Download proiect tehnic - Consiliul Judetean Giurgiu

Study of destructive natural phenomena in Giurgiu County:
population perception of alternatives to prevent disasters ,
particularly floods in the border Giurgiu Ruse
Drafted by:
SC ECO CONCRETE SRL
Data:
MAI 2009
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Table of content
Table of content ..................................................................................................................................2
Giurgiu Natural destructive phenomena .......................................................................................28
Demography ......................................................................................................................................37
Defining study’s target population .................................................................................................46
Defining flood sources in studied area............................................................................................48
Impactul inundatiilor si fenomenelor asociate asupra calitatii vietii .........Error! Bookmark not
defined.
List of figures
Figure 1 Europe map: Romania ..........................................................................................................7
Figure 2 Europe Map: Bulgaria .........................................................................................................12
Figure 3 Ruse region map ..................................................................................................................13
Figure 4 Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type .........................................................20
Figure 5 Percentage of reported people affected by disaster type ......................................................20
Figure 6 Reported economic damages by disaster type .....................................................................21
Figure 7 Percentage of reported killed people by disaster type .........................................................24
Figure 8 percentage of affected population by disaster type ..............................................................25
Figure 9 Reported economic damages by disaster type .....................................................................25
Figure 10 . Seismic zones of Romania-..............................................................................................29
Figure 11 Seismic zones classified by acceleration Cod P100-1/2006 (Elaborator UTCB) ..............29
Figure 12 Seismic zones classified by corner period Cod P100-1/2006 (Elaborator UTCB)............30
Figure 13 Historical population evolution in Giurgiu County ..........................................................39
Figure 14 Population distribution after 2002 census ..........................................................................40
Figure 15 Sex distribution of Giurgiu County population after 2002 census ...................................41
Figure 16 Sex distribution of Ruse Region population ......................................................................43
Figure 17 Giurgiu and Ruse population comparison chart ................................................................44
Figure 18 Urban population evolution comparison............................................................................44
Figure 19 Rural population evolution comparison .............................................................................45
Figure 20 Sex population evolution comparison................................................................................45
Figure 21 cross boundary area population evolution .........................................................................47
Figure 22 Bulgaria’s drainage area zones ..........................................................................................58
Figure 23 Danube river basin ............................................................................................................59
Figure 24 Spatiul hidrografic Arges -Vedea ......................................................................................63
Figure 25 River bed ............................................................................................................................65
Figure 26 Nivelul PIB Romania si Bulgaria (Eurostat 2003) ...........................................................72
2
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Study name :
Study of destructive natural phenomena in
Giurgiu County: population perception of
alternatives to prevent disasters , particularly
floods in the border Giurgiu Ruse
Project manager
Adriana Udroiu
Beneficiary
Giurgiu County Council
Data source
Giurgiu ISU
Local Administration
Affected population
Designed by
SC ECO CONCRETE SRL
Alternate sources
DIRECTIA DE TOPOGRAFIE MILITARA
U.T.C.B
3
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
General information regarding natural disasters
Within Romanian borders natural destructive phenomena takes place with different frequency and
the main type of these disasters are: earthquake, flooding, land slides. As a result of these
phenomena human lives are lost, significant material damages occur, also environmental issues
might appear.
In order to avoid this public administrations are responsible to take all the necessary measures to
prevent and diminish the produced effects.
Specific objectives and expected results to be obtained
Specific objectives: Analyzing the consequence of natural disasters on population’s protection,
including the impact assessment of risk factors. The analysis focuses on historical data, frequency,
size and consequence of different disaster type underlining the population perception and risks
based on produced effects on : population, infrastructure, environment. The aim is to create a
framework for public information and decision factors in order to reduce the disaster’s effects.
International data on natural disasters approach
An event produced due to a natural hazard becomes a "natural disaster" when its effect on
human life and property and environmental consequences are of major severity. As a region is poor,
the more severe the social impact of the disaster.
Reduction of natural disasters (as the statistics, floods cause cca.70% of the total global damage) is
an objective necessity in the first action on international cooperation and in the European Union.
In this context in December 1989, United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution
nr.44/236 which unanimously established the "International Decade for Natural Disaster ReductionIDNDR. Institution aims". Reduced by concerted international action in particular in developing
countries, loss of life, economic damage and economic and social dysfunctions caused by natural
disasters such as floods, earthquakes, landslides
One of the prerogatives of the IDNDR was to "enhance measures of assessment, prediction
and reducing natural disasters through technical assistance and technology transfer, pilot projects,
education and training of specialized staff according to specific location and disaster." This
resolution was subsequently materialized through an action plan developed in March 1991 by
experts of world wide recognition
In accordance with the action plan during 1991-2000 were performed with varying degrees of
depth the following objectives considered as part of agreements regional plans of sustainable
development
 Determine the global probability of producing disaster and risk related,
 Development of plans and prevention programs to national and / or local disaster
 Access to both the global alert, and at the regional, national, local
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
These three objectives of a general nature has been achieved by implementing a detailed plan,
which contains the following projects
Identifying areas of production of hazardous events and assess their events are as a result of this
action to obtain maps including identification, characterization or destructive natural events and
necessary measures on prevention and mitigation.
The project’s scope is to:

Determination of vulnerability and risk analysis and a cost / benefit assessment aims
quantitative cost measures to prevent and expenses related damage reported from the Avoid the
proposed normal duration of the works for an event with a certain frequency of occurrence. The
calculations of economic efficiency are necessary to establish all the systems or schemes of
arrangement necessary to work on areas located in risk areas,

Reducing the degree of danger of disasters through the development of policies on
development and control of natural hazards. In this respect it is proposed to develop plans of
development for finding optimal solutions. Develop appropriate plans for defence and intervention
at the county inspectorates in emergencies,

Establish information systems, monitoring, prediction and forecasting. Information systems
goal is to identify and provide an accurate prognosis and early to allow appropriate decisions on
mitigation,

Long term planning and carrying out structural works to prevent the effects of disasters and
the design of structural measures to reduce their consequences. Structural measures in the
appropriate elaboration of plans for flood defence, the director of planning schemes and river basin
management and planning of urban and regional planning, in progress. These measures are
complementary means for very effective defence,

Planning short term measures of disaster prevention and emergency measures in case of
production. In this respect have been written "Prefect Handbook" and "Mayor's Manual" and other
documentation prepared by the inspectors regarding the emergency measures to be applied in the
first stages of production phenomena

Taking intervention measures from previous hazardous events. These measures are related to
ensuring the timely availability of adequate rescue equipment and materials necessary to
consolidate existing defence works. These measures fall within the powers of inspectors in
emergencies, city halls and county councils,

Training of personnel to be involved in the disaster or after the production in parallel with
informing the population. According to "Handbook Prefect" and "Mayor's Manual" is necessary to
organize courses, practical demonstrations on various cases of simulation of phenomena,

Development and diversification of technology transfer. In this program states that countries
that have technology and experience in this area is necessary to transfer and receive such systems
effectively in the form of know-how with countries in its material and technological possibilities
lower.
