Download Physical_Science Targets with key terms

Physical Science
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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1.1 Identify the steps scientists often use to solve problems
1.1 Describe why scientists use variables
1.1 Compare and contrast science and technology
1.1 Define and give an example of hypothesis, independent variable,
dependent variable, constant, control, model, and bias
1.2 Name the prefixes used in SI and indicate what multiple of ten each
one represents
1.2 Identify SI units and symbols for length, volume, mass, density,
time, and temperature
1.2 Convert from one SI unit to another
1.2 Explain how scientists originally developed the basic units of SI
1.3 Identify three types of graphs and explain the ways they are used
1.3 Distinguish between independent and dependent variables on a
graph
1.3 Analyze data using the various types of graphs
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Scientific method, hypothesis, experiment, variable, dependent variable, independent
variable, constant, control, bias, model, theory, scientific law, technology, standard, SI,
volume, mass, density, graph
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 2: Motion
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2.1 Distinguish between distance and displacement
2.1 Explain the difference between speed and velocity
2.1 Interpret motion graphs
2.2 Identify how acceleration, time, and velocity are related
2.2 Explain how positive and negative acceleration affect motion
2.2 Describe how to calculate the acceleration of an object
2.3 Explain how motion and force are related
2.3 Describe what inertia is and how it is related to Newton’s First Law
of Motion
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2.3 Identify the forces and motion that are present during a car crash
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Distance, displacement, speed, average speed, instantaneous speed, velocity, acceleration,
force, net force, balanced force, inertia
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 3: Forces
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3.1 Define Newton’s Second Law of Motion
3.1 Apply Newton’s Second Law of Motion
3.1 Describe the three different kinds of friction
3.1 Observe the effects of air resistance on falling objects
3.1 Define terminal velocity and explain why it occurs
3.2 Describe gravitational force
3.2 Distinguish between mass and weight
3.2 Explain the path of a thrown object
3.2 Compare circular motion with motion in a straight line
3.2 Define centripetal force
3.3 State Newton’s Third Law of Motion
3.3 Give examples of action-reaction forces
3.3 Calculate momentum
3.3 Explain the Law of Conservation of Momentum
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Friction, static friction, sliding friction, air resistance, gravity, weight, centripetal
acceleration, centripetal force, Newton’s third law of motion, momentum
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 4: Energy
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4.1 Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy
4.1 Calculate kinetic energy
4.1 Give examples of different forms of potential energy
4.1 Calculate gravitational potential energy
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4.2 Describe how energy can be transformed from one form to another
4.2 Explain how the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the
kinetic and potential energy
4.2 Discuss the Law of Conservation of Energy
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Kinetic energy, joule, potential energy, elastic potential energy, chemical potential energy,
gravitational potential energy, mechanical energy, law of conservation of energy
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 5: Work and Machines
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5.1 Define work
5.1 Describe how work and energy are related
5.1 Calculate work
5.1 Define and calculate power
5.2 Explain how machines make work easier
5.2 Calculate the mechanical advantage of a machine
5.2 Calculate the efficiency of a machine
5.3 Describe the six types of simple machines
5.3 Explain how the different types of simple machines make doing
work easier
5.3 Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of the different types of
simple machines
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Work, power, machine, input force, output force, mechanical advantage, efficiency, simple
machine, lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, wedge, compound machine
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 6: Thermal Energy
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6.1 Define temperature
6.1 Explain how thermal energy depends on temperature
6.1 Explain how thermal energy and heat are related
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6.1 Calculate the change in thermal energy
6.2 Compare and contrast the transfer of thermal energy by conduction,
convection, and radiation
6.2 Compare and contrast thermal conductors and insulators
6.2 Explain how insulators are used to control the transfer of thermal
energy
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Temperature, thermal energy, heat, specific heat, conduction, convection, radiation,
insulator, solar collector, thermodynamics
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 7: Electricity
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7.1 Describe how electric charges exert forces on each other
