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SPORTS MEDICINE 20 Project B: Intermediate Anatomy, Assessment & Program Design HCS 2910 Why Tape? Provide support to vulnerable structures Taping is not a replacement for adequate rehabilitation Taping is one type of treatment in the whole process Used to reinforce damaged ligaments The interim repair tissue is collagen (scar tissue) Scar tissue is strong but not elastic It is prone to re injury in early stages of healing Proper taping and strapping can provide support to healing tissue When to Tape? Taping is used for: Acute injury management Used in post injury rehabilitation phase when returning to weight bearing exercises Injury Prevention Depending Return on Budget, it is used as a preventative measure to Activity When not to Tape? You should not tape if further assessment of the injury is required other than to provide support You should not tape if the injury is acute and active swelling. Do not tape after ice application Do not tape overnight Do not tape if you are unsure of the severity of the injury or if unsure of technique Certain sports may prohibit the use of tape Do not tape pre pubertal athletes Preparation for taping? Skin surface should be clean of oil, perspiration and dirt Hair should be removed Tape adherent is optional but recommended Foam and skin lubricant should be used to minimize blisters and skin irritation Pro wrap can be used but the anchors need to be adhered to the skin Rules for taping application? Tape in the position in which the joint must be stabilized Overlap the tape by half Avoid continuous taping Keep tape roll in hand whenever possible Smooth and mold tape as it is laid down on skin Allow tape to follow contours of the skin Start taping with an anchor piece and finish by applying a lock strip Do not apply tape if skin is hot or cold Post Taping After game or practice: Ensure that the athlete carefully removes the tape Check for blister, cutes or other skin problems Advise athlete if there are signs of irritation Wash away traces of the tape adherent Anatomy and Injuries The human body is designed for linear motion, either forward or backward, based on the design of the body’s joints. Sports, however involve rotational or angular forces on joints. These forces affect the type and severity of injury sustained by an athlete This in turn will dictate the type of taping technique employed to provide support Regional Terminology You need to be familiar with regional terminology that will be used throughout to direct you in the proper taping and strapping Athletic First Aid is more than just the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscle tissue Human Skeleton Planes and Terms Human Skeleton Terminology Inferior/Superior—Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior Defined by the Transverse Plane Superior structures are above the plane Inferior structures are below the plane Medial/Lateral Defined by the Mid Sagittal Plane (Midline) Lateral refers to structures further away from midline Medial refers to structures closer to the midline Proximal/Distal—Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal Defined from a specific point Proximal structures are closer to the specific point Distal structures are farther from the specific point Anterior/Posterior Defined by the Frontal Plane Anterior structures are in front of the plane Posterior structures are behind the plane Joint Movements For every movement a human body can make, a specific muscle or muscle group contracts to make the motion. All of these movements are described in terms of the anatomical position Anatomical position is a neutral position, with eyes, toes and palms facing forward Flexion/Extension—Pronation/Supination Flexion/Extension In flexion the angle formed by the joint gets smaller In extension the angle formed by the joint gets larger Flexion and Extension are performed in the sagittal plane unless there is another movement accompanied the flexion/extension Pronation/Supination These movements refer to rotational movement with the hands Pronation is palms facing upwards (External rotation) Supination is palms facing downward (Internal rotation) Elevation/Depression-Protraction/Retraction Elevation/Depression Typically involve the shoulder Elevation is when the shoulders are shrugged Depression is when they are pulled down and back Depression contributes to good posture Protraction/Retraction These movements refer to lateral movement with the body as a reference point When the shoulder is pulled back this is retraction When the shoulder is pushed forward this is protraction Retraction contributes to good posture Adduction/Abduction-Circumduction/Rotation Adduction/Abduction These movements refer to vertical movement with the body as a reference point Abduction means to move away from the body Adduction means to move towards the body “Add in” Circumduction/Rotation Similar movements that are often confused Rotation takes place around an axis (a bone) Circumduction is not limited by an axis Arms circles are circumduction Opposition-Dorsiflexion/Planterflexion-Inversion/Eversion Opposition This movement separates us from other primates When the thumb and pinky touch Dorsiflexion/Planterflexion Named after the surfaces of the foot Dorsiflexion means flexing foot upwards Planterflexion means flexing foot downward Inversion/Eversion These movements are key in ankle injuries Inversion rotates the ankle toward the midline (most common ankle injury Eversion rotates the ankle away from the midline Human Skeleton Skull Mandible (Jaw) Clavicle (Collarbone) Sternum Humorous Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella (Kneecap) Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges The Right Shoulder The Right Shoulder There are a number of bursae in the shoulder joint. Bursae are fluid filled sacs that are designed to reduce friction between tissues The most important and often irritated bursa in the shoulder is the sub-acromial bursa. It is typically hurt in overhand throwing The humeral head compress the bursa causing inflammation and pain The Bones of the Shoulder The Bones of the Shoulder The Bones of the Shoulder The Acromioclavicular Joint is on top of the shoulder This is called the AC joint for short and connects the acromion process of the scapula with the clavicle providing the top section of the shoulder socket There is little protection for this joint and it is frequently injured in collisions with the ground or the boards Rotator Cuff Muscles in the Shoulder Rotator Cuff Muscles in the Shoulder The rotator cuff muscles provide stability of the Glenohumeral Joint The Rotator Cuff tendons work to keep the humeral head in the Glenoid fossa Theses muscles are integral in the braking mechanism of the arm during overhead throwing or striking actions The Glenohumeral Joint is separated when the arm is away from the body and contacts the ground or playing surface The Bones of the Elbow The Healthy Elbow Elbow Hyperextension This injury usually occurs when the arm is fully extended with the palm facing forward and is forced backwards The critical components of a successful taping technique is to keep the arm flexed when the fan is applied. Use elastic tape for the anchors to not cut off circulation in the arm Bones of the Wrist/Hand Scaphoid Bone Break in the Hand Scaphoid Bone break in the hand can be a very serious injury Limited blood flow to the bone leads to slow recovery People with broken scaphoids can get impatient resulting in removal of casts and re injury of the bone If this occurs repeatedly blood flow can diminish even further sometimes resulting in the bone dieing Muscle of the Thigh Muscles and Movements of the Thigh Quadreceps Hamstrings Biceps Femoris: Hip Extension and Lower Leg Flexion Semitendonosus and Semimembranonus: Lower Leg Flexion Gluteals Rectus Femoris: Hip Flexion and Lower Leg Extension Vastus Medialis, Intermedialis, Lateralis: Lower Leg Extension Gluteus Maximus: Hip Extension and Hip Abduction Adductor Muscles Gracilis, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus: Hip Adduction Ligaments of the Knee Ligaments, Meniscus and Cartilage Knee Sprains 1st Degree sprain 2nd Degree sprain Ligament is torn but not ruptured 3rd Degree sprain Ligament is stretched or slightly torn Ligament is completely ruptured Meniscus, cartilage and spacing Bones of the Ankle Anatomy of an Inversion Ankle Sprain 3 Arches of the Foot How do our Arches create problems for us? The arches of the foot are the most overlooked structure in athletes. They are designed to absorb and distribute body mass and to improve movement by increasing speed and agility The Medial Longitudinal and the Transverse arches act as shock absorbers Poor arches can lead to shin splints, knee, hip and back problems
