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Chapter 7 The U.S. and Canada Shaped by History Section 1 The 1st Americans and the Arrival of the Europeans Who were the first Americans? • Scientific View Land Bridge • Between Asia and North America • Sea level dropped because of ice age • Hunters followed herd across into North America • Native American Views Have always been here • Indigenous Belonging to or native to a place Spain and France • Spain - Christopher Columbus • Southern part of North America Gold Religion - Missionaries - people who want to convert others to their religion • France Furs Lived with the native people and learned their ways England • 13 Colonies on the • Atlantic Coast Reasons they came: Own land, free from debt, religious freedom Indentured servant work for a period of years to gain freedom England - Britain • 1607 - Jamestown • 1620 - Pilgrims Massachusetts • 1640 - Slaves being brought over to work on plantations in the south Wars • French and Indian War - 1754 Britain and France fighting over land Britain won with Colonist’s help • Britain needed to have army in Colonies Paid for by taxes - colonist’s boycotted • Revolutionary War - 1775 Colonists rebel against Britain Treaty of Paris - 1781 - Made independence official • 1788 - Constitution is approved Still the highest law of the United States Section 2 Growth, Settlement, and Civil War in the United States Growing Nation Lewis and Clark 1803 - explore the land west of the Mississippi River Louisiana Purchase 1803 Paid France $15 million Growing Nation 1830’s - Indian Removal Act Forced Natives from their homes to Indain Territory Trail of Tears More Room? 1836 - Mexican Controlled Texas Texans rebelled against Mexican rule Went to war U.S. took over SW Manifest Destiny Americans thought it was their destiny to own all of the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific Industrial Revolution The change from making goods by hand to making them by machine Clothing, steam engines, railroads Immigrants People who move from one country to another Debate over Slavery Civil War 1861-1865 North - Union Had wealth, industry, soldiers, abolitionists South - Confederacy Experienced officers, cotton-help from other countries Despite North’s advantages war dragged out for 4 years. Emancipation Proclamation - 1863 Lincoln freed the slaves After the war Reconstruction Rebuilding the nation President Lincoln was assassinated less than a week after the end of the war 1877 southern states voted to segregate Separate blacks from whites in all aspects of life Section 3 The United States Becomes a World Power U.S. 1865-1914 Industrial Revolution made life easier for the upper and middle class, but not the Lower class. Homestead Act of 1862 Free Midwest land to people Had to live on it for 5 years Helped spark settlement and the expansion of the population from Atlantic to Pacific Beyond the shores 1867 - Bought Alaska from Russia 1898 - took over control of Hawaii 1898 - won Spanish-American War 1914 - World War I Took over: Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines U.S. joined the Allies of Britain and France Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies won in 1918 World Issues The Great Depression 1929 Factories closed, people lost jobs, lost all savings Affected all of the world, not just U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal Helped people get back on their feet Jump started the economy World Issues World War II Dec 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor Allies Defeat Germany April 1945 U.S. drops two bombs on Japan, ending WWII in August 1945 Postwar Responsibilities Soviet Union Cold War Communism U.S. & Soviet Union Tension Arms race Civil Rights Movement 1965 - Martin Luther King Jr. Section 4 Growth, Settlement, and Independence in Canada French and British Both countries were there for the fur trade Both wanted Ohio River Valley British - land for settlement French - Beavers Fought (7 years war) Known as French and Indian War in the U.S. British won - gave complete control of Canada to them. War of 1812 French and British united to fend off U.S. from invading Canada Self-Rule Louis Papineau - revolted in Lower Canada against British William MacKenzie - revolted in Upper Canada against British Dominion - a self governing area July 1, 1867-Britain accepted plan Still subject to Great Britain Rule itself under central government Taking its place “Peaceful Revolution” Were able to govern themselves. Saw years of prosperity Took Part in WWI with British Also involved with WWII with Allies Present Times Bilingual Canada has two official languages French and English 1982 New constitution Canada became completely independent of Britain Section 5 Partners and Friends Environmental Issues Lake trout The Great Lakes Water Quality Air Quality Most air pollution from our factories goes north Burning fossil fuels - acid rain Forests Clear-cutting - cutting down all the trees in an area allowing soil to wash away. Economic Partners St. Lawrence Seaway Completed in 1959. Allows ships to move throughout the Great Lakes through a series of canals, locks, and dams. Diagram on page 188 https://webcam.crrel.usac e.army.mil/soo/ Trade U.S. is Canada’s biggest trading partner Canada is U.S.’s biggest trading partner Before 1989 After 1989 Tariffs - cost to trade, raised the price of goods Free trade - eliminated tariffs NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement 1994 - Mexico, U.S., and Canada Singed to allows free trade and promote economic growth in all three countries