dish rather than
a 55 centimetre dish.
ii)
What does this suggest about the satellite signals received in
northern Scotland
SIC Physics Development Group PB
31
Ray Diagrams
Helpful Hint
You may have noticed that many of the images produced by convex lenses
were on the opposite side of the lens from the object. These images are
called real images. Sometimes, however, an image cannot be formed in this
way because the rays spread out after passing through the lens. In this case
we must extend the ray lines backwards until they meet.
Example
image
f
f
object
lens
This type of image, which is formed on the same side of the lens as the
object is called a virtual image.
Remember the rules for drawing ray diagrams:
1. a ray from the tip of the object parallel to the axis passes through
the focal point of the lens.
2. a ray from the tip of the object to middle of the lens continues
through the lens in the same direction.
1.
An object is placed 3 cm from a lens which has a focal length of 2 cm.
The object is 1 cm high.
Using a suitable scale, copy and complete the ray diagram below.
(You may find it useful to use graph paper !)
lens
1 cm
high

3 cm
  2 cm
(a) How far from the lens is the image produced?
(b) Is the image inverted or upright?
(c) Is the image real or virtual?
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32
Ray Diagrams
2. A magnifying glass produces an image which is described as virtual,
magnified and upright.
A 1 cm high object is placed 2 cm from a magnifying lens whose focal
length is 3 cm.
(a) Copy and complete the ray diagram below to show how the image is
formed.
lens
1 cm
high
 2 cm 
3 cm

(b) Explain why the image is described as virtual, magnified and upright.
3. A 1 cm high object is placed 5 cm from a lens which has a focal length of
2 cm
(a) Use a ray diagram to find out what kind of image is formed (i.e. real
or virtual? magnified , diminished or same size? inverted or upright?)
(b) The same object is moved to a distance of 4 cm from the lens.
Describe the image which is now formed.
(You will need to draw a new ray diagram !)
(c) The object is again moved - this time to a distance of 1·5 cm from the
lens. Describe what happens to the image now.
4. A magnifying glass, which has a focal length of 1 cm, is used to examine
some small objects. Each object is placed 0·5 cm from the lens. By
drawing ray diagrams, to an appropriate scale, find out the size of the
image produced by each of the following objects.
(a) A printed letter which is 4 mm high.
(b) A 2 mm grain of rice.
(c) A 5 mm pearl.
5. A man creates an image of a fuse using an 8 cm lens. The fuse is 2 cm
high and is positioned at a distance of 4·8 cm from the lens.
(a) Draw a ray diagram in order to find out the height of the image
produced.
(b) How far was this image from the lens?
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33
Cosmology Questions 3
1.
do =10cm
fo =80cm
Telescope 1
fe = 8 cm
do =15cm
fo =120cm
Telescope 2
fe = 2 cm
a) Which telescope collects most light?
b) Which telescope will have the brighter image?
c) If the objective lens has a focal length fo and the eyepiece lens a
focal length fe , the length of the telescope is given by fo + fe.
Which is the longer telescope?
d) The magnification of a telescope is calculated using fo/fe
2.
i)
What is the magnification of telescope 1
ii)
What is the magnification of telescope 2
If a telescope has an objective lens with focal length 105cm and an
eyepiece lens with focal length 1.5cm
a) What is the length of the telescope ?
b) What is the magnification of the telescope?
3. If a telescope has an objective lens with focal length
65cm and an eyepiece lens with focal length 13 cm
a) What is the length of the telescope ?
b) What is the magnification of the telescope?
SIC Physics Development Group IM
34
Cosmology Questions 3
You have been give a spectrum reference sheet showing the spectrum
obtained from various elements using a diffraction spectrometer.
SIC Physics Development Group IM
35
Cosmology Questions 3
a) Use the reference sheet to identify elements A and B
b) Use the reference sheet to identify the elements present
in spectra C, D , E and F.
c) Which elements are present in all four spectra C , D ,E and F
SIC Physics Development Group IM
36
Revision
1. Stars and galaxies emit radiation at many different frequencies in the
electromagnetic spectrum. By collecting these signals astronomers can learn a
lot about our universe.
