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Why economic valuation of Hima
can be useful
Richard Thomas
ELD Scientific Coordinator at
United Nations University-Institute for Water,
Health & Environment
Challenge
How to:
1. Encourage investments in Hima-type
systems for rangelands
2. Value rangelands properly
3. Devise schemes to reward improvement &
maintenance of Ecosystem Services
Categorisation of ecosystems services:
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework
The economic value of an ecosystem is the sum of economic
values derived from individual services flows
– Provisioning services, e.g. food, timber and freshwater supply
– Regulating services, e.g. pollution reduction, water flow regulation
– Cultural services, e.g. aesthetic and spiritual values
– Supporting services, e.g. soil formation and nutrient cycling*
Total Economic Value
of Land And Land-based Services
Use Value
Direct
Use Value
Food, fibres and
timber production
(provisioning);
Carbon storage
(regulating);
Tourism,
recreational
hunting (cultural)
Non-use Value
Indirect
Use Value
Option
Value
Existence
Value
Bequest
Value
Stewardship
Value
Pollination
(provisioning);
Watershed
protection, flood
attenuation,
pollution
assimilation
(regulating and
cultural);
Nutrient cycling,
micro-climate
(supporting)
Premium from
use of biodiversity
resources by
pharmaceutical
industry in the
future
(provisioning);
Area that
becomes of
recreational value
(cultural);
Area used for
waste recycling
(regulating)
Biodiversity
hotspot, symbolic
species, eg blue
whale, tiger,
panda, mountain
gorillas (cultural)
Land passed onto
our children
(cultural)
Land maintained
in good working
conditions for
both humans and
their surrounding
ecosystems
For each ecosystem, there is at least one study that can act as a starting point
wetlands
valleys
urban
tropical forests
rangelands
plains
mountains and
highlands and uplands
hills
grasslands and
pastures
freshwater and water
bodies
forests and woodlands
(non tropical)
floodplains
non-arid farmland
dunes
desert
coastal
arid and semi-arid
farmland
all ecosystems in a
given geographical area
Number of resources
State of knowledge: Ecosystems
Benefits of investing in
Ecosystem restoration
Source: de Groot et al 2013
Mean TEV of
grasslands =
$2871/ha
Rangelands contribute to global issues
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Climate change
Desertification – loss of productivity
Wind erosion and sand storms
Biodiversity
Water regulation & storage
Scale
Environmental
services supplied
Benefits
Monitoring
Increased carbon
sequestration
Mitigation of climate change
International
community/countries,
private companies
Soil sampling, eddy flux
towers, static chambers,
vegetation cover by remote
sensing
Enhanced plant and animal
biodiversity
Enhanced resource base for
future generation
Conservation groups,
tourism industry, private
companies
Survey of key eco-indicators
Dust storm reductions
Improved air quality and
health, decreased
maintenance costs in
infrastructure, industry, and
damages in agricultural
production systems
Urban populations,
tourism industry,
government
Remote sensing
Increased aquifer recharge
Increased water availability
Water users
Groundwater levels,
groundwater use
Flood reduction
Decreased damage of
infrastructure (roads,
reservoirs) , crops, and
houses
State (public
infrastructure), utility
companies, downstream
population
Stage heights at hydraulic
structures, reservoir siltation,
infrastructure damages
Conserve livestock
productivity
Local herders
Biomass survey, soil sampling,
stocking rate monitoring
Global
National
Beneficiaries/
demanders
Increased water productivity
Local
Decrease of soil reduction
Increase dplant biomass
Scale
Environmental
services supplied
Beneficiaries/
demanders
Monitoring
Increased carbon
sequestration
Mitigation of climate
change
International
community/countries
private companies
Soil sampling, eddy flux
towers, static chambers,
vegetation cover by
remote sensing
Enhanced plant and
animal biodiversity
Enhanced resource
base for future
generation
Conservation groups,
tourism industry,
private companies
Survey of key ecoindicators
Dust storm reductions
Improved air quality
and health, decreased
maintenance costs in
infrastructure, industry,
and damages in
agricultural production
systems
Urban populations,
tourism industry,
government
Remote sensing
Increased aquifer recharge
Increased water availability
