Download Effect of Nanoparticle treatment on trihalomethane toxicity induced

Effect of Nanoparticle treatment on
trihalomethane toxicity induced on
experimental animals
Presented by
Heba Nageh Gad EL-Hak
Assistant Lecturer- Zoology Department Faculty of Science
What are the trihalomethane?
 Trihalomethanes (THMs) are chemical compounds in
which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4)
are replaced by halogen atoms.
 Many trihalomethanes uses in industry as solvents or
refrigerants. THMs are also environmental pollutants, and
many are considered carcinogenic.
How it is formed?
 Trihalomethanes are formed from the reaction of chlorine or bromine
which is used to disinfect water for drinking with organic matter present
in the water being treated.
 formed in swimming pools which are disinfected with chlorine or
hypochlorite in the haloform reaction with organic substances (e.g.
urine, sweat, hair and skin particles). Some of the THMs are quite
volatile and may easily vaporize into the air. This makes it possible to
inhale THMs while showering, for example. The EPA, however, has
determined that this exposure is minimal compared to that from
consumption.
 In swimmers, uptake of THMs is greatest via the skin with dermal
absorption accounting for 80% of THM uptake. Exercising in a
chlorinated pool increases the toxicity of a "safe" chlorinated pool
atmosphere[with toxic effects of chlorine byproducts.
What are Nanoparticles?
 A nanoparticle is a small object that behaves as a whole unit
in terms of its transport and properties.
 Nanotechnology is an emerging and fast-growing technology.
Currently, there are thousand of nanotechnology-based
products on the market.
 There are several chemical methods to synthesize
nanoparticles of gold, silver, and iron oxide, as coprecipitation or thermal decomposition. But physical
methods either are not widely known or publicized. There is
the laser ablation in a liquid medium, which can obtain any
type of nanoparticles, but lasers for this technique are
expensive.
 In the area of water purification, nanotechnology offers the
possibility of an efficient removal of pollutants and germs.
 Today nanoparticles, nanomembrane and nanopowder used for
detection and removal of chemical and biological substances
include metals (e.g. Cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,
zinc), nutrients (e.g. Phosphate, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite),
cyanide, organics, algae (e.g. cyanobacterial toxins) viruses,
bacteria, parasites and antibiotics.
 Basically four classes of nanoscale materials that are being
evaluated as functional materials for water purification e.g. metalcontaining nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites
and dendrimers. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers also show some
positive result.
 Nanomaterials reveal good result than other techniques
used in water treatment because of its high surface area
(surface/volume ratio). It is suggested that these may be
used in future at large scale water purification.
 Nanoparticle Applications in Medicine
 The surface change of protein filled nanoparticles has been
shown to affect the ability of the nanoparticle to stimulate
immune responses.
 Researchers at Rice University have demonstrated that
cerium oxide nanoparticles act as an antioxidant to remove
oxygen free radicals that are present in a patient's
bloodstream following a traumatic injury. The nanoparticles
absorb the oxygen free radicals and then release the oxygen
in a less dangerous state, freeing up the nanoparticle to
absorb more free radicals.
 The present study is carried out to investigate the possible
protective role of nanoparticle in decrease the toxicity
induced by the trihalomethane on experimental animal.