Enhance research on technology development and disaster management. Participating countries in
the collective effort of research, elaboration of models and methods of forecasting and forecasting
as well as measures of information, saving lives and property, is an asset (in which Romania is
involved) of the European institutions in the EU
.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
In this context the participation of international collective efforts of countries to research, develop
the models and methods of prediction and forecast as well as the information and save property and
lives, which is involved and Romania as EU member is the need to achieve this specific study as
having the "Study on destructive natural phenomena in Giurgiu County: Perception population and
alternative solutions to prevent disasters, particularly flooding in the area of border Giurgiu-Ruse.
Danubius euro region
Created in 2002 at the initiative of Giurgiu County Council and Ruse Prefecture Euro region
Danubius is a district that includes Russian, from the Bulgarian, and Giurgiu County from
Romanian.
The main purpose of the association is to encourage cross-border cooperation in all fields of
activity, implementation of programs and projects, financed from external sources.
Activities of the Association are
 support the central and local government in achieving the European Convention for border
cooperation between companies and local bodies, and identify solutions for solving common
border / border fees
 encourage consultation and coordination of cross-border cooperation between Bulgaria and
Romania in the field of economic development, transport, environment, education, tourism,
labor market, protection of health and agriculture.
 developing relationships between its members through reciprocal exchange, coordination
and consultation in areas of equivalent responsibility.
A priority activity in the Association is the city halls of the Russian villages and Giurgiu. Thus was
developed a project for twinning and border cooperation. Also, special attention is given to
cooperation between businesses of the two areas.
Surrounding Giurgiu (Romania) and Ruse (Bulgaria) located on opposite sides of the Danube are
facing similar development problems and opportunities that make the transition, although at
different scale and purpose of their long-term long, in agreement with respective national strategies.
They share the same responsibility on the sustainable use and ecological safety of the river Danube.
From the municipalities of Ruse and Giurgiu is paid a special relationship of cooperation and crossborder economy in the context of sustainable development, the tourism industry occupies an
important
place.
Danube is the most important international river of Europe crossing it from West to East, the 2860
km, near the Rhine to the Black Sea. In Romania, between Buzias and the Black Sea, the Danube
through about 1075 km, the route or the fairway, distingandu the four sectors with tourism and
landscape features distinct. Of these, the Iron Gates - including Calarasi Giurgiu area, is part of the
Danube waterway (for vessels with draft of about 2 m) and valences exceptional economic and
tourism.
Danube
principal
actor
Euroregion
Rousse-Giurgiu
Close to the Carpathians and the Black Sea, the Danube is one of the major components of the
natural to define the location of Romania on the continent. It gathers all the rivers in the territory of
our country determining the hydrographic network unit. Almost half of the length of navigable
course of the Danube is located on Romanian territory. Stems from the Black Forest Mountains of
Germany, has two wells and after a squirt in 10 countries and 4 capital flows into the Black Sea
through three branches: the Chilia, Sulina and St. George. River characteristics are influenced by
topography and through climate conditions. Danube borders the city towards the SE over a distance
of 7.3 kilometers. Form of the Danube, right in town, Cama channels and St. George and the
downstream city Smarda arms and Ara.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Giurgiu County
Figure 1 Europe map: Romania
Geography
The county is situated on a plain - the Southern part of the Romanian Plain. The landscape is
flat, crossed by small rivers. The southern part is the valley of the Danube which forms the border
with Bulgaria. In the North, the Argeş River and Dâmboviţa River flow.
The city of Giurgiu is one of the Danube’s harbours placed 1.5 km from St. Gheorghe Channel.
The County has a major advantage, being a node for railways, roads, and river corridors,
there is a border control and customs terminal for goods artery on E85. A new container terminal is
in progress in the Commercial Free Zone Giurgiu
International transport of goods and passengers in transit is accomplished by 3 points of crossing
the border: PCTFE and customs terminal for goods related to the bridge over the Danube - "Bridge
of Friendship" the only bridge that connects Bulgaria to Romania over natural border is the Danube,
Control Point border (PCTFE) Mocanasul Ramadan and related transport with ferry over river.
Port of Giurgiu is one of the main ports of Danube river. In Giurgiu Free Zone is a container
terminal. In tourism there is the possibility of insurance services for passengers, the line of ferryboat to the port Giurgiu Ruse, on the other side of the Danube.
Bridge over the Danube, built between 1952 - 1954, symbolically called "Friendship Bridge" is the
only bridge over the Danube between Romania and Bulgaria with a total length of 2.8 km and 30 m
height. The structure of the bridge is on two levels, with the upper part of the traffic and the lower
order traffic railway. Middle section of the bridge can be lift depending on the height of moving
vessels on the Danube.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
The County’s geographical position is in favour of agriculture. Besides it there is was developed a
textile sector, food industry and clothing industry.
Giurgiu county relief is typical of the plain and meadow. And it is characterized by a variety of
forms, the specific positioning along the river Danube: meadow, terrace areas, islands, swamps,
canals.
