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Neuronal correlates of spatial memory How do we remember where we are? How can I find my way back to my car? The hippocampus and spatial memory Higher grey matter density correlates with time as a taxi driver Maguire et al, 2000 Hippocampus Formed of neurons Neurons communicate via synapses : sending small electrical pulses We can record the activity of single neurons in the hippocampus Place cells All place cells taken together form a cognitive map of the environment O’Keefe and Nadel 1978,Moser et al, 2008 In human Taxi video game Some cells only fire at a given location in the virtual environment Human place cells Ekstrom et al, 2003 What determines the place field of a place cell? Stretchy place fields Place fields appear to respond at fixed distances from walls, with nearer walls more important than further ones. Boundary place fields Place fields appear to respond to a boundary in a given orientation in the environment. Barry et al, 2006 In human Doeller et al, 2008 Path integration Animals are able to find their way back even in total darkness How does the brain compute the straight way back? Head direction cells Head direction cells give information about the direction the animal is facing Taube et al, 1990 Grid cells All grid cells taken together allow the animal to compute path integration Hafting et al, 2005 In human Enthorhinal cortex Doeller et al, 2010 How will I get back then? -Distant boundaries: Place cells -Compute the straight way back: -Head direction cells -Grid cells -Reconstruct the place where the car should be: Visual imagery