Water users
Groundwater levels, groundwater use
Flood reduction
Decreased damage of infrastructure
(roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses
State (public infrastructure), utility
companies, downstream population
Conserve livestock productivity
Local herders
Global
National
Benefits
Stage heights at hydraulic structures,
reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages
Increased water productivity
Local
Decrease of soil reduction
Increased plant biomass
Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking
rate monitoring
Scale
Environmental
services supplied
Beneficiaries/
demanders
Monitoring
Increased carbon sequestration
Mitigation of climate change
International community/countries,
private companies
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static
chambers, vegetation cover by remote
sensing
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Enhanced resource base for future
generation
Conservation groups, tourism
industry, private companies
Survey of key eco-indicators
Dust storm reductions
Improved air quality
and health, decreased
maintenance costs in
infrastructure, industry,
and damages in
agricultural production
systems
Urban populations,
tourism industry,
government
Remote sensing
Increased aquifer
recharge
Increased water
availability
Water users
Groundwater levels,
groundwater use
Flood reduction
Decreased damage of
infrastructure (roads,
reservoirs) , crops, and
houses
State (public
infrastructure), utility
companies,
downstream
population
Stage heights at hydraulic
structures, reservoir
siltation, infrastructure
damages
Conserve livestock productivity
Local herders
Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking
rate monitoring
Global
National
Benefits
Increased water productivity
Local
Decrease of soil reduction
Increased plant biomass
Scale
Global
National
Environmental
services supplied
Benefits
Beneficiaries/
demanders
Monitoring
Increased carbon sequestration
Mitigation of climate change
International community/countries,
private companies
Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static
chambers, vegetation cover by remote
sensing
Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity
Enhanced resource base for future
generation
Conservation groups, tourism
industry, private companies
Survey of key eco-indicators
Dust storm reductions
Improved air quality and health,
decreased maintenance costs in
infrastructure, industry, and damages
in agricultural production systems
Urban populations, tourism
industry, government
Remote sensing
Increased aquifer
recharge
Increased water
availability
Water users
Groundwater levels,
groundwater use
Flood reduction
Decreased damage of
infrastructure (roads,
reservoirs) , crops, and
houses
State (public
infrastructure), utility
companies,
downstream
population
Stage heights at hydraulic
structures, reservoir
siltation, infrastructure
damages
Conserve livestock
productivity
Increased/maintained
biodiversity
Local herders
Biomass survey, soil
sampling, stocking rate
monitoring
Increased water
productivity
Local
Decrease of soil
degradation
Increased plant
biomass
Technical options for preventing degradation &
restoring rangelands
•
•
•
•
•
Controlled grazing via improved integrated range-livestock
systems
Water & erosion control
Soil fertility improvement
Plant introductions and seeding (Cactus, Atriplex, Buffel
grass, Salsola, Halaxyon)
Reforestation
Hunshandake Sandland Project,
China
Replacing ruminants with chickens
the Inner Mongolia Government agreed to provide an
amount of 100 million CHY (16 million US) to study the
scientific and social key problems in an eco-husbandry
region
Meanwhile, CAS has approved a project amounted 9
million CHY (1.4 million US) to explore the technological
issues in limiting the construction of the largest Ecohusbandry Industry Special Region
Challenges
• Land tenure & access
• Schemes that fit the local financial
(opportunity costs), production & risk
management strategies
• Institutional issues for collective rangeland
management
• Reduced search & negotiation, monitoring &
enforcement costs
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
A TEV approach can raise awareness & investment in Hima
Success stories in participatory management
Rangelands can contribute to solutions of local to global
problems
Himas can act as innovation platforms for ecological
sustainability, social fairness and economic growth