Giurgiu is the town situated at the contact between forest and meadow and geomorphologic unit
represents the younger of relief, in large part a result of the action of the Danube, being established
in the meadow, islands, ponds and channels (arms)
The area between the river and the Burnaz Plain, with widths of over 10 km, is subdivided into: hill,
valley internal and sometimes external meadow terrace meadow, arranged longitudinally and
unevenly developed; minor riverbed consists of sand banks, with heights of 1-5 m and widths of
several tens to several hundred meters
Hydro graphic network is made up of rivers that collects the county waters, in this category we find
the Arges with its main tributaries (Dambovita, Sabar, Neajlov), the Danube is the general collector
and a length of 72 km separating the district of Bulgaria, the largest lake Comana is located in the
meadow Neajlov.
Natural resources are few and are: the oil fields in the northern part of the county, and the gravel
and sands extracted from the Danube and the river channel Arges Neajlov.
Main Natura 2000 sites are:
- Comana forest – a SCI situated North of Comana lake, 30 km away from Bucharest
with a surface of 630 ha.
Economy
Fields with the largest share in the county economy
-%Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Economic field of activity
Agriculture
Total industry
- oil industry
- machinery
- electric energy, gas and water
Constructions
Commerce
Other
100,0
36,3
13,2
3,1
9,1
1,0
6,4
5,5
38,6
Industry
The structure of industrial production by main activities
- %TOTAL
Extractive industry
Hydrocarbons extraction
Other extraction activity
100,0
15,3
2,1
13,2
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Manufacturing
Food and beverages
Textile
Textile manufacturing,
Leather and shoes
Woodworking
Chemistry and fibres
Other minerals
Metallurgy
Metallic constructions and metal products
Machinery and equipments
Vehicles
Other vehicles
Furniture and unclassified
Electrical energy, gas and water
Producing, transport, and distribution of cold, hot water and
electricity
Water management, treatment and distribution
68,7
34,4
5,8
3,4
0,5
1,2
0,1
3,2
2,2
3,6
2,5
0,1
11,5
0,2
16,0
13,8
2,2
In the county there are 2 industrial parks:
- Technological and Industrial Park North Giurgiu - which operates 13 companies with approx.
1500 employees with opportunities for expansion up to 3500 employees in the following areas:
weaving, finishing, garments, chemicals, processing and shaping the glass plate, furniture;
- Industrial Park Bolintin Vale - in the area of 143 hectares is not yet functional.
The city also operates Giurgiu SC Giurgiu Free Zone Administration SA, which is lying on a
surface of 160 ha and benefiting from the infrastructure works, the superstructure, telephone
connections through fibber optics, spaces for production and trade. Currently there are approx. 3000
people that operate here in over 200 companies with foreign capital, or mixed Romanian and
foreign companies.
The interest in Giurgiu Free Zone is not limited to fiscal and customs facilities, the investors
considering a favourable location that gives transport links with the main colour of road traffic,
railway and river organizations. Among the companies operating in the Free Zone Giurgiu we
mention: Flamingo Computers, Ager Business Tech, MB Distribution, Hyundai Auto Romania,
etc..
To attract new customers, Giurgiu Free Zone Administration has started a new business, operating
general goods and container terminal in Giurgiu Free Zone. By the time opening of this first
terminal in any of the ports and inland river-Romanian there was no container terminal on the
Danube, in the navigation at the border between Romania and Bulgaria, as well as in Romania.
The goal is integrated into a structure of generating traffic flows through the main terminal with
connections to the Danube (in countries like Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Germany), with container
terminals in Constanta, but with the traffic of goods from the Middle East to the Western Europe.
Agriculture
The county land resource in the territorial area of 352,602 ha includes 277,965 ha agricultural land
(of which 99% in the private sector) and 74,637 ha non-agricultural land.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
The arable land is 261,082 ha of which 99% in the private sector, vineyards of 4194 ha, orchards of
831 ha, pastures of 11,776 and hayfields of 82 ha.
Currently there are 192 holdings that operate in Giurgiu which have a legal personality, with the
arable land used of 90,162 ha, 315 family farms with the arable used land of 5642 ha, the rest of the
arable area of 165,278 ha (63.3%) is in individual households of the population.
The type of soil that is dominated is the mould ( placed in zone I of fertility in the southern county,
in zone II of fertility in Central and Eastern County) and dark red soil and forest brown ( in zone III
of fertility in the north county).
In terms of area and obtained production, crops of wheat (75,908 ha),of maize (65,081 ha) and of
sunflower (36,539 ha)are predominant. Other grown plants: barley, two-row barley, soybean, rape,
vegetables, fodder plants.
In the livestock sector in Giurgiu, cattle (37,840 head), pigs (53,531 head), sheep (70,519 head) and
poultry (2,087,168 head)are the most representative.
Fishing, both need and leisure, is facilitated by the existence of an impressive and diverse fish
background (carp, crucian carp, sheat fish, pike perch, pike, etc..) lying on a surface of 2444 ha
sheen of water managed by the National Agency for Fisheries and Aquaculture, Calarasi branch. In
Giurgiu there are 28 production units in aquaculture with an area of 2383 hectares, 3 sport fishing
associations, an association of professional fishermen for commercial fishing in the Danube river.
Trade, services and tourism
On 31.12.2007, in Giurgiu there were 7775 registered companies of which 2 autonomous, 149 joint
stock companies, 5276 limited liability companies, 2333 individuals and family associations, 15
cooperative societies.
Statistical indicators for International trade:
- FOB Exports of goods during 01.01-31.10.2007 = 30,187 thousand euro
- CIF imports of goods during 01.01-31.10.2007 = 214,778 thousand euro.
The geographical position and the natural and cultural- historical environment encourages various
forms of tourism: of traffic, cultural, rural, hunting and fishing. Comana Forest Reserve is a natural
monument, a paradise of flora and fauna specific to the Danube plain. The reserve is unique because
of the Romanian peony. In May, they celebrate The Peony Holiday.
In the county there are now 11 tourist accommodation units, of which: 3 hotels, a hostel, 4 motels,
an urban touristic hostel and 2 motor ships.
Statistical indicators for tourism:
- tourist arrivals in the main tourist welcome structure(in 2007): 22,842
- passing the night in the main tourist structures (in 2007): 80,740.
Trends and priorities
Lack of methane gas distribution network in the city of Giurgiu, plus bad condition of county roads,
were the main reasons which have led to potential investors to bypass city and county of Giurgiu.
Given the specificity of Giurgiu county, there is invaluable potential for development in the
following areas:
- Agriculture, with emphasis on areas of collection of agricultural products, on the high valuation of
raw materials and on the irrigation of arable land;
- Bolintin Deal Industrial Park in the north and south of the highway Bucharest-Pitesti;
- Travel and tourism, focusing on Delta islands, Comana Natural Park, the archaeological sites;
- Services.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
In the year 2008 the gas supply for Giurgiu Municipality will be finished and the first zone (zone
canter) in Giurgiu city will be connected.
No.
Company name
1
AGROHOLDING S.A.
2
ADMINISTRATIA ZONEI LIBERE S.A.
3
AMM S.R.L.
4
ALTIUS INTERNATIONAL S.R.L.
5
AVANTI S.R.L.
6
ARMONIA RUTIERA S.A.
7
AZOCHIM S.R.L.
8
BURDULEA CONSTRUCT S.R.L.
Infrastructure
Road network that traverses Giurgiu County is in a strong state of degradation, the situation
presented is as follows:
- County Roads: 526.5 kilometres of which 363.1 kilometres require rehabilitation works.
- This year the rehabilitation programme of 57 km of roads in the county is running and it is funded
from the bank loan of 30,000,000 lei contracted by Giurgiu County Council. Also this year there
will be rehabilitated 18 km of county roads with funding from the state budget (VAT),its own
income and association with local councils. For the rehabilitation of 288.1 kilometres county road it
is required an amount of 170,000 thousand lei.
- County Bridges: 33 bridges, five of them require capital repairs for which they need 11,600
thousand lei.
Problems at the county level:
- The technical DN 5A - totally inadequate;
- Railway bridge over Arges river - severely damaged by destroying the structure of resistance and
its breakdown.
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Ruse region
Figure 2 Europe Map: Bulgaria
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Figure 3 Ruse region map
The region is one of the 28 Bulgarian regions. It consists of eight municipalities – Ruse, Byala,
Ivanovo, Tsenovo, Borovo, Slivo pole, Dve mogili and Vetovo, and the administrative region centre
is the city of Ruse with 162 131 population.
The north border of the region coincides with the state border and it goes along the Danube River.
Its geographical situation characterizes it as an important European and republican transport
crossroad. Here is the only bridge equipment over Danube River on the territory of Bulgaria.
The region, with the city of Ruse as its regional centre, is situated in northern Bulgaria. It covers an
area of 2 803 km2 or 2.5% of the national territory. It borders the regions of Razgrad, Silistra,
Targovishte, Veliko Turnovo and the river Danube to the north. The population of the region is 264
232 inhabitants, or 3.4% of the national total, placing the region in 12th place of the 28 regions
(2002 figures). The population density of 94 inhabitants per km2 (in 2002) is above national
average (71 inhabitants per km2, as is its urban population of 68.8% compared to 67.7% nationally.
There are 83 settlements and 6 cities (Ruse, Byala, Dve Mogili, Vetovo, Borovo and Senovo)
spread through 8 municipalities. Ruse is the biggest Bulgarian city and port on the river Danube.
The relief varies between undulating and flat and extends over parts of the Danube Plain and the
Ludogorie area.
This area has a rich historical past, as evinced by its numerous archaeological landmarks. It was
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Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
inhabited by Thracian tribes and after the 1st century A.D. the Romans built a castle at Sextaginta
Prista, marking the frontier of the Empire. After the founding of the Bulgarian state the city became
a strong fortress as well as a trade and administrative centre. Archaeological remains from that time
include the mediaeval city of Cherven and the Ivanovo Churches in the Rocks, which are under
UNESCO protection. Under Ottoman rule, Ruse and its region was a major military, commercial,
manufacturing and cultural centre. From 1864 the city served as headquarters of the Tuna Villaet
(Danube Region) of the Ottoman Empire. The construction in 1866 of the first railroad in Bulgaria
from Ruse to Varna, contributed further to the economic development of the region.
The climate is moderately continental. The main rivers are the Yantra and Rusenski Lom. The
region has few raw material deposits. Deposits of quartz sand, cladding limestone and kaolin have
been found and exploited.
Transport, industry and agriculture
Ruse Region features an advantageous transport and geographic location, and the only bridge in
operation along the Bulgarian section of the river Danube is situated near Ruse. It serves the road
and rail connections with Central and Eastern Europe. The region's favorable climate and soil
conditions are beneficial to agriculture and one of the oldest agricultural experimental stations,
providing scientific agro-technical services to the agrarian sector, is situated in the village of Slivo
Pole. A skilled labor force, rich research potential, the ability to attract foreign investment, crossborder co-operation opportunities and conditions for the development of tourism are additional
assets.
As well as being one of Bulgaria's largest industrial centers, the city of Ruse plays an important role
in the country's economic relations with abroad. There is a large oil refinery here, which does not
operate to full capacity however. As a duty free zone has been established in the city, this has a
positive impact on attracting foreign investors here.
Unemployment rate has increased as a consequence of the current restructuring of industry and
agriculture, and since 1992 a decline in the size of the region's population has been noted. There are
environmental problems relating to pollution of the Danube's water as well as cross-border air
pollution. As a result of the latter problem, there has been an increase in the incidence of respiratory
diseases and allergies. For this reason some inhabitants have migrated to other parts of the country.
One of the most developed regions
In 2001, the Gross Value Added represented 3.0% of that of the country. Agriculture had a share of
18.4%, while that of industry was 28.0% and the services were responsible for the remaining
53.6%.
A below average birth rate of 7.6 per thousand (in 2002), combined with a higher than average
death rate (15.3 per thousand in 2002), contribute to the declining population numbers. Infant
mortality at 9.9 per thousand (in 2002) is below the national average of 13.3 per thousand, and is
one of the lowest values among the 28 regions. In 2002, people under 25 represented 27% of the
population while those over 65 had a share of 18%.
Almost one third of those gainfully employed is engaged in industry. The energy sector is
represented by one of the biggest thermal power plants in this country. The most important
14
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
industrial sectors are machine tools, engineering and metal processing (shipbuilding and ship
repair), followed by the food and beverages industry. The range of other industrial sectors
comprises chemical and rubber industry, textile industry and the manufacture of building materials.
