Download what to know outline dynamic crust ig met rocks

What to Know: Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Igneous
and Metamorphic Rocks
Dynamic Earth





The outward transfer of Earth’s internal heat drives __________________ ________ in the
mantle that moves lithospheric plates that make up the Earth’s surface.
The Earth’s interior is separated into layers based on _______________ with the most dense
being ______________________________.
The three type of plate boundaries are ___________________, __________________, and
_____________________.
These plate boundaries are the sites of most _____________________ and
_________________.
Fill in the table:
Characteristic
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Composition
Density
Thickness






New ocean crust is being made as we speak at __________________________ found at
divergent boundaries. Crust is being destroyed at _________________ zones at convergent
boundaries.
Plate motions have resulted in global changes in ____________________,
_________________ and patterns of evolution.
Earthquakes give off two kinds of seismic waves _____ and _____. A seismograph records
these waves onto paper. _____ waves are faster and ALWAYS arrive first at stations.
________________(earthquake) waves help us infer the Earth’s interior. Example: ____
waves can’t travel through the outer core so we are pretty sure it’s ___________.
_____ seismic stations are needed to find an epicenter.
__________ scale measures earthquake magnitude (energy): one step up on the scale = 10
times greater (Example: 5 is 10 times greater and 6 is 100 times greater than a 4)
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks


