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U.S. Gains Overseas Territories 10.1 p. 287-293 Objectives 1. Explain the pros and cons of Imperialism and Isolationism for America 2. Describe the events that led to the U. S. Annexation of Hawaii. 3. Identify the goal of U.S. foreign policy in Japan and China Imperialism Definition- the practice of extending a nation's power by gaining territories for a colonial empire. Pros: 1. more natural resources (Copper, Tin, Rubber) 2. new markets to trade in 3. power and national pride 4. need for a strong army/navy Cons: 1. new alliances might bring you into war 2. funding for a strong army and navy Isolationism Definition- avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations. Pros: 1. stay out of other nation's problems 2. opportunity to build culture Cons: 1. lack of industrialism 2. lack of imports of natural resources 3. easy to invade Influence in America to Expand Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1. The need to expand the navy to protect our trade. 2. The Navy needed overseas bases and coaling stations (places steamships could take on coal for fuel) Senator Henry Cabot Lodge favored expansion through naval power - "commerce follows the flag and we should build up a navy strong enough to give protection to Americans in every quarter of the globe" Alaska (1867) Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (less than two cents an acre). Criticism - purchase called 1. Seward's Folly 2. Alaskan Icebox Pros 1. added 600,000 sq. mi. (more than twice the size of TX) 2. natural resources: furs, timbers, minerals (gold) 3. Klondike Gold Rush ~ 1900 4. Russia is off of North America Pacific Island Interest Midway Islands 1. halfway between U.S. west coast&Japan 2. Great refueling station for trade Samoa 1. Divided in 1899 with U.S. and Germany 2. Great refueling station for trade Hawaii Timeline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1778 Captain James Cook arrives Merchants go to Hawaii Missionaries arrive and many become wealthy sugar planters 1795 Chief Kamehameha creates a monarchy to unite all 8 islands 1839 Hawaii writes a constitution (80% of merchants, shops, warehouses, and shipyards are U.S. owned) 1875 Hawaii may ship sugar duty free to United States in exchange for no privileges to other nations except U.S. 1887 Planters forced King Kalakaua to create new constitution - is written to give more power to parliament which planters controlled Hawaiians worried foreigners becoming too powerful McKinley Tariff (1890) - allows all countries to ship sugar duty free gives U.S. sugar producers subsidy (bonus payment) - Islands’ economy collapsed Queen Liliuokalani returns Hawaii to a monarchy a. Planters revolt b. Established new Gov’t - New President (Sanford B. Dole) c. 1898 Hawaii is annexed d. 1890 U.S. Territory e. 1959 50th State Japan's Early History ➔ Japan isolated its country in the early 1600's. ◆ Only the Dutch East India Company could trade in Japan but only in one port. ◆ Japan restricted travel abroad The United States in Japan 1. Matthew Perry arrives in Japan’s Edo (Tokyo) Harbor on July 8, 1853 with four U.S. warships Sent by President Millard Fillmore for peaceful trade relationship 2. Perry returned in February 1854 with seven warships, telegraph transmitter, and model train to show technological gains trade would offer. (show of force and need to industrialize also large unspoken incentives) 3. Townsend Harris sent in 1856 to make deal to open Japan to further trade. 4. Negotiated a commercial treaty in 1858. Industrialization in Japan ❖ In 1868 supporters of industrialization take control of power in Japan - began period of modernization ❖ Meiji (MAY-jee) restoration - strengthened industry and military ➢ Gov’t sent students to Western schools to learn about modern science, technology, and Western Gov’t ❖ Japan beats Russia in the Russo-Japanese War ➢ sank entire Russian fleet in single battle ➢ Theodore Roosevelt negotiates peace treaty to end war ■ won respect and controls parts of Korea and China. ❖ Took less than 50 years to change from nonindustrial country to major world power Imperialism in China ➔ China’s weakness opens it up to Spheres of Influence (foreign nations control the trade and national resources of the area) ➔ Open Door Policy (all nations equal access to trade with China) ◆ Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay (1899) ● Goal: gave U.S. trade influence in China ● Reason for diplomacy: lack of naval power to take control of trade and national resources Boxer Rebellion (1900) ★ Strong Resentment to power and control by foreign nations ○ Chinese nationalists (Boxers - members of the “Fists of Righteous Harmony”) angered by foreign involvement in chinese affairs, mismanagement of chinese gov’t, and hunger and homelessness from natural disasters ■ ■ ■ in June Boxers murder two foreign diplomats and laid siege to walled foreign settlement killing over 200 foreigners - lasted for two months U.S. marines brought in to stop rebellion Even though Chinese gov’t did not support Boxers, China forced to pay harsh settlement of $333 million cash payment - $25 million went to United States Questions 1. What arguments did people make for isolationism and for expansion in the late 1800’s? 2. What did United States leaders hope to accomplish in relations with Japan and China?