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Entomology
Arthropods
• There are about one million known insect species but there may be as
many as 30 million more species to be discovered.
• Insects make up about 85 percent of all animals species.
• Insects are part of a larger group of invertebrates (animals without
backbones) called arthropods. They have a tough, hard outer body
covering, legs with joints, a nerve cord down the length, of the body, and
a segmented body.
• Arthropods include arachnids (spiders and their relatives), crustaceans
(crabs, lobsters, and millipedes), scorpions, as well as insects.
Insect Species
• Insects have adapted to live in almost every climate on Earth.
• They live in tropical heat.
• There are 300,000 species of beetles.
• There are almost 100,000 species of flies, mosquitos, and gnats.
• They live in forests, deserts, mountains, rain forests, rivers, oceans, and
even in the most polluted habitats.
• They live in extreme cold.
• There are more than 130,000 species of butterflies and moths.
• Crickets and grasshoppers have very strong rear legs designed for
jumping and straight wings.
• There are more than 110,000 species of ants, bees, and wasps which have
two wings on each side of the body that hook together to work like a
single wing.
Insect Species cont.
• Butterflies and moths have wings covered with many small, soft scales.
• There are 32 orders (groups of related species).
• There are 5,000 species of dragonflies and damselflies.
• There are 20,000 species of crickets and grasshoppers.
• There are a lot of species of bugs!!!
Insect Feature: Head
• The head has two antennae used to help insects feel their way through
their environment.
• These antennae are used for tasting and smelling as well as touching.
• Adult insects have two compound eyes on the head that have many light
sensitive parts.
• The compound eyes have hundreds of individual lenses.
• They see many facets ( separate parts of a picture- somewhat like a
broken mirror).
• Insects have one to three simple eyes which only sense light.
• The mandibles are a pair of jaws that move from side to side.
• Insects use the mandibles located on their head for chewing, grasping
prey, and eating.
• An insect’s brain is located in its head.
Insect Feature: Thorax
• The middle section of the insect is called the thorax.
• The thorax has three separate segments with one pair of legs attached to
each segment of the thorax.
• Insects have no veins or arteries.
• Blood flows freely through their bodies.
• Insects take in air through holes along the side of the body.
• These are called spiracles.
• There is usually one pair of spiracles on each body segment with a hole on
each side of the body.
• Air travels directly to the muscles and organs that need oxygen just like
other animals.
Insect Feature: Abdomen
• The abdomen is shaped like a tube and usually has about 11 segments.
• The abdomen contains most of the heart and digestive systems.
• Ovipositor is an organ the female has to lay eggs.
• The wing is attached to end of the abdomen.
• Poison is located in the abdomen.
• Many insects have a pair of cerci extending from the rear of the last
abdominal segment. Each cercus is used for sensing like a rear antenna.
Insect Feature: Wings
• Most insects have wings at some time in their lives, but they vary greatly
in use, location, and style.
• The wings are attached to the thorax.
• Hard, protective curved outer wings cover beetles. These wings provide
lift, while thin, soft underwings provide the thrust or forward motion of
the beetles.
• Some insects, like bees and wasps, have thin, membrane-like wings.
• Damselflies, dragonflies, and mayflies have thin, translucent membranelike wings as well.
• Some dragonflies can fly at speeds of 35 miles an hour, as fast as cars on a
city street.
• Most insects have four wings, but flies only have two wings.
• Flies can use these wings to hover or to reverse directions and fly
backwards.
Insect Life Cycle: Complete
Metamorphosis
• Most insects go through four stages of development called
metamorphosis. (change)
• These include insects like mealworms and other beetles like the ladybug,
butterflies, and moths.
• These insects lay eggs either attached to plants that will provide food
when the egg hatches or in locations where food in immediately
available.
Stages of Insect Development
Eggs and Larvae
• The eggs hatch into a larvae that eat until their bodies stretch tight.
• Since the hard outer skin, the exoskeleton, cannot stretch or expand, the
larva stops eating and molts. It bursts through the skin and forms a
newer, softer, looser skin.
• Because larva are basically eating machines that do little but eat and rest,
they soon outgrow the new skin and molt again.
• The stages between molts are called instars, and the larva will go through
several instars before it enters the next stage of its life cycle.
• Larvae look like worms and usually have 13 segments.
Pupa
• After the larva has reached its final instar, it will stop eating, rest, and
eventually change into a pupa.
• Butterflies and beetles do not spin cocoons, but moths sometimes do.
These moths spin a cocoon made of silk or a combination of silk and
leaves to form a protective case for the pupa before it emerges as an
adult.
• They seem dead or look like a leaf.
Adult
• Moths emerging from the cocoon secrete an acid that eats its way
through the cocoon and allows the new moth to slide out.
• When the pupa had been transformed inside the casing of the chrysalis or
cocoon, the adult breaks open a spot on the chrysalis and breaks out.
• Adult moths and butterflies flap their wings for a short time pumping
blood into the veins of the wings.
• The wings soon become stiff and the moth or butterfly is ready to fly off
in search of a mate.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Crickets, locusts, and grasshoppers are good examples of insects that go
through only three stages of development in a process called incomplete
metamorphosis: eggs, nymph, and adult.
• Changes are not nearly as dramatic as in those that go through complete
metamorphosis.
• Eggs are laid in areas where food will be available to insects when it
hatches.
• The egg hatches into a nymph that is smaller in size and resembles the
adult insect but does not yet have wings. They may also be lighter in
color.
• As the insect molts and sheds its skin several times, the wings develop,
the insect grows, and the adult finally develops.
Benefits and Problems for Man
• Some insects are very important to people.
• Bees and wasps help pollinate many flowers and are essential to some
plant reproduction.
• Bees produce honey which has always been a food favored by humans.
• Flies also help in pollination.
• Silk worms are raised to produce cocoons that are used in making silk
cloth.
• Ladybugs eat many insects that harm flowers and other crops.
• Fleas and flies are disease carriers to humans and domestic animals.
• Mosquito bites can cause malaria.
• Human and animal lice can spread disease as well.