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Transcript
Bio II
Rupp
1
VERTEBRATE—ANY ANIMAL
WITH A BACKBONE
INVERTEBRATE—ANY ANIMAL
WITHOUT A BACKBONE
2
 50
trillion cells in the
human body
 Cells need eachother
and specialize
 Cell junctions—
connections between
cells—allow tissue
formation and
communication
3
 Ingestion
of food
 Breakdown of food to
release molecules
essential to life
4
 Diploid
zygote—first
cell of a new
individual (ploidy
number)
 Differentiation
 Specialization
5
 Ability
to move
comes from the
unique relationship of
two tissue types
• Muscle
• Nerve (neurons)
6
7
 First
animals
probably arose from
the sea
 Loosely connected
flagellated protists
 Division in labor
allowed
multicellularity
8
 Oparin’s
theory on
Early Earth
 Miller-Urey
Experiment
9
 Symmetry—a
consistent overall pattern
of structure
 Simple organisms lack symmetry
 Patterns of symmetry
• Nonsymmetrical
• Radial symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
10
11
12
13
14
15
 Cephalization
 Germ
layers—
fundamental tissue
types found in
embryos of animals
except sponges
16
 Similarities
in structure allow biologists
to classify—morphology
• Multicellular, limited cell specialization =
sponges
• Tissues in two layers = cnidarians and
ctenophores
• Tissues in three layers and bilaterally
symmetrical = all other phyla from figure 34-5
page 672
17
18
 Invertebrates
 Chordates
• Notochord
• Postanal tail
• Pharyngeal gill pouches or slits
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
 Vertebrates
19
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Symmetry
Radial or bilateral
--
Integument
--
Usually to hold water in;
specific functions
Segmentation
Repeating subunits
Ribs and vertebrae
Support of the body
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Respiratory
Gills
Lungs
Circulatory
Open
Closed
Digestive/Excretory
Gut or digestive tract
Gut or digestive tract as well
as filters like kidneys
Nervous
Extraordinary diversity
Highly organized brains and
nervous systems
Reproduction/Development
Sexual and asexual,
hermaphroditic, indirect
development
Eggs released to water, eggs
held internally, development
internal or external,
typically direct development
20
SPERM




Small
Motile
Head contains
chromosomes
Tail is a flagellum
EGG OR OVUM



Large
Cytoplasm and yolk
Yolk size depends on
development length; longer
development = big yolk
21
22
 Sperm
membrane
joins with egg
membrane and
sperm nucleus enters
the egg cytoplasm
 Sperm entry causes
an electrical reaction
to block more sperm
from entering
 Nuclei
of sperm and
egg merge to form a
diploid zygote
 DNA replication and
mitotic division
begins
23
24
25
26
PREFORMATION



Organisms were preformed
inside the egg or sperm
The organism in the egg or
sperm needed only to
unfold
Some claimed to see the
organisms in sperm
EPIGENESIS




Kasper Friedrich Wolff
Said eggs do not contain
preformed organisms only
the raw material to form
organisms
Materials need to be
activated
Basis for how things
actually work
27
28
 Restores
diploid
number
 Activates egg to
develop
29
Cleavage—divisions of
the zygote
 Exponential increase
 Cells get smaller with
each division
 As division occurs the
cells form a hollow ball
called a blastula
 Empty space in the
blastula is the
blastocoel

30
31
32
33
 Stage
of development
that follows blastula
 Blastula indents or
invaginates and the
region becomes
known as the
blastopore
 Invagination leads to
a multilayered
embryo
34
 Archenteron
• Deep cavity of the gastrula
• Becomes the gut
• Throat, gills, lungs , liver, pancreas
 Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Skin, hair, nails, nervous system
35
 Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Epithelial lining of gut
 Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Skeleton, muscles, circulatory system
36
37
38
 Coelom—a
body cavity lined with a
mesoderm
 Development can be based upon how the
coelom forms, aka, patterns of cleavage
39
PROTOSTOMES




Blastopore forms the mouth
Mouth forms first
Anus forms second
Spiral cleavage
DEUTEROSTOMES




Blastopore forms anus
Anus forms first
Mouth forms second
Radial cleavage
40
DETERMINATE CLEAVAGE



The fate of the cells is
determined at an early
developmental stage
Separation of the zygote at
the 4-cell stage results in
cell death
The future of each cell is
determined
INDETERMINATE CLEAVAGE



The fate of each cell is not
determined at an early
developmental stage
Cells can be separated and
survive (cloning)
The future of each cell is
not determined
41
42
SCHIZOCOELY



Split body cavity
Endoderm/ectoderm
junction cells divide to
form mesoderm
Mesoderm is separated by
the blastopore
ENTEROCOELY



Gut body cavity
Cells that form the
archenteron begin to
divided to form the
mesoderm
“Mickey Mouse Ears”
43
44
 Acoelomate
• No body cavity
• Ectoderm and endoderm are connected by
mesoderm
 Pseudocoelomate
• False body cavity
• Mesoderm lines the ectoderm
• Gut is suspended in body fluid
 Coelomate
• True body cavity
• Mesoderm provides support to ectoderm and
endodermic gut
45
46
47
Gamete
Formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth
48