7.1 Compare the strengths of electric and gravitational forces
7.1 Distinguish between conductors and insulators
7.1 Explain how objects become electrically charged
7.2 Describe how voltage difference causes current to flow
7.2 Explain how batteries produce a voltage difference in a circuit
7.2 List the factors that affect an object’s electrical resistance
7.2 Define Ohm’s Law
7.2 Use Ohm’s Law to calculate resistance, voltage, or current
7.3 Describe the difference between series and parallel circuits
7.3 Recognize the function of circuit breakers and fuses
7.3 Calculate electrical power
7.3 Calculate the electrical energy used by a device
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Static electricity, law of conservation of charge, conductor, insulator, charging by contact,
charging by induction, electric current, circuit, voltage difference, resistance, Ohm’s Law,
series circuit, parallel circuit, electric power
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 8: Magnetism and Its Uses
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8.1 Explain how a magnet exerts a force
8.1 Describe the properties of temporary and permanent magnets
8.1 Explain why some materials are magnetic and some are not
8.1 Explain magnetic behavior using magnetic domains
8.2 Describe the magnetic field produced by an electric current
8.2 Explain how an electromagnet produces a magnetic field
8.2 Describe how electromagnets are used
8.2 Explain how an electric motor operates
8.3 Define electromagnetic induction
8.3 Describe how a generator produces an electric current
8.3 Explain how a transformer can change the voltage of an alternating
current
8.3 Distinguish between alternating current and direct current
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Magnetism, magnetic field, magnetic pole, magnetic domain, electromagnet, solenoid,
galvanometer, electric motor, electromagnetic induction, generator, turbine, direct current,
alternating current, transformer
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 9: Energy Sources
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9.1 Discuss properties and uses of fossil fuels
9.1 Explain how fossil fuels are formed
9.1 Describe how the chemical energy in fossil fuels is converted into
electrical energy
9.2 Explain how a nuclear reactor converts nuclear energy to thermal
energy
9.2 Describe advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy to
produce electricity
9.2 Discuss nuclear fusion as a possible energy source
9.3 Analyze the need for alternate energy sources
9.3 Describe alternate methods for generating electricity
9.3 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of various alternate
energy sources
Key Vocabulary Terms:
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Fossil fuels, petroleum, nonrenewable resource, nuclear waste, renewable resource
photovoltaic cell, hydroelectricity, geothermal energy, biomass
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 10: Waves
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10.1 Recognize that waves carry energy but not matter
10.1 Define mechanical waves
10.1 Compare and contrast transverse waves and compressional waves
10.2 Define wavelength, frequency, period, and amplitude
10.2 Describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength
10.2 Explain how a wave’s energy and amplitude are related
10.2 Calculate wave speed
10.3 State the Law of Reflection
10.3 Explain why waves change direction when they travel from one
material to another
10.3 Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction
10.3 Describe how waves interfere with each other
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Wave, medium, transverse wave, compressional wave, crest, trough, rarefaction,
wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, refraction, diffraction, interference, standing
wave, resonance
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 11: Sound
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11.1 Explain how sound travels through different mediums
11.1 Identify what influences the speed of sound
11.1 Describe how the ear enables you to hear
11.2 Recognize how amplitude, intensity, and loudness are related
11.2 Describe how sound intensity is measured and what levels can
damage hearing
11.2 Explain the relationship between frequency and pitch
11.2 Discuss the Doppler Effect and technologies we have that use it
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11.3 Distinguish between noise and music
11.3 Describe why different instruments have different sound qualities
11.3 Explain how string, wind, and percussion instruments produce
music
11.3 Describe the formation of beats
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Eardrum, cochlea, intensity, loudness, decibel, pitch, ultrasonic, Doppler effect, music,
sound quality, overtone, resonator, acoustics echolocation, sonar
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Waves
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12.1 Describe how electric and magnetic fields form electromagnetic
waves
12.1 Explain how vibrating charges produce electromagnetic waves
12.1 Describe properties of electromagnetic waves
12.2 Describe the waves in the different regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum
12.2 Compare the properties of different electromagnetic waves
12.2 Identify uses for different types of electromagnetic waves
12.3 Explain how modulating carrier waves enables information to be
