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Part IX Late Adulthood Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Must We Age and Die? Physiological Theories of Aging Wear and Tear Theory—We wear out Aging by Program—Idea that we are programmed to live only a certain time Homeostatic Imbalance—Regulatory systems fail Cross-Linkage Theory—Cross-links form; proteins become altered Accumulation of Metabolic Waste Cataracts, bone brittleness, etc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Must We Age and Die? Physiological Theories of Aging Autoimmunity=Body begins to reject its own tissuesDiabetes, hypertension, etc. Accumulation of Errors=During mitosis and synthesis of new proteins, errors build up organ failure Genetic Theories of Aging Genes influence length of lives Some individuals have greater resistance to aging than others Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Must We Age and Die? Effects of the Natural Environment on Aging Other Modifiers of Aging Nutrition, illness, injury, stress level, etc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physical Development Reaction Time—Slows down Sensory Abilities—All senses decline Other Body Systems—Skeletal, skin, teeth, become weaker and brittle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physical Development Health After age 40, ill health is leading cause of death, as opposed to before, when accidents are leading cause Appearance Changes in appearance viewed more negatively in females than males Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cognitive Development Cognitive Ability in the Elderly: Tests versus Observations Differences in the type of cognition—Tests measure specific types of cognition but elderly continue to do well in real life Differences in the sample being tested— We may be testing only the most successful Different standards of evaluation—Testing “book smarts” vs. “street smarts” Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cognitive Development Cognitive Ability in the Elderly: Tests versus Observations Different Amounts of Experience—Skills learned during a life-time can make someone look more capable than someone who didn’t learn those skills Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cognitive Development Terminal Drop=Period before a person’s death when intellectual ability declines Creativity Cross-Sectional Studies: Creativity declines with age Peak periods of creativity correlate with crisis and change Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Cognitive Development Wisdom=Knowledge and judgment about the meaning of life; results from: Intelligence—fluid and crystallized Personality traits—openness, generativity, facing challenges well Creativity and Social Intelligence Life experience Age—Wisdom usually increases with age