(a) Copy and complete the diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum
shown below.
Gamma
rays
UV
IR
TV
waves
(b) Which waves have the longest wavelength?
(c) It takes radio waves from the galaxy Andromeda 22 million years to
reach us.
How far away is Andromeda in kilometres? (one year = 365 days)
(d) Name a detector for each type of electromagnetic radiation in the
spectrum.
Light gathered from the stars can be split into spectra using a prism or a
diffraction grating. This allows astronomers to gather a great deal of
information about the stars.
(e) What is the name given to the type of spectrum shown below?
(f) Identify two elements present in this spectrum using the information
below.
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37
Revision
2.
Magnifying glasses are used in the eyepieces of refracting telescopes.
One such telescope used to observe stars is shown below.
light from
star
eyepiece
Y
X
(i) What names are given to the telescope parts labelled X and Y on
the diagram?
(ii) Explain why part Y should have a large diameter.
(iii) What is the purpose of the eyepiece in this telescope?
3. The Chinese first used rockets in the thirteenth century. These rockets
used a type of gunpowder to fuel them. Most modern rockets are liquid
fuelled but work on the same principle as the early rockets.
(a) Explain using Newton’s third law how a rocket engine propels a rocket
forward.
(b) A multistage rocket of mass 1·6 x 105 kg is preparing for lift off from
Earth. The rocket engines provide a constant thrust of 2·2 x 106 N.
U
S
A
Calculate the initial acceleration of the rocket.
(c) The acceleration of the rocket increases as it burns up fuel even
though the thrust provided by the engine remains constant. Explain
why.
(d) Once in space the rocket engines are switched off. Describe the
motion of the rocket now and explain its motion in terms of Newton’s
laws.
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38
Revision
The graph below shows how the speed of a different rocket varied with
time after lift off.
(e) Calculate the initial acceleration of the rocket.
(f) How far did the rocket travel in the 500 seconds shown
4. In the future travel to other planets may be possible.
During a ‘virtual reality’ flight, Spacekid observes the following :
A
B
C
D
Walking on the moon seemed effortless but on Jupiter his boots felt
as though they were being held down.
Take off from Earth needed less engine thrust than take off from
Neptune.
Rocket motors could be switched off during interplanetary flight.
When a 1·2 kg hammer was dropped on Saturn its time and vertical
velocity were recorded as:
Time (s)
0·5
1·0
1·5
2·0
2·5
Velocity (m/s)
5·5
11
16·5
22
27·5
(a) Explain observation A.
(b) Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on a rocket during take off.
Use the values of “g” from the data sheet on page 24 to explain, in
terms of the forces acting on the rocket, why take off requires more
engine thrust on Neptune.
(c) If the rocket has a mass of 3 x 107 kg and the engine thrust is
3·9 x 108N, calculate the acceleration of the rocket at take off from
Earth.
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39
Revision
(d) Explain observation C
(e) Use the results from D to plot a speed time graph of the hammer
falling on Saturn.
(f) From the graph:
(i) How far did the hammer fall
(ii) Calculate the gravitational field strength on Saturn.
(g) Spacekid has a mass of 40 kg. On which planet, Earth or Saturn, is he
heavier? Justify your answer.
5. A space shuttle of mass 2 x 106 kg was travelling with a speed of 9 000
m/s as it entered the Earth’s atmosphere. The speed of the shuttle
dropped to 100 m/s at touch down, at which point the brakes were
applied, bringing the shuttle to rest.
(a) Explain why the speed of the shuttle decreased from 9 000 m/s to
100 m/s before the brakes were applied.
(b) How much kinetic energy did the shuttle lose before the brakes were
applied?
(c) How much heat energy was created as the shuttle speed dropped
from 9000 m/s to 100 m/s?
(d) The shuttle was covered with special heat-resistant tiles. Why was
this necessary?
