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Leaning outcomes: Animal Survival Sub-Topic: The Need for Food EOTT Prelim Exam Explain in simple terms why food is required by animals State the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and fats Describe the structure of carbohydrates proteins and fats in terms of simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol. State that digestion is the breakdown of large particles of food to smaller particles to allow absorption into the bloodstream through the small intestine wall. Explain that digestion involves the breakdown of insoluble food substances to soluble food substances. Describe the roles of different types of teeth in the breakdown of food in a herbivore, a carnivore and an omnivore such as a human. Identify in a model/diagram the main parts of the alimentary canal and associated organs (mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum and anus). State the sites of production of the main digestive juices in a mammal (salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine). Explain the mechanism of peristalsis. Explain how contractions of the stomach help in the chemical breakdown of food. State that different enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Give an example of an amylase, protease and a lipase. State their substrates and end products. Explain how the structure of the small intestine is related to its function. Explain how the structures of a villus, including the lacteal and the blood capillaries, are related to the absorption and transport of food. Describe the role of the large intestine in water absorption and elimination. Sub-Topic: Reproduction EOTT Prelim Exam Describe the main features of sperm and eggs. State that in some fish, sperm are deposited in the water adjacent to the eggs and that in mammals, sperm are deposited in the body of the female. Explain the importance of internal fertilisation to land living animals. Describe the process of fertilisation. State that sperm cells are produced in the testes. State that eggs are produced in the ovaries and are released into oviducts, where fertilisation takes place. State that in fish, eggs are protected by flexible coverings and that embryos obtain food from enclosed yolk. Explain the relationship between the number of eggs/young produced and the degree of protection afforded during fertilisation and development in fish and mammals. Describe how the fertilised egg passes down the oviduct and becomes attached to the wall of the uterus, develops in fluid of the amniotic sac and obtains food from the maternal circulation. Describe the structure and function of the placenta State that in a fish, like the trout, the young emerge from the eggs able to maintain themselves. State that at birth, the young mammals are dependent on the adult for care and protection. Sub-Topic: Water and Waste EOTT Prelim Exam Identify the ways in which a mammal gains and loses water. State that the kidneys are the main organs in regulating water content in a mammal Explain the role of ADH in the regulation of water balance. Identify the positions and functions of: the kidney, renal arteries and veins, ureter, and bladder State the essential kidney functions are filtration of blood and reabsorption of useful materials such as glucose. Explain the process of urine production using a simple diagram of the nephron to include the Bowmans capsule, glomerulus, blood capillaries and collecting ducts. State that urea is the waste product removed from urine. State the source of urea in the body and describe how the urea is transported to the kidneys Explain the implications of damage to the kidneys by accident or disease. Describe the relative benefits and limitations of replacement and artificial kidneys Sub-Topic: Responding to the Environment EOTT Prelim Exam Give examples of environmental factors which affect behaviour. Explain the significance of given examples of response to environmental stimuli in the life of the organism concerned. Describe the response of an animal to change in one environmental factor. Describe examples of rhythmical behaviour and in each case identify the trigger stimulus. Explain the significance of given examples of rhythmical behaviour in the life of the organism concerned