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QA: Water Resources & Pollution – ANSWER KEY Question Answer Percentage of earth’s water found in oceans as salt water? 97% Percentage of freshwater on earth? 3% Three-fourths of the freshwater on earth is found here? Ice/glaciers/frozen Underground places where water collects? Aquifers Water found in between permeable layers of rock and sediment, that can flow easily in and out? An aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow? The uppermost layer at which the water in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil? The process when water from precipitation can percolate through the soil and work its way into an aquifer (only works for confined aquifers if they have openings known as “recharge areas.”) An area where there is no longer any groundwater? Unconfined aquifer Movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal and inland areas as groundwater is withdrawn faster than it is recharged by precipitation? The world’s three largest rivers and their locations? Saltwater intrusion Confined aquifer Water table Groundwater recharge Cone of depression Lakes with low productivity due to low levels of nutrients? Amazon in South America, Congo in Africa, and Yangtze in China Oligotrophic Lakes with a moderate level of productivity? Mesotrophic Lakes with a high level of productivity Eutrophic A barrier built to prevent flooding or contain the flow of water? Levee A barrier built to prevent flooding of ocean waters? Dike A barrier that runs across a river/stream to control the flow of water? Dam Water stored behind a dam in a large body of water? Reservoir The largest dam in the world? What percentage of the world’s dams are hydroelectric? Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China 3% Canals or ditches used to carry water from one location to another? Aqueducts Which two US cities rely on aqueducts? New York and Los Angeles Consequences of aqueducts? Expensive to construct, habitat fragmentation, decrease water flow (can dry up rivers) and can result in “ownership” issues Desalination The process of removing salt from water, techniques include distillation and reverse osmosis? Question Answer The majority of the world’s fresh water (70%) is used for? Agriculture Wastewater from baths, showers, ad washing machines and is suitable for watering lawns and plants? Gray water Pollution that comes from a distinct location? Example: Factory dumping through a pipe A widely spread source of pollution that is difficult to link to a specific point of origin? Examples: Parking lots and agricultural fields. The water produced by human activites including human sewage from toilets, and grey water ? The amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at a specific temperature. (A low amount means less wastewater pollution, while a high amounts mean more pollution)? An area with little oxygen and thus, little life? Point source The process by which a body of water becomes too rich in dissolved nutrients, leading to plant growth that depletes oxygen? When a body of water experiences an increase in fertility leading to plant growth that depletes oxygen that is due to anthropogenic inputs of nutrients? An organism that indicates whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present? A heavy metal that contaminates water when it passes through lined pipes, solder, brass fittings and paint. It damages the nervous system? A naturally occuring compound that can dissolve in groundwater. Often mining and industrial uses can contribute to water contamination. It acts as a carcinogen? A naturally occurring heavy metal that is also the result of burning coal and other fossil fuels. Limestone used to make cement can contain it too. It acts as an endocrine disruptor? Precipitation with a pH less than 5.6 that forms in the atmosphere when certain pollutants (sulphates and nitrates) mix with water vapor? Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams (often turning water red)? Nonchemical water pollution that occurs when human activities cause a substansial change in the temperature of water Legislation that was created in 1948 and then hugely expanded in 1972. It sets maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Aim: to make surface waters swimmable and fishable? Legislation created in 1974 that set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health? Leading source/cause of water pollution? eutrophication Purpose and examples of primary sewage treatment? Get rid of physical particles (bar screen, grit chamber, settling tank) Nonpoint source Wastewater Biochemical Oxygen Demand Dead zone Cultural eutrophication Indicator species Lead arsenic mercury Acid deposition Acid mine drainage Thermal pollution Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Agriculture Purpose and examples of secondary sewage treatment? The last step in the water treatment process, uses ozone, chlorine and UV radiation? Measuring the amount of suspended solids in the water (clarity)? Comes from human/animal waste and contains disease-causing pathogens? Get rid of bacteria and living stuff by using microorganisms and chemicals to decompose the suspended organic material in waste water. Disinfection Turbidity Coliform Bacteria