(e) The specific heat capacity of the heat-resistant material used in the
tiles is 35,700 J/kg0C.
The temperature of the tiles should increase by no more than
1,300 0C during re-entry. What mass of tiles would be required to
absorb all of the heat energy produced?
(f) Explain why in practice the mass of the tiles was less than calculated
in part (e).
(g) How much work was done by the brakes to bring the shuttle to rest?
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40
Revision
6. Use the information on the data sheet to answer the following:
(a) On which planet would a 3 kg rock fall fastest. Explain your answer.
(b) On which planets would the same rock fall most slowly. Explain your
answer.
A rock is projected on Saturn as shown .
20 m/s
(c) Use your knowledge of how the gravitational field strength affects
falling objects to copy and complete the following table of vertical
velocity and time for the rock falling on Saturn..
Time (s)
Vertical
(m/s)
velocity
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
(d) Draw a speed time graph for both the horizontal and vertical motion
of the rock within five seconds of being thrown.
(e) Use the graphs to calculate both the horizontal and vertical distance
travelled by the rock in the first three seconds.
(f) How long will the rock take to reach a vertical speed of 132 m/s
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41
Numerical Answers to Questions
Weight,Thrust & Acceleration
1.(a) 1.4 x 106 N
(b) 40 500 N
(c) 20 000 kg
(d) 3.6 x 108 kg
(e) 0.125 m/s2
(f) 1.33 m/s2
2. 0.75 m/s2
3. 4.2 x 106 N
4. 2 x 106 kg
5. 1.33 m/s2
6.(a) 30 ; 10
(b)19 000 ; 9.5
(c)15 000 ; 5 000 ;
(d) 6.56 x 106 N
9.(a) 16.67 m/s2
(b) 2.6 m/s2
(c) 0 m/s2
(d) 10 m/s2
(e) 11.5 m/s2
(f) 8 m/s2
(b) 1.5 m/s2
(c) no; thrust is
less than weight
(d) 5 m/s2
(e) 6 m/s2
(f) 5.58 x 107 N
3.33
(d) 500 000;
50 000; 1
(e)700 000;
140 000; 2
(f) 760 000;
136 800; 1.8
7.(a) 8 N
(b) 5 m/s2
(c) 13.4 m/s2
8.(a) 4 x 106 N
(b) 1.6 x 107 N
(c) 2 x 107 N
Cosmology 1
1. A star and all the objects –
7. Dwarf planet
planets and moons - that
8. Hydrogen and helium gas
orbit round it. The objects
9. A
system
of
millions
or
are held in orbit by the
billions of stars, together
gravitational
with gas and dust particles
field
of
the
star.
held
together
2. satellite
gravitational
3. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
star.
field
Jupiter, Saturn , Uranus,
10. The Milky Way
Neptune
11. The light year
4. Jupiter
the ‘outer planets’ are gas
the
of
the
12. Proxima Centauri – 4.2 light
5. Mercury and Venus
6. The ‘inner planets’ are rocky,
by
years away
13. Big Bang
14. Everything that exists – all
giants.
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matter and space as a whole.
42
Numerical Answers to Questions
15. Any one from
- have liquid water on it
(a)The universe is expanding
- have air with oxygen in it
(b)
(in
Cosmic
microwave
background radiation is detected
all around us.
(c) There is a lot of hydrogen
and helium around in the universe
sufficient quantities)
- be rocky (not a gas giant)