transmitted by radio waves
12.3 Distinguish between amplitude modulation and frequency
modulation
12.3 Identify various ways of communicating using radio waves
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Electromagnetic wave, radiant energy, photon, radio wave, microwave, infrared wave,
visible light, ultraviolet waves, X ray, gamma ray, carrier wave, cathode-ray tube,
transceiver, Global Positioning System
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 13: Light
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13.1 Describe how light waves interact with matter
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13.1 Explain the difference between regular and diffuse reflection
13.1 Define the index of refraction of a material
13.1 Explain why a prism separates white light into different colors
13.2 Describe the difference between light color and pigment color+
13.2 Predict what happens when different colors are mixed
13.3 Explain how incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs work
13.3 Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different lighting
devices
13.3 Explain how a laser produces coherent light
13.3 Describe various used of lasers
13.4 Distinguish polarized light from unpolarized light
13.4 Explain how a hologram is made
13.4 Determine when total internal reflection occurs
13.4 Describe the uses of optical fibers
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Opaque, translucent, transparent, index of refraction, mirage, pigment, incandescent light,
fluorescent light, coherent light, incoherent light, polarized light, holography, total internal
reflection
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 14: Mirrors and Lenses
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14.1 Describe how an image is formed in three types of mirrors
14.1 Explain the difference between real and virtual images
14.1 Identify examples and uses of plane, concave, and convex mirrors
14.2 Describe the shapes of convex and concave lenses
14.2 Explain how convex and concave lenses form images
14.2 Explain how lenses are used to correct vision problems
14.3 Compare refracting and reflecting telescopes
14.3 Explain why a telescope in space would be uesful
14.3 Describe how a microscope uses lenses to magnify small objects
14.3 Explain how a camera creates an image
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Plane mirror, virtual image, concave mirror, optical axis, focal point, focal length, real
image, convex mirror, convex lens, concave lens, cornea, retina, refracting telescope,
reflecting telescope, microscope
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 15: Classification of Matter
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15.1 Define substances and mixtures
15.1 Identify elements and compounds
15.1 Compare and contrast solutions, colloids, and suspensions
15.1 Create a classification key to group the various classifications of
matter
15.2 Identify substances using physical properties
15.2 Compare and contrast physical and chemical changes
15.2 Identify chemical changes
15.2 Determine how the Law of Conservation of Mass applies to
chemical changes
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Substance, element, compound, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, solution
colloid, Tyndall effect, suspension, physical property, physical change, distillation,
chemical property, chemical change, law of conservation of mass
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 16: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
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16.1 Explain the kinetic theory of matter
16.1 Describe particle movement in the four states of matter
16.1 Explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points
16.2 Explain Archimedes Principle and give examples
16.2 Explain Pascal’s Principle and give examples
16.2 Explain Bernoulli’s Principle and give examples
16.3 Explain how a gas exerts pressure on its container
16.3 Explain how a gas is affected when pressure, temperature, or
volume is changed
16.3 Calculate the amount of energy needed to change the state or the
temperature of a substance
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Kinetic theory, melting point, heat of fusion, boiling point, hear of vaporization, diffusion,
plasma, thermal expansion, buoyancy, pressure, viscosity, pascal
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 17: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table
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17.1 – identify the names and symbols of common elements
17.1 – identify quarks as subatomic particles of matter
17.1 – describe the electron cloud model of the atom
17.1 – explain how electrons are arranged in an atom
17.2 – calculate the number of neutrons in an atom based on
the mass number
17.2 – identify the components of isotopes
17.2 – interpret the average atomic mass of an element and
predict which isotope would be more abundant
17.3 – explain the composition of the periodic table
17.3 – use the periodic table to obtain information about
specific elements
17.3 – explain the differences between metals, metalloids, and
nonmetals
17.3 – draw models of atoms including protons, neutrons, and
electrons in energy levels and sub-levels
17.3 – complete simple chemical equations using the
oxidation numbers of the elements
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Key Vocabulary Terms:
