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Chapter 16 Section A: Control and Integration of Carbohydrate, Protein & Fat Metabolism Section 16A.1 How long does the absorptive state last following a typical meal? Once blood has passed through the digestive tract and nutrients enter the bloodstream, what is the next organ that blood passes through? What is the advantage of this arrangement? Describe the anatomical route by which fats do not pass first through the liver after being absorbed from the gut? What molecule is the major source of energy during the absorptive state? What tissue accounts for the vast majority of body mass, and the thus the greatest consumer of energy, even at rest? What is the fate of glucose absorbed skeletal muscle during the absorptive phase? In adipocytes, what is the fate of glucose during the absorptive phase? What are the multiple fates of glucose in liver cells (hepatocytes) during the absorptive phase? What are lipoproteins and what is their purpose? The liver produces VLDLs which contain large amounts of triglycerides. What happens to these triglycerides in adipose tissue? Cholesterol isn’t a source of energy. What are its roles in human physiology? Why are LDLs considered “bad” cholesterol? Why are HDLs considered “good” cholesterol? What is the fate of amino acids that enter hepatocytes? What happens to excess amino acids that are not used for protein synthesis? What are the major differences between the absorptive and post-absorptive states? What are the sources of blood glucose during the post-absorptive phase? Which organ provides glucose during the early period of the post-absorptive phase? How does skeletal muscle contribute to plasma glucose during the post-absorptive phase? How does adipose tissue contribute to plasma glucose during the post-absorptive phase? What other fuel molecule is generated by adipose tissue during the post-absorptive phase? What accounts for the drastic reduction of muscle tissue mass during starvation? Through what steps in which organ are amino acids converted to glucose? What is the difference between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis? What is “glucose sparing” and why is it important? How and where are ketones produced? Of the following, which cannot be used as fuel by the nervous system: glucose, fatty acids, ketones?