18. Exoplanet
19. Goldilocks zone.
20. Using a telescope, manned
16. Around 14 billion years
space missions and unmanned
17. Any three from
probes and spaceships
- not too hot or too cold
Cosmology 2
Down
1. and
2. proxima
3. sun
4. telescope
5. colours
7. earth
8. gravity
10. objective
14. mass
15. red
16. all
Across
2. prism
4. tiny
6. one
8. galaxy
9. ever
11. orbits
12. space
13. ET
17. white
18.solar system
Distances in Space 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9.46 x 1015 m
2.55 x 1017 m
40 light years
300 years
19 210 s
9.46 x 1017 km
7. 4.2 light years
8. 7 x 1013 s
(2.2million years)
9. 1.49 x 108 km
10. 9 570 s
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43
Numerical Answers to Questions
Distances in Space 2
1. a) 3 x 108 m
3. 500s (8.33 minutes)
b) 1.8 x 1010 m
c) 1.08 x 10
12
m
4. 1.28 s
5. 9000s
d) 2.592 x 1013 m
6. 4.3 light years
e) 9.4608 x 1015 m
7. 2008 light years
2. 8.51 x 1016 m
8. 9.4608 x 1019 km
Space Exploration
1.
Any thing suitable – scratch resistant lens coatings, Memory foam
mattress etc.
2. a) Satellites
b) Nuclear waste will be radioactive for a long time – if something
happened to a rocket carrying it to the moon that could have
catastrophic consequences for us. Storing waste on the moon
would need a lot of fuel to get it there and would be storing a
potential problem for people in the future.
3. a) The greater the height above Earth, the longer the period of
rotation.
b) You can track fronts, hurricanes and measure temperature to help
forecast weather
c) Icecaps, deserts and rainforests can be monitored to see what
changes occur annually.
d) GPS – Global Positioning System. A space based satellite
navigation system. Can pinpoint your position with a great deal of
accuracy. Now found in cameras and phones as well as sat-nav.
e) A geostationary satellite appears to stay in the same place above
the earth at all times. It orbits the earth at a height which gives
it a period of 24 hours.
f)
(i) Vehicles can be tracked for security (bank vans).
(ii) Animals can be tracked to monitor migration patterns and to check
the location of animals which may be under threat from poachers.
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44
Numerical Answers to Questions
Space Travel
1.
There are no unbalanced forces acting on the spacecraft.
2. Booster rockets – fuel is carried on board the spacecraft.
3. (a) 2.24 x 107s (259.4 days)
(b) 216.7 s
(c) (i)
Sickness, muscle atrophy, deterioration of the skeleton, puffiness
of the face and eyesight problems.
(ii) As well as the physical problems there are concerns about how
people would cope with being confined to a small space with only a
few other people for a very long time. Looking after medical
problems could also be difficult. Supplying enough food and drink,
especially fresh foodstuffs is another challenge.
(d)
Mars 2 – 1971; Mars 2 – 1971; Pathfinder – 1997;
Beagle 2 – 2003; Spirit – 2004; Opportunity – 2004;
Curiosity – 2012
4. 4000s
5. 14500s
Re-Entry 1
1. 1.6 x 107 J.
2. 8.1 x 109
3.(a) 6.4 x 1013 J
(b) 6.4x 1013 J
4.(a) 2.4 x 108 J
(b) 13 333 oC
5.(a) 8.75 x 108 J
(b) 39,062.5 oC
6.(a) 1.25 x 1010 J
(b) 1.25 x 1010 J
6.(c) 35,714 J/kgºC
7 (a) 4.8 x 1010 J
(b) 4.8 x 1010 J
(c) 13,333 ºC
8.(a) 61,660.5 J
(b) 61,660.5 J
9.(a) 1.2 x 1014 J
(b) 1.2 x 1014 J
(c) 3 x 106 N
10.(a) 8.1 x 109 J
(b) 8.1 x 109 J
(c) 2025 m
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45
Numerical Answers to Questions
Re-Entry 2
1. (a)
A shock wave builds up in front of the spacecraft as it re-enters the
atmosphere. The high pressure causes the air to heat up to very high
temperatures.
(b) The kinetic energy is converted to heat energy.
(c) The underside of the shuttle gets hotter than the upper side, so it
needs thicker tiles.
2.
The meteor is likely to break up into smaller pieces which burn up as
the heat energy destroys the meteor.
Re-Entry 3
1. (a)
(b)
Kinetic energy is converted to heat energy.