Arable land covers 58% of the region's area (in 2002), and a quarter of it is irrigated. Cereals,
sunflowers, sugar beat, hemp, vineyards and orchards predominate. In addition to cattle, sheep and
pig breeding, sericulture and apiculture also play a part in agriculture here.
The average annual wages were established at 11.8% under the national average in 2002. When
considering agriculture alone, the level of the region was 14.0% over the national average. 3.2% of
those gainfully employed nationally live in the region (2000 data) while the unemployment level of
17.4% (2002 data) is above average.
The length of the regional road network is 501 km (in 2002) and road density is just over the
national average. The importance of the Ruse-Varna railroad will increase with the growth of
international transit traffic along European Corridor No. 7 (the river Danube) and the Ruse - Gorna
Oryahovitsa railroad (part of European Corridor No. 9). The Danube Bridge was constructed in
1953 and allows for rail and road connections to Romania and other European countries. The city of
Ruse has an international river port and a civil airport.
All settlements have electric and water connections. A total of 124 educational establishments,
including a technical university, cover the region's needs from primary school to tertiary level.
During the 2002/2003 school year, there were 7 244 students in colleges and universities, most of
which were at University or equivalent higher schools. Furthermore, 555 teachers were registered,
representing 22.4% of all the teachers regsitered in the North Central region.
In 2002, there were 4 museums, 2 cinemas and 3 theaters in Pleven.
Medical services are provided by several hospitals; 8.0 beds are provided per 1 000 inhabitants. At
the first of January 2003, there were 667 physicians, out of which 22% were all-practical, 132
dentists as well as 1 264 people with intermediate level of medical education. Taken together, this
represented 19% of the staff of the North Central region.
Types of disasters and their characteristics
Disaster means:
a) natural destructive phenomena of geological or meteorological origin, or disease of large
numbers of people or animals, produced in short, as mass phenomena. In this category there are
included: earthquakes, sliding and fall of land, floods and dangerous weather phenomena,
epidemics and epizooties;
b) events with extremely serious consequences on the environment caused by accidents.
In this category there are included: chemical, biological and nuclear accidents, underground,
damage to hydro lines and pipelines constructions, fires and explosions, major accidents in
equipment and dangerous technological installations, dangerous cosmic objects falls, major
accidents and great damage to large networks and telecommunications equipment.
15
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
According to the terminology adopted by the OCHA / UN (Internationally agreed glossary of basic
terms related to disaster management, UN, IDNDR, Geneva, 1992), disaster (similar catastrophe)
means:
Serious interruption of the functioning of a society, generating human loss, material or adverse
environmental changes, which can not be restored by its resources.
Disasters can be categorized by event mode (slow or fast), or by cause (natural or anthropogenic).
Another form of disaster is to define the following formula:
Disaster = Hazard + Vulnerability
Terms of the formula have the following meanings:
Vulnerabilities = urbanization, environmental degradation, lack of education, population growth,
the fragility of the economy, poverty, urgent bureaucratic structures.
Hazard = rare or extreme phenomenon of natural or human nature that affects lives, properties and
human activity and its expansion can lead to disasters;
Types of hazard:
- geological (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides);
- climate (cyclones, floods, drought), environmental (pollution, epizootic diseases, desertification,
land clearing );
- epidemic and industrial accidents, war (including terrorism).
According to this terminology, there are defined:
Crisis = internal or external situation whose evolution can generate a threat to values, goals interests
and priorities of those involved (separately or together);
Accident = unexpected unforeseen situation that stops a normal situation, because of human
activity;
Complementary accident = accident occurring during or after carrying out a natural disaster due to
it.
Definitions for destructive natural phenomena of meteorological or biological origin, or disease of
large numbers of people or animals, produced in short, as mass phenomena
Landslide = movement of rocks that form the slopes of hills or mountains, the slopes of dams
works or other land reclamation works;
Earthquake = brutal rupture rocks in the earth's crust due to tectonic plate movement, which
generates a vibrating motion of the soil that can cause human victim and material destruction;
Epidemic = Spreading in epidemic proportions by mass of diseases in animals;
Dangerous climatic phenomena = climatic phenomena that violently affect relatively large areas of
land in the long term, causing loss of human lives, material damage and environmental degradation;
Floods = land cover with a layer of water stagnation or movement which, by the size and duration
causes human casualties and material damage that disturb the good development of the socialeconomic activities in the affected area.
Characteristic files of the main types of destructive natural phenomena
Earthquake
Case phenomenon: see definition.
General features: vibrating motion generated by seismic waves that can trigger breakdown of land,
seismic lines, tsunamis, liquefaction of the ground and landslides.
16
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Predictability: you can do long and medium term forecasts with a high probability of success. Shortterm forecasts have a low probability of success. Predictability is based on monitoring of seismic
activity, its history and field observations.
Factors of vulnerability: the construction of settlements in areas with high seismic risk, buildings
with inadequate seismic resistance structures (deficiency in design or execution), high density of
houses and population on lower surfaces, reduced information (in particular of the population)
about earthquakes.
Effects: material damage (damage or destruction of buildings or other infrastructure, fires, hydro
accidents, landslides, etc..) human losses (high especially in the populated areas or for the poorly
conformed seismic buildings) public health (high number of persons who require surgical
intervention, contamination of drinking water and problems of ensuring minimum sanitary
conditions of survival).
Measures to reduce risk: the projection of the investment works under the norms for seismic zoning,
information, preparing and training the population about the norms of behaviour in case of
earthquake.
Specific measures of training: notification of the population, preparing and practicing the measures
included in plans for protection and intervention.
Post disaster measures: damage and loss assessment, search and rescue, emergency medical
assistance, rehabilitation of economic and social affected facilities, aid distribution.
Tools for assessing the impact: the evaluation scale of the results caused by earthquake (Mercalli,
MSK, Japanese, etc.)..
Landslide
Case phenomenon: see definition.
General features: with more forms of developing or may occur as side effects of other types of
disasters (earthquake, hazardous weather phenomena, volcanic eruptions, etc..), being considered
the most widespread geological phenomenon.
Predictability: having the frequency of occurrence, the extent of the phenomenon and the
consequences generated by it, risk areas can be estimated, through the study of the geographical
area.
