Download Chapter 4 Section 1-‐ Egypt Under the Pharaohs Titles Notes QCIPL

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Titles The Nile River Valley A) The World’s Longest River B) Upper and Lower Egypt Chapter 4 Section 1-­‐ Egypt Under the Pharaohs Notes -­‐ The Nile is the worlds longest river (3500 miles) -­‐ it flows from the south in modern day Sudan or ancient Kush ! north and empties into the Mediterranean Sea -­‐ cataracts (rocky rapids) in the south (Kush) made travel difficult -­‐river carries silt and deposited it on riverbeds Upper Egypt -­‐ in the south (upstream) Lower Egypt -­‐ in the north (downstream) -­‐ delta at the mouth of the river and is marshy QCIPL C) Floods and Black Land -­‐Kemet= “black land” silt deposited along river banks and delta turning the land black Floods-­‐ came from yearly rains flooding the Nile’s Source + floods left a layer of silt= good farming -­‐ unpredictable natural disasters or drought D) The Red Land -­‐on the outside of the Black Land was the Red Land= deserts and burning sand II) Civilization Develops -­‐civilization began ~7,000 years ago A) Growing a Surplus -­‐surplus of grain cause-­‐ berm type irrigation traps=fertile soil effect-­‐ powerful families collected surplus as taxes B) The Birth of Cities 1. surplus allowed others to specialize in a skill! 2. creation of specializations, artisans, & merchants! 3. wealthy families purchased these goods! 4. artisans settled near local rulers = cities II)
The Kingdoms of Egypt ~3000s BCE 2 kingdoms developed Upper Egypt! white crowns Lower Egypt!red crowns A) Uniting Egypt C) The Old and Middle Kingdoms D) High Point and Decline -­‐
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Narmur= 1st pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt ~3000 BC (wore mix of red and white crown! double crown) ! 1st dynasy (ruling family) Egyptian History divided into periods based on dynasty rule Old Kingdom ~ 2700 BC-­‐ 2100BC -­‐time of prosperity, political strength, and cultural achievement -­‐ended with civil wars Middle Kingdom ~ 2000BC-­‐1650 BC -­‐rulers faced environmental challenges (bad floods)! built new irrigation canals -­‐ended in civil wars New Kingdom ~1550 BC-­‐ 1070 BC -­‐pharaohs conquered lands in Asia & Africa -­‐considered the high point of power & prosperity -­‐weakened and fell apart due to foreign invasions -­‐took back control briefly-­‐ Assyrians helped -­‐ended 332 BCE-­‐ taken over by the Greek Empire and Alexander the Great E) Egyptian Government III)
Two Great Rulers -­‐top ruler = pharaoh -­‐ pharaoh relied on bureaucracy -­‐ system of officials-­‐ handle the business of gov’t -­‐head of bureaucracy (basically the second in command to the pharaoh) = vizier -­‐bureaucracy -­‐collected grain surplus as taxes -­‐ took some for self and redistributed the rest! pharaoh and his workers-­‐ priests, artisans, merchants -­‐this created the model for modern taxation th
Hatsepshut 18 Dynasty (New Kingdom) ~ 1400s BC -­‐ reign was peaceful and known for trade with Punt for precious wood, ivory, gold, and perfumes -­‐ wife of Thutmose II and step mother/aunt of Thutmose III-­‐ took over as pharaoh while her son’s regent -­‐ represented herself as masculine (pharaoh’s beard and clothes) to ward off concern of her being a woman IV)
Egyptian Society Ramses II 19th dynasty (New Kingdom) ~ 1200s BCE -­‐reign known for expansion through warfare (Canaan, Syria, Fertile Crescent, Hittites) -­‐created worlds’ first Peace Treaty with Hittites agreeing on a border after many battles -­‐known as a great builder -­‐social order provided loyalty and labor -­‐gods controlled everything and pharaohs controlled Egypt! pharaoh= god-­‐king who deserved loyalty Top 1. pharaoh 2. Nobles, priests, officials 3. Scribes Middle 4. Merchants and artisans (painters, stone cutters, builders worked on tombs) Low 5. Farmers (majority of population, farmed during growing season, offseason worked on building projects-­‐to be rewarded after death), servants, slaves-­‐ mostly POWs or debtors (freed after working off debt) V)
Egyptian Religion A) Many Gods B) Religion and Society C) Preparing for the Afterlife -­‐gods controlled EVERYTHING, Egyptians constantly tried to please them to keep them happy!built temples and gave offerings of prayers and gifts -­‐polytheistic (many gods animal gods w/animal traits) -­‐Amon-­‐Re! sun god-­‐ one of most important (myth of his journey across the sky-­‐! symbolism of birth in east and death in west -­‐Osiris! god of Underworld or the dead—his myth plays major role in the reason for mummification -­‐Isis! his wife and mother goddess of Egypt represented love, caring, and protection -­‐Horus! the son of the two gods above, according to legend he United Upper and Lower Egypt! every pharaoh is Horus in Human Form -­‐Pharaoh= god/king gave him great power out of fear -­‐Priests-­‐ could help people gain favor with goods= similar power out of fear of gods -­‐ people mummified to overcome death like Osiris did and have a life after death D) Preserving the Body Steps to an Afterlife 1. Have a good life (judged by Osiris) ! weighing of the Heart ceremony-­‐ if heart is too “heavy” ! destroyed 2. Mummification -­‐mummified body so the spirit could recognize their preserved body and reenter it as it’s “home” -­‐expensive process-­‐ wealthy! mummified, poor were buried in desert -­‐mummies have been an excellent primary resource for archeologists and historians today