When meteorites enter the atmosphere they heat up and turn into
burning vapour – the trails of burning gas are visible from Earth.
(Shooting stars)
2.
Human beings can only stand temperatures within a narrow range.
Temperatures in space travel range from well below zero in space, to
extremely high temperatures on re-entry. Thermal protection
systems protect the astronauts. Ceramic tiles are used on the surface
of the space shuttle.
3. (a) Early space programmes had a heat shield which was designed to melt
as the spacecraft entered the atmosphere.
(b) Space shuttles had a covering of ceramic tiles which are designed to
dissipate the heat caused by re-entry.
4. (a) 13888.9ºC
(b) The small sections of aluminium would heat up and vaporise, so nothing
would reach the Earth’s surface.
5
(a) 5.6 X 108J
(b) 25806.5 °C
(c) Heat is lost to the surroundings.
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Numerical Answers to Questions
Projectiles 1
1.
(a) Horizontal motion is constant
(b) Vertical motion is affected by acceleration due to gravity.
(c) That no air resistance is taken into account.
2. (a) Initial vertical velocity – 0m/s
Final vertical velocity – 20m/s
Area under velocity time graph = vertical height = 20m
(b) The Osprey will be directly above the fish when it hits the water.
Projectiles 2
1.(a) 40 m
(b) 20 m/s
(c) 20 m
2.(a) 1 200 m
(b) 120 m/s
(c) 720 m
3.(a) 300 m
(b) 100 m/s
4.(a) 8 x 107 m
(b) 2 000 m/s
(c) 20 000 m
5.(a) 0.5 s
(b) 5 m/s
(c) 1.25 m
6.(a) 0 m/s
(b) 100 m/s
7.(a) 0 m/s
(b) 12.5 s
8.h.dist.=1200m
v.dist=1350m
9.(a) 200 m
(b) 0.75 m/s2
(c) 150 m
10.(a) 84 m
(b) 24 m/s
(c) 28.8 m
Projectiles 3
1.
a) 8m/s
c) 1200m
b) 30 m/s
d) Aircraft will be directly
2. a) 12 m
above the bomb when it hits the
b) 20 m/s
ground if the pilot does not change
3. a) 1200m
the speed or direction of the plane.
b) 80 m/s
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Numerical Answers to Questions
4
a)
60
50
Velocity (m/s)
Velocity (m/s)
20
15
10
5
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
0
6
0
Time (s)
2
4
Time (s)
b)
c) Horizontal distance = 75m,
Vertical distance = 125m
5. a) As the arrow drops the target drops at the same rate as they are both
affected by the acceleration due to gravity.
b) If the wind is blowing the arrow will not fall exactly as expected.
Satellites
1. Microwave
2. 300,000,000 m/s
3. They are reflected back down to Earth or absorbed by the Earth’s
atmosphere.
4. Equator/same/once/orbits/lower
Type of Satellite
Approximate Height
Time taken
above the earth (km)
for 1 orbit
390km
90 minutes
Polar Orbit
1000km
100 minutes
GPS Fleet
20,000km
12 hours
International
Space Station
Notes
Zero gravity Lab
Monitoring Land
use, Weather
Navigation aid
Worldwide
Geostationary
36 000
24 hours
communication
Broadcasting TV
The Moon
380,000km
28 days
Gives us the Earths
tides.
5. Curved or parabolic
6. They collect the radiation and bring the radiation to a focus,
concentrating the energy over a small area.
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Numerical Answers to Questions
7.
8.
9.
To collect radio signals from space. The bigger the dish the more
radio energy can be collected. The radio signals can then be analysed.
10. a) The signal is sent up to the geostationary satellite
b) Using satellites: Polar orbiting or geostationary satellites can be used
to monitor cloud movement.
11. a) The geostationary satellite maintains its position relative to the
ground, in other words its orbit is in sync with the Earth’s rotation.
b) Geostationary satellite
c) To collect the signal and focus the signal onto the aerial.
12.
The radio frequencies used to carry TV signals do not follow the
curve of the Earth. These signals will go into space.