Rocks are classified based on __________(how they form).
o Igneous form from __________________ of magma. Slow cooling=_____crystals, fast
cooling = ________ crystals.
o Metamorphic form from applying ____________and _______________ to existing rock
(NOT MELTING).
BUZZWORDS (when you hear these you should think of that kind of rock):
Igneous:
Metamorphic:
Practice Questions:
1) When two tectonic plates collide, oceanic crust usually subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic
crust is primarily composed of igneous rock that has
a) low density and is mafic
b) low density and is felsic
c) high density and is mafic
d) high density and is felsic
2) Alternating parallel bands of normal and reversed magnetic polarity are found in the basaltic bedrock on
either side of the
a) Mid-Atlantic Ridge
b) Yellowstone Hot Spot
c) San Andreas Fault
d) Peru-Chile Trench
Base your answers to questions 3 through 5 on the map to the right,
which is an enlargement of a portion of the Tectonic Plates map
from the Earth Science Reference Tables. Points A and B are
locations on different boundaries of the Arabian Plate.
3) Identify the type of tectonic plate boundary located at point A.
_________________________________
4) On the map shown, a valley is located south of point B and a
mountain range north of point B. State the tectonic process that is
creating these two land features.
_________________________________
5) The block diagram provided represents Earth’s surface and interior
along the East African Rift. Draw two arrows, one through point X
and one through point Y, to indicate the relative motion of each of
these sections of the continental crust.
6) At which plate boundary is one lithospheric plate sliding under another?
a) Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate
b) Pacific Plate and Indian-Australian Plate
c) Indian-Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate
d) Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate
7) Which block diagram best shows a transform fault?
8) The map shows a portion of Earth’s surface. Points X and Y are locations
on the lithosphere. Which cross section shows the inferred movement of
material in the asthenosphere beneath points X and Y?
9) Which element is most abundant in Earth’s crust?
a) nitrogen
b) hydrogen
c) oxygen
d) silicon
10) The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the
a) convergence of the Pacific and Philippine Plates
b) divergence of the Eurasian and Philippine Plates
c) sliding of the Pacific Plate past the North American Plate
d) movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii Hot Spot
Base your answers to questions 11and 12 on the diagram of Earth shown.
Letters B, C, and D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a
location on Earth’s surface.
11) What is the probable density of the granitic bedrock at Q?
a) 1.0 g/cm3
b) 2.7 g/cm3
c) 3.0 g/cm3
d) 5.5 g/cm3
12) Which letter best represents Earth’s mantle?
a) Q
b) B
c) C
d) D
13) The block diagram represents the present ocean floor.
The white arrows show the movement of the ocean floor
and the black arrows show the movement of the
asthenosphere. Which characteristic of the ocean-floor
bedrock is best described by the
in the diagram?
and
symbols
Base your answers to questions 14 through 16 on the map
provided, which shows the inferred position of Earth’s
landmasses at a particular time in Earth’s history. The Taconic
Mountains are shown near a subduction zone where they formed
after the coast of Laurentia collided with a volcanic island arc,
closing the western part of the Iapetus Ocean.
14) On the map provided, place an X to show the approximate
location of the remaining part of the Iapetus Ocean.
15) On the map provided, draw an arrow on the Laurentia
landmass to show its direction of movement relative to the
subduction zone.
16) Identify the geologic time period represented by the map.
_____________________________
17) The data table shows the origin depths of all large-magnitude
earthquakes over a 20-year period. According to these data, most of
these earthquakes occurred within Earth’s
a) lithosphere
b) asthenosphere
c) stiffer mantle
d) outer core
Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on the
cross section below, which shows the paths of
seismic waves traveling from an earthquake
epicenter through the different layers of Earth’s
interior.
18) The distance from Albany, New York, to the
epicenter of this earthquake is 5600 km.
Approximately how much longer did it take
for the S-wave to arrive at Albany than the
P-wave?
a) 4 minutes and 20 seconds
b) 7 minutes and 10 seconds
c) 9 minutes and 0 seconds
d) 16 minutes and 10 seconds
19) No P-waves or S-waves are received in the shadow zone because
a) P-waves are absorbed and S-waves are refracted by Earth’s outer core
b) P-waves are refracted and S-waves are absorbed by Earth’s outer core
c) both the P-waves and S-waves are refracted by Earth’s outer core
d) both the P-waves and S-waves are absorbed by Earth’s outer core
20) Earth’s inner core is inferred to be solid based on the analysis of
a) seismic waves
b) crustal rocks
c) radioactive decay rates
d) magnetic pole reversals
Base your answers to questions 21 through 23 on the diagram,
which shows a seismograph that recorded seismic waves from an
earthquake located 4000 kilometers from this seismic station.
21) State one possible cause of the earthquake that resulted in the
movement of the bedrock detected by this seismograph.
22) Which type of seismic wave was recorded first on the rotating drum?
________________________________________
23) How long does the first S-wave take to travel from the earthquake epicenter to this seismograph?
________________________________________
24) The first S-wave arrived at a seismograph station 11 minutes after an earthquake occurred. How long after
the arrival of the first P-wave did this first S-wave arrive?
a) 3 min 15 s
b) 4 min 55 s
c) 6 min 05 s
d) 9 min 00 s
25) The diagram represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to form different rock types.
Which table correctly classifies each rock type?
26) The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust is classified as
a) felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3
b) felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3
c) mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3
d) mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3
Base your answers to questions 27 through 30 on the
photographs and news article.
Old Man’s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to
Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn the loss of New
Hampshire’s well-known symbol — the Old Man of the
Mountain granite profile. The 700-ton natural formation
was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the
outcropping fell because clouds had obscured the area
Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning. The famous mountain’s
history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man’s face,
and it eventually became New Hampshire’s most recognizable symbol.
The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003
27) Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible for the collapse of the granite profile?
a) running water
b) glacial ice
c) wave action
d) mass movement
28) The granite bedrock formed when
a) sediments were buried
b) a volcano erupted
c) magma cooled underground
d) limestone recrystallized
29) The rock of the Old Man of the Mountain most likely includes a mineral with a composition of
a) NaCl
b) SiO2
c) FeS2
d) PbS
30) What does granite bedrock found high on a mountaintop indicate?
a) The crust has been sinking.
b) Global temperatures have cooled.
c) A large amount of erosion has occurred.
d) Sea level has risen.
Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the passage and photograph. The passage describes the properties
of porphyritic rocks. The photograph shows a sample of andesite rock that has a porphyritic texture.
Porphyritic Rocks
Igneous rocks that have two distinctly different crystal sizes have a
porphyritic texture. They contain large, coarse-grained crystals called
phenocrysts, which are visible to the naked eye. These crystals are
surrounded by fine-grained crystals called groundmass.
31) Identify the evidence shown by the photograph that indicates that two
different cooling events occurred during the formation of this rock.
32) The andesite sample in the photograph has a small percentage of quartz. List three other minerals that are
found in this sample.