Factors of vulnerability: buildings built on the slopes of the hills and mountains, roads and
communication lines in mountain areas, buildings with weak foundations, aerial or buried pipes.
Effects: material damage, blocking roads, destruction of communication lines or water courses,
reducing agricultural production and forestry, human losses.
Measures to reduce risk: achieving the map of risk areas, the legislation in an area, providing goods
and persons.
Specific measures of training: education of the community can be made, a system of monitoring,
notification and evacuation.
Post disaster measures: search and rescue, medical assistance, emergency housing for people
affected.
Tools for impact assessment: Team experts.
Floods
Case phenomenon: see definition.
General characteristics: speed of high flood movement, high flood height, its duration and
frequency.
Predictability: weather forecasts on long, medium and short term, depending on the technical
17
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
system of monitoring weather and water courses. Factors of vulnerability: the buildings built in the
flooded area, the lack of warning the population system, low capacity of soil absorption, buildings
and foundations with the capacity of low resistance, unprotected food stocks.
Effects: material damage, human loss and contamination of water sources. Measures to reduce risk:
works of protecting and upgrading dams. Specific measures of training: systems and alarm
detection, education and community participation, planning the execution of protecting works.
Post disaster measures: assessing the effects of the disaster, search and rescue, health care, shortterm supply of water and food, water purification and temporary housing.
Tools for impact assessment: monitoring the effects.
Drought
Case phenomenon: water flow deficit, soil degradation, increasing ocean water temperature,
increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
General features: disaster with temporary effect, especially on agriculture, which depends on a
number of factors (the existence of irrigation system, etc.)..
Predictability: the periods of low rainfall are normal for all climate systems. Weather forecasts
make possible early warning of the possibility of producing the phenomenon.
Factors of vulnerability: the establishment of habitats in arid areas, isolated agricultural lands, lack
of resources in water supply, lack of planning for resource allocation in risk areas, etc..
Effects: the decrease of agricultural production, vineyards and livestock, increasing prices,
increasing inflation rate, reducing the nutritional status of population, disease, energy crisis, etc..
Measures to reduce risk: monitoring system and immediate notification. Specific measures of
training: development of an interdepartmental plan of defense against the effects of the disaster;
Post disaster measures: maintaining price stability, centralized distribution of food, ensuring food
reserves, provision of water, etc..
Tools for impact assessment: monitoring meteorological and hydrological situation, nutritional and
economic and social situation.
Natural disaster in Romania statistics
We present the statistical data on natural disasters that affected Romania within the history and
specially in the past few years.
Events number
No of people killed
No of people killed per year
No of people affected
Average affected per year
Economic damage ( US$ x 1000)
Economic damage per year (US$ x 1000)
Table 1 Natural disaster statistic between 1983 and 2008
70
777
30
401,697
15,450
2,425,190
93,277
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme temperatures
Flood
Insect infestation
Mass mov. dry:
Mass mov. wet:
Volcano
Storm
Wildfire
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.54
1.46
...
...
0.04
...
0.35
...
Table 2 Average disaster per year
Type
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Table 3 Disaster classification by affected population
Data
1997
2000
2005
2006
1991
2005
2004
2004
1998
2001
Affected population
122,320
60,431
30,800
17,071
15,000
14,669
14,128
14,000
12,000
10,803
Type
Flood
Extreme temp
Extreme temp
Extreme temp
Flood
Flood
Flood
Extreme temp
Extreme temp
Extreme temp
Table 4 Disaster classification by killed people
Data
1991
2006
1998
2007
2005
1998
2006
2007
2004
2006
Killed
108
68
60
38
33
31
30
30
27
26
Date
2005
2000
2005
2005
1998
2001
1997
2000
1991
1999
Cost (US$ x 1000)
800000
500000
313000
200000
150000
120000
110000
100000
50000
50000
Disaster
Flood
Drought
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
Flood
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Table 5 Disaster classification by reported economic damages
Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type
Storm, 6%
Earthquake, 1%
Floods
Extreme temperatures
Floods, 51%
Extreme
temperatures,
42%
Earthquake
Storm
Figure 4 Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type
Percentage of reported people affected by disaster type
Storm, 2%
Earthquake, 2%
Epidemic, 1%
Flood
Epidemic
Earthquake
Storm
Flood, 95%
Figure 5 Percentage of reported people affected by disaster type
20
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Reported econom ic dam age by disaster type
1925190
2000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
500000
600000
400000
200000
0
Seceta
Inundatii
Figure 6 Reported economic damages by disaster type
Disaster classification in Romania in the past 10 years including their effects
Tip
Date
Extreme temp
20/01/2006
Extreme temp
12/1/2008
Extreme temp
10/12/2007
Flood
14/08/2005
Flood
30/06/2006
Extreme temp
6/1/2007
Extreme temp
1/7/2004
Extreme temp
29/06/2006
Flood
12/7/2005
Flood
16/08/2005
Table 6 Disaster classification by number of people killed
nr. killed
68
43
38
33
30
30
27
26
24
18
Tip
Date
Flood
5/4/2000
Flood
21/09/2005
Flood
13/03/2006
Flood
12/7/2005
Flood
28/07/2004
Flood
27/08/2004
Flood
19/06/2001
Flood
8/1/2008
Flood
20/06/2006
Flood
2/7/2005
Table 7 Disaster classification by number of affected people
Affected
60431
30800
17071
14669
14128
14000
10803
10520
5712
5102
21
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Damages
(US$ x
1000)
800000
500000
313000
200000
120000
100000
15000
500
290
Tip
Date
Flood
12/7/2005
Drought
6/1/2000
Flood
14/08/2005
Flood
21/04/2005
Flood
19/06/2001
Flood
5/4/2000
Flood
4/3/2001
Flood
3/1/2000
Flood
6/8/2002
Table 8 Disaster classification by reported economic damages
Drought
Drought
Ave. per event
Epidemic
Viral infections
Ave. per event
Cold wave
Ave. per event
Extreme
winter
conditions
Ave. per event
Heat wave
Ave. per event
Unspecified
Ave. per event
Flash flood
Ave. per event
General flood
Ave. per event
Unspecified
Ave. per event
Extra
tropical
cyclone
Ave. per event
Local storm
Ave. per event
Extreme temperatures
Flood
Storm
Costs
(000
US$)
500000
500000
Events no
1
Killed
-
Total
affected
-
1
101
25.3
1
1
20
5
-
68
68
102
20.4
3
3
27
5.4
184
7.4
5
2.5
800
160
960
960
24712
4942.4
187365
7494.6
1200
600
1548790
61951.6
-
24
8
90
90
1500
500
-
4
1
5
1
5
25
2
1
3
Table 9 General data of disasters in the past 10 years
22
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Disaster classification in Bulgaria
Events number
No of people killed
No of people killed per year
No of people affected
Average affected per year
Economic damage ( US$ x
1000)
Economic damage per year
(US$ x 1000)
Table 10 Overview period 1983 to 2008
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme temperatures
Flood
Insect infestation
Mass mov. dry:
Mass mov. wet:
Volcano
Storm
Wildfire
32
108
4
23,476
838
478,104
17,075
0.07
0.11
...