13.
Total distance travelled = 55,000km x 2 = 110,000 km = 110,000,000m
Speed = 300,000,000m/s
Time = distance/speed = 110,000,000/300,000,000 = 0.37m
14. a) A satellite is an object that orbits a planet such as the Earth
b) The satellite’s orbital period matches the time taken for the Earth to
rotate once round its own axis. The satellite takes 24 hours for one
orbit. The satellite always stays above the same area of Earth as it
orbits.
c)
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Numerical Answers to Questions
d)
Electrical signals through copper cable.
e) (i) The larger dish will collect more of the signal than the smaller
dish.
(ii) The geostationary satellite orbits above the equator. The signals
received in Northern Scotland will be weaker than in South East
England and so to compensate for this the people in Northern
Scotland will need the bigger dish compared to people in South
East England.
Ray Diagrams
1.(a) 6cm
(b) inverted
(c) real
2.(a) image height =
3cm
image distance=6cm
3.(a)real, diminished
inverted
(b)real, samesize,
inverted
(c)virtual,
magnified,
upright
4.(a) 8 mm
(b) 4 mm
(c) 10 mm
5.(a) 5 cm
(b) 12 cm
Cosmology 3
1.
a) 2
b) 2
4. a)A = Helium, B= Hydrogen
b) C = Hydrogen, Helium and
c) 2
d) (i) 10
Krypton
D = Hydrogen, Helium and
(ii) 60
2. a) 106.5 cm
Calcium
E = Hydrogen, Helium and
b) 70
3. a) 78 cm
Sodium
F = Hydrogen, Helium and and
b) 5
Potassium
c) Hydrogen and Helium are in
all four of the spectra
(C, D, E and F)
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Numerical Answers to Questions
Revision
1. (a) Gamma, X-ray, Ultra-violet, visible light, Infra-red, microwaves, TV
waves, radio waves
(b) radio waves
(c) 2.08 x 1019 km
(d) Gamma – Geiger muller tube
X-ray – photographic film
Ultraviolet – fluorescent material
Visible light – eyes
Infra-red – phototransistor
Microwaves/Tv and Radio – Aerial
(e)
(f)
Line spectra
Helium and Hydrogen
2. (a)
(b)5 cm
(c) virtual
(d) (i) X – light tight tube,
Y- objective lens
(ii) To collect as much light as possible
(iii) Eyepiece – focuses light and magnifies image.
3. (a) The rocket pushes hot gases backwards, and the
hot gases push the
rocket forwards.
(b) 3.75 m/s2
(c) the unbalanced force increases because
- the mass of the rocket decreases as the fuel is used up
- the air resistance decreases as the rocket goes up through the atmosphere
- the gravitational field strength decreases the further away from the planet
you get.
(d) the rocket will continue to travel in a straight line at constant speed
(Newton’s first law) unless acted on by an external force.
(e) 8.5 m/s2
(f) 1.02 x 106 m
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4. (a) Gravitational field strength on Moon is less than on Jupiter.
(b)
Engine force
U
S
A
(c)
(d)
(e)
Force due to gravity/Weight
Air resistance
3 m/s2
There are no unbalanced forces.
Velocity (m/s)
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
Time (s)
(f) (i) 34.38 m
(ii) 11 N/kg
(g) Saturn
5. (a) A shock wave builds up as the shuttle re-enters the atmosphere. This
slows the shuttle down.
(b) 8.1 x 1013 J
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
8.1 x 1013 J
The shuttle needs to be covered in heat resistant tiles to protect the
astronauts.
1.75 x 106 kg
Not all the heat is absorbed by the tiles.
(g) 1 x1010 J
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Numerical Answers to Questions
6.(a) Jupiter
(b) Mars & Mercury
(c)
velocities (m/s):
(0), 11, 22,
33,44,55.
(d)
Vertical velocity (m/s)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Time (s)
(e) h.dist.: 60 m
v. dist.: 49.5 m
(f) 12 s
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