Atom, nucleus, proton, neutron, electron, quark, electron cloud, atomic number, mass
number, isotope, average atomic mass, periodic table, group, electron dot diagram, period
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 20: Chemical Bonds
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20.1 – describe how a compound differs from its component
elements
20.1 – explain what a chemical formula represents
20.1 – explain how the electric forces between oppositely
charged electrons and protons are essential to forming
compounds
20.1 – state a reason why chemical bonding occurs
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20.2 – describe ionic bonds and covalent bonds and show an
example of each using electron dot diagrams
20.2 – identify the particles produced by ionic bonding and
covalent bonding
20.2 – distinguish between a nonpolar covalent bond and a
polar covalent bond and show an example of each using
electron dot diagrams
20.3 – explain how oxidation numbers are determined
20.3 – predict the formula that will result from the bonding of
two elements
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Chemical formula, chemical bond, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, molecule, polar
molecule, nonpolar molecule, binary compound, oxidation number, polyatomic ion, hydrate
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 21: Chemical Reactions
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21.1 Identify the reactants and products in a chemical reaction
21.1 Explain how a chemical reaction satisfies the Law of Conservation
of Mass
21.1 Show how chemists express chemical changes using chemical
equations
21.1 Use state symbols to show the physical state of the reactants and
products
21.2 Identify what is meant by a balanced chemical equation
21.2 Complete and balance simple chemical equations
21.3 Identify the five basic types of chemical reactions
21.3 Define the terms oxidation and reduction
21.3 Predict which metals will replace others in compounds
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Chemical reaction, reactant, product, chemical equation, coefficient, balanced chemical
equation, combustion reaction, synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction, singledisplacement reaction, double-displacement reaction, precipitate, oxidation, reduction,
exergonic reaction exothermic reaction endergonic reaction, endothermic reaction catalyst,
inhibitor
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter22: Solutions
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22.1 Identify three types of solutions
22.1 Explain how things dissolve
22.1 Examine the factors that affect the rates at which solids and gases
dissolve in liquids
22.2 Define the concept of solubility
22.2 Identify how to express the concentration of a solution
22.2 List and define three types of solutions
22.2 Describe the effects of pressure and temperature on the solubility of
gases
22.3 Explain how some solutes break apart in water solutions fo form
positively and negatively charged particles
22.3 Describe how antifreeze works
22.3 Describe how some solutions conduct electricity
22.4 Identify several kinds of solutes that do not dissolve well in water
22.4 Explain how solvents work in terms of polarity
22.4 Determine how to choose the right solvent for the job
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Solution, solute, solvent, polar, solubility, saturated solution, unsaturated solution,
supersaturated solution, ion, electrolyte, nonelectrolyte, ionization, dissociation, nonpolar
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 23: Acids, Bases, and Salts
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23.1 Compare and contrast acids and bases and identify the
characteristics they have
23.1 Give examples of formulas and uses of common acids and bases
23.1 Determine how the process of ionization and dissociation apply to
acids and bases
23.2 Determine what is responsible for the strength of an acid or a base
23.2 Compare and contrast strength and concentration
23.2 Examine the relationship between pH and acid or base strength
23.2 Explain electrical conductivity
23.3 Identify a neutralization reaction
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23.3 Determine what a salt is and how salts form
23.3 Compare and contrast soaps and detergents
23.3 Explain how esters are made and what they are used for
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Acid, hydronium ion, indicator, base, strong acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base, pH,
buffer, neutralization, salt, titration, soap
Physical Science
name ___________________________________
Chapter 24: Organic Compounds
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24.1 Identify the difference between organic and inorganic carbon
compounds
24.1 Identify and draw some simple organic compounds
24.1 Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
24.1 Identify and draw isomers of organic compounds
24.2 Define aromatic compounds
24.2 Identify and draw alcohols
24.2 Identify organic compounds I use in daily life
24.3 Explain how carbon compounds are obtained from petroleum
24.3 Explain how carbon compounds can form long chains
Key Vocabulary Terms:
Organic compound, hydrocarbon, saturated hydrocarbon, isomer, unsaturated hydrocarbon,
aromatic compound, substituted hydrocarbon, alcohol, polymer, monomer, polyethylene,
depolymerization, protein, nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid