Download Environment, Climate Change and the Agriculture Sector

Module B2
Development, environment and
climate change: where do they all
meet?
Towards Sustainable Development: greening
national development
Environmental degradation
and climate change are
global risks
World Economic Forum (2016)The Global Risks
Report 2016
Source: IPCC (2013) 5th Assessment Report, WG I
SOURCE: EM-DAT Disaster Database, www.em-dat.be, Université Catholique de
Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Sustainable Development
which development pathway are we following?
Environment
Environment
Economy
Social
dimension
Sustainable
development
Social dimension
Economy
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Ecosystem Services - Rwanda
 Due to environmental degradation, poverty has
increased and soil loss of 15 million tons/yr, costing
the country 2% of its GDP annually – equivalent to
the reduction in the country’s capacity to feed
40,000 people per year
 Cost of electricity
increased up to 167%
per unit cost following
degradation of Gishwati
forest and Rugezi
wetland
Source: UN PEI (2015)
https://www.wageningenur.nl/en/show/Developme
nt-of-a-MSc-programme-in-Agroforestry-and-SoilManagement-in-Rwanda.htm
What is…
…Natural Capital?
• Natural capital is:
o Land
o Air
o Water
o Living organisms (e.g. fish)
Source: TEEB Study
o Etc.
• Provides habitat and basis for all living beings, including
mankind
• Can be considered like an asset in a bank account that
generates interest
• Should not be depleted
Natural capital is fundamental to
developing countries
• In low-income countries natural capital account
for about 30% of total wealth, as opposed to 2%
in high income countries
Source: World Bank (2011)
• Ecosystem services and other non-market goods
make up 50-90% of total source of livelihoods
among poor rural and forest-dwelling households
Source: TEEB (2010)
worldwide (GDP of the Poor)
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/oce
ans/corals/
http://www.nashvillescene.com/bite
s/archives/2014/05/13/bees-andwild-pollinators-are-still-threatenedwhat-you-can-do-to-help
http://repeatingislands.com/2013/01/21/theneotropical-mangrove-conservation-alliance/
Composition of total wealth in low
income countries
Exposure
Vulnerability
Sensitivity
“the propensity or
predisposition to be
adversely affected”
(IPCC, 2012)
World Preservation Foundation, 2010
Adaptive
Capacity
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Liz Hempel, 2011
The Times of India, 2012
Climate
Change
Hazard
River floods
Environmental
degradation
Probability
Risk
Consequences
Pest outbreak
Heatwaves
Sea surge
Landslides
Drought
Mudflows
Earthquakes
Conflict
Risk: The combination
of the probability of an
event and its negative
consequences
Disaster
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Same probability, different
consequences
Same consequences, different
probability
Risk assessment matrix
Probability
Such an incident effectively occurred
Likely severity
People
Assets
Environment
Reputation
Lésion
Damage
Effect
Impact
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Light (FAC)
Light
Light
Light
Minor (MTC, LTI<8j)
Minor
Minor
Limited
Serious (PPD, LTI)
Important
Localised
Local
1 a 3 fatalities, PTD
Serious
Important
National
Multiple fatalities
Extensive
Massive
International
0
1
2
3
4
5
Never but
conceivable
Once somewhere
Somtimes in our
industry
Once recently in
our company /
local setting
Yearly with us
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
3
4
24
72
2
4
7
15
78
150
4
8
22
52
130
430
7
23
67
119
379
809
11
33
99
337
716
1525
Intolerable : remove hazard / risk
Demonstrate risk control
ALARP zone: normal control measures on the work place
MITIGATION
impacts
ADAPTATION
opportunities risks
- constraints
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Environment, Climate Change and
the Agriculture Sector
http://www.scidev.net/sub-saharanafrica/agriculture/livestock/
Agriculture:
 Contributes 13-15% of global carbon emissions
(30-32% if we include land use change, land degradation
and deforestation) (EC, 2015)
http://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/ghg/en/
 Main driver behind deforestation
 Up to 600 million more people in Africa could face
malnutrition as agricultural systems break down
due to climate change impacts (UNDP, 2011)
 Contributes to pollution of soil, air and water, and
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loss of biodiversity
Agriculture
 Soil erosion and land degradation limit agricultural
productivity in many developing countries
 Freshwater availability and quality affect crop
yields. Climate change exacerbates trends
 Drought intensity and frequency are increasing in
various countries due to climate change
 Nearly 1 billion people live in
chronic hunger, and by 2050
there will be a need to
produce to 70% more food
globally (EC, 2015)
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http://llco.org/india-nepal-face-climatechange-crop-failures/
Environment, Climate Change and
the Health Sector
http://environmentaldegardation.blogspot.be/2010/05/e
ffect-of-water-pollution_12.html
http://practicalact
ion.org/smokeindoor-airpollution
Health:
 In least developed countries, 1/3 of death and
disease is a direct result of environmental causes
(WHO, 2010)
 Environmental factors influence 85 out of the 102
categories of disease and injury listed in The World
Health Report (WHO)
 Climate change that has occurred since the 1970s
has caused over 140,000 excess deaths each year,
and climate change is estimated to add at least
US$2-4 billion in annual health sector costs (WHO,
2012)
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Environmental burden of disease (DALYs/1000
population)
DALY = disability-adjusted life year: measure of
overall disease burden, expressed as the number of
years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death
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Source: WHO (2006)
Climate Change and Health - the
Lancet Commission
Mainstreaming
• Mainstreaming is a long-term, iterative
process aimed at:
- transforming ideas
- even more importantly, transforming policies,
resource allocations and practices
• in order to:
- promote desired developmental outcomes (with
regard to gender, environment, climate change,
governance, human rights, ...)
- and support integrated solutions to
human problems
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References
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Deeb, A (2016) Using CVA outputs, from theory to infrastructure design. Powerpoint
presentation, Climate Vulnerability Assessment Training, Caribbean Development Bank,
Barbados, January 2016.
European Commission (2015) Integration of environment, climate change and the green
economy in the agricultural sector.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.
Island Press, Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.maweb.org/en/Synthesis.aspx
Palerm, J; Teurlai, JL and Martell, M (2005) HSE and Social Management Systems, Seminar fro
Vinccler Oil and Gas, 21-22 April, 2005, Caracas, Venezuela.
TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) (2010) Mainstreaming the economics of
nature. A synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB.
UN PEI (2015) Mainstreaming Environment and Climate for Poverty Reduction and Sustainable
Development. A Handbook to strengthen planning and budgeting processes. 2nd Edition.
UNDP (2011) Climate Change Fast Facts.
•
WHO (2006) Preventing disease through healthy environments, Towards and estimate of the
environmental burden of disease. Prepared by Prüss-Üstün, A and Corvalán, C, WHO: Geneva.
•
WHO (2010) WHO Fact File: 10 facts on preventing disease through healthy environments.
Available from: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/environmental_health/en/index.html
•
WHO (2012) WHO Fact File: Climate change and health. Available from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/
•
World Bank (2011) The changing wealth of nations: measuring sustainable development in the
new millennium, Washington D.C.
•
World Economic Forum (2016) The World Risks Report 2016.
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