0.21
0.43
...
...
...
...
0.18
0.14
Table 11 Average disaster per year
Type
Data
Flood
2005
Storm
1993
Earthquake
1986
Flood
2007
Storm
1999
Earthquake
2006
Extreme temp
1998
Flood
1997
Flood
2005
Wildfire
2000
Table 12 Disaster type classification by affected population
Affected population
12000
5000
3060
1000
850
527
323
200
200
167
Type
Data
Extreme temp
2006
Flood
2005
Extreme temp
2008
Flood
2007
Wildfire
2000
Extreme temp
2000
Flood
2005
Flood
2005
Flood
2005
Earthquake
1986
Table 13 Disaster type classification by number of killed people
No killed
18
17
10
8
7
7
7
7
6
3
23
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Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Disaster
Date
Flood
2005
Flood
2005
Wildfire
2000
Flood
2005
Wildfire
2007
Flood
2002
Extreme temp
2000
Storm
1981
Drought
1983
Earthquake
1986
Table 14 Disaster classification by reported economic damages
Cost (US$ x 1000)
247000
200000
17600
10000
2454
1000
50
0
0
0
Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type
Wild Fire, 9%
Storm, 2%
Earthquakes, 4%
Floods
Extreme temperatures
Floods, 48%
Earthquakes
Storm
Extreme
temperatures, 37%
Wild Fire
Figure 7 Percentage of reported killed people by disaster type
24
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Percentage of reported people affected by disaster type
Storm, 25%
Flood
Extrme temp
Earthquake
Flood, 58%
Storm
Earthquake, 15%
Extrme temp, 2%
Figure 8 percentage of affected population by disaster type
Reported econom ic dam age by disaster type
458000
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
20054
50000
0
Drought
Flood
Figure 9 Reported economic damages by disaster type
25
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Disaster classification in Bulgaria in the past 10 years and their effects
Type
Data
No killed
Extreme temp
22/01/2006
18
Flood
2/7/2005
17
Extreme temp
1/1/2008
10
Flood
4/8/2007
8
Extreme temp
6/1/2000
7
Wildfire
1/7/2000
7
Flood
14/08/2005
7
Flood
4/8/2005
7
Flood
26/05/2005
6
Storm
24/12/2001
2
Table 15 Natural disasters in the past 10 years - classification by no of killed people
Type
Data
Flood
4/8/2005
Flood
22/05/2007
Earthquake
20/02/2006
Flood
2/7/2005
Wildfire
1/7/2000
Flood
16/11/2007
Extreme temp
6/1/2007
Extreme temp
22/01/2006
Flood
4/8/2007
Wildfire
7/1/2007
Table 16 Disaster classification by affected population
Affected
12000
1000
527
200
167
60
50
20
10
9
Damage
(US$ x 1000)
247000
200000
17600
10000
2454
1000
50
Tip
Data
Flood
2/7/2005
Flood
14/08/2005
Wildfire
1/7/2000
Flood
26/05/2005
Wildfire
7/1/2007
Flood
10/8/2002
Extreme temp
6/1/2000
Table 17 Disaster classification by reported economic damage
Drought
Drought
Average/event.
Earthquake
Earthquake
Average/event.
Cold wave
Average/event.
Extreme temp
No. events
1
1
2
No
killed
-
Total affected
-
Damages
(US$ x
1000)
-
10
5
527
527
-
-
26
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Flood
Storm
Wildfire
Extreme
winter
conditions
Average/event.
Hot wave
Average/event.
Unspecified
Average/event.
General flood
Average/event.
Unspecified
Average/event.
Local storm
Average/event.
Unspecified
Average/event.
Forest fire
Average/event.
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
1
2
1
10
1
1
1
3
18
18
9
4.5
1
1
51
5.1
2
2
2
2
8
2.7
20
20
50
25
13270
1327
176
58.7
50
25
1000
1000
457000
45700
20054
6684.7
Table 18 General data of disasters in the past 10 years in Bulgaria
Conclusions and recommendations
Analyzing statistical data it can be concluded that for both countries natural disasters are mainly
represented by floods followed by extreme temperatures
To be noticed that several differences between the effects of natural disaster type as follows:
For Bulgaria the storms creates more damages compared with Romania in terms of affected
population.
Also it can be concluded that flood produces more damages for both countries in terms of affected
population and reported economic damages, affecting in the same time population’s perception as
the most destructive natural phenomena.
Also the frequency of floods is higher compared with other natural disaster.
Romania is more exposed to floods than Bulgaria with an average flood per year of 1.4 compared
to 0.43 floods/year between 1983 and 2008.
Also in Romania were recorded a higher number of events, 70 compared with 32 in Bulgaria these
events killing seven times more people than across the border.
Having in mind the frequency and number of events is easy to conclude that reported economical
damage affects Romania significantly, five times more than Bulgaria.
History should be a lesson to be learned and special measures must be adopted to preserve human
lives and property by taking the necessary actions not as much to prevent the flooding but to
decrease it’s effect.
In this respect, technical and institutional measures must be foreseen to prevent damages from
natural disasters, measures like building and maintaining dams, construction of drainage networks,
infrastructure, and the most important good public awareness campaigns.
