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Where to look - Pests! • • • • • Insects Nematodes Weeds Diseases Rodents and other small mammals Original Presentation by Virginia Tech Modified by the Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office November 2005 August 2008 Basic classification • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk August 2008 Starting at the beginning: • 4 types of Phyla: – – – – Arthropoda ( insects, spiders, mites, millipedes) Aschelminthes (roundworms) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms) Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams) • Arthropoda Phyla is divided into classes: – Crustacea (Crayfish, sowbugs) – Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites) – Insecta ( bugs, beetles, butterflies) August 2008 Classification cont. • Insecta Class is divided into Orders: – – – – – – – – August 2008 Orthoptera (grasshoppers) Homoptera (aphids) Coleoptera (beetles) Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies) Diptera (flies) Dermoptera (earwigs) Hemiptera (true bugs) Hymenoptera (ants, bees) Rules to fall into Classes and Orders • Arachnida: – must have 2 body segments or parts – must have 4 pairs of legs – *some mites are major plant pests • Insects: – all have three body regions: head, thorax, abdomen – 3 pairs of legs – 1 pair of antennae – 0 to 2 pairs of wings August 2008 Head Body Parts • Antennae: segmented, vary in form. – Primarily the smell organ • Mouthparts: – rasping-sucking – chewing-lapping – piercing-sucking August 2008 Body Parts • Thorax: made of 3 sections, each containing a pair of legs – legs are jointed – used for digging, feeling, swimming, and cleaning • Wings - differ for each insect – serve as an identification tool – “-ptera” means with wings August 2008 Metamorphosis • Development of the body after birth • Gradual (or incomplete) - insect’s life cycle changes from egg through the nymph to adult – nymph, similar to adult except for size and color – aphids, leafhoppers, mole crickets • Complete - 4 life stages – egg, larvae, pupae, adult – larvae looks nothing like adult – pupae is a transformation stage – caterpillars-moths, grubs-beetles, maggots-flies August 2008 Beneficial Insects • Not all insects are bad for agriculture • They help: – pollinate plants – improve soil – destroy harmful insects August 2008 Other types of pests • Nematodes Southern root-knot nematodes on pepper plant roots. • Weeds This weed is leafy spurge. August 2008 Other types of pests • Diseases • Rodents and other animals August 2008