27
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Giurgiu Natural destructive phenomena
Earthquake
In the county, especially in valley areas Tarnava Small and Large earthquakes can occur between
the amplitude of 4-6 degrees on the Richter scale
As a result of geographical and geological conditions in Giurgiu county no real danger of event
actions of destructive earthquake, landslides and / or their complementary disasters
Giurgiu County is located in the south of the country and is subjected to the effects of a type of
seismic motion.
Seismic activity
Seismic zoning in Romania was made by critical analysis of information regarding earthquakes the
past 900 years, and seismic studies performed between 1960 - 1992
.
Conclusions resulting from the analysis of seismic Vrancea region say that this is the most
important of the ten zones in the country, characterized by
- high energy earthquakes
- elongate elliptical area on the NE-SW direction, with lines from the Carpathians closely distanced
- persistent nature of earthquake center ;
- return period of 30-50 years for major earthquakes (1800-1977)
- numerous superficial fractures in the rock layer
Seismic risk analysis determines that there is probability of 90% in the Vrancea seismic region to
produce an earthquake with magnitude up to at least M = 7.5 degrees on Richter scale, between the
years 1999 - 2011
Seismic motion may be accompanied by the appearance of fluidity, subsidence, brake through,
landslide, landslides (local) due to ground water infiltrations from the rainwater or surface waters,
which alter the ability of resistance to shearing of rocks and sedimentary deposits of piles.
Giurgiu County fits into zone D according to technical norms P 100-1/2006.
28
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Figure 10 . Seismic zones of Romania-
Figure 11 Seismic zones classified by acceleration Cod P100-1/2006 (Elaborator UTCB)
29
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Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Figure 12 Seismic zones classified by corner period Cod P100-1/2006 (Elaborator UTCB)
Specific county seismic data:
-
Seismic design acceleration ag= 0.2g
Corner period of response time Tc= 1s
Vulnerability
Type
Risk buildings
Risk households
Estimated affected population
Houses
Households
No
17.106
26.298
51.318
78.894
Table 19 Vulnerabilitate
Volume of possible damages
I
MSK
No of buildings
17.106
Damages
Wreck
Partial
25-35%
5-10%
VIII
4276–5987
855-1710
Table 20 Estimated volume of damages
No of households
26.298
Total
2-3%
342-513
Wreck
10-15%
2629-3944
Damages
Partial
1-2%
262-525
Total
30
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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Number of inhabitants in vulnerable buildings
Night time
No of inhabitants = 51.318
General
Of witch:
loss
Emergencies
139
Ambulatory
185
536
treatment
Injuries
46
Victim
93
Killed
73
Table 21Inhabitants number in vulnerable buildings
Day time
No of inhabitants = 34.212
General
din care:
loss
Emergencies
Ambulatory
352
treatment
Injuries
Victim
Killed
92
120
30
62
48
Landslides
Landslide (or landslip) is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in
offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving
force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope
stability
From reported damages point of view landslides are not significant by itself rather by cumulative
effect, blocking roads, constructions, water course, land reclamation constructions.
Two possible sources have been identified :
- Natural phenomena
- Human action
Main characteristics of landslides in Romania and Giurgiu County :
Clasiffication
Depth
Slide speed
Movement distance
Down slope distance of
the landslide
Type

Surface slide;

Small depth;

Deep slide;

Very deep
Extremely fast;
Very fast;
fast;
moderate;
slow;
very slow
extremely slow.
De facto landslides;
Earth flow.
Description
<1m
= 1-5 m
= 5-20 m
> 20 m
> 3 m/s
= 3 m/s-0,3 m/min
= 0,3 m/min-1,5 m/day
= 1,5 m/day-1,5 m/month
= 1,5 m/month-1,5 m/year
= 1,5 m/year-0,06 m/year
< 0,06 m/year
Retro regressive.
Progressive
31
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Table 22 landslides characteristics
Natural risk areas : Administrative units affected by landslides1
No
County
UAT
Risk degree
Landslides type
Primary
Reactive

-
Giurgiu
Commune
402
Daia
Table 23 UAT-landslides risk
low
On April the 6th 2006 landslides occurs in Prundu Parish, Puieni Village having the length of 150m,
60 m width.
According to ISU following damages were reported :
- The village access road.
- Power line pole.
- 6 individual households :
Floods
Flood: rising of a body of water and it’s overflowing onto dry land witch by size, duration, intensity
might provoke human losses or damages of affected area.
Giurgiu County has a large network of rivers (837 km length) witch can be the source of natural
destructive phenomena especially in rainy seasons (spring and autumn)
Nr.
crt.
1
Water body
Km
Length (Km)
HB Surface (Km²)
Arges
Neajlov
Baracu
Chipicanu
Crevedia
Dambovnic
Ilfovat
Balaria
Vartop
Calnistea
Valea lui Damian
V. Porumbeilor
Silistea
Raiosu
Ismar
191-350
86-186
21-29
28-49
11-12
86-110
0-39
0-18
0-11
50-112
0-11
0-24
0-12
3-12
0-27
113-100
100
8
21
1
24
39
18
11
62
11
24
12
9
27
363
420
11
33
1
90
114
66
22
132
51
166
56
28
161
Conform Lege 575 din 2001 publicat in MO nr. 726 din 14 Nov 2001
32
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Nr.
crt.
Water body
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Km
Glavacioc
95-120
Milcovat
20-47
Bratilov
0-29
Racu
0-7
Iordana
0-11
Dadilovat
0-7
Gurbanu
0-11
Sabar
79-174
Bai
30-35
Ciorogarla
4-57
V. Mamina
0-38
Dambovita
190-197
Ilfov
82-93
Ilfovat
TOTAL B.H. ARGES
Dunare
Parapanca
0-29
Ciuvica
0-8
V.Oncesti
0-9
Zboiu
0-28
TOTAL B.H. DUNARE
TOTAL GENERAL
Table 24 Water body description in Giurgiu County
Length (Km)
HB Surface (Km²)
25
24
27
7
11
7
11
58
5
18
16
7
11
5
712-699
75
29
8
9
17
138
850
52
39
67
37
47
80
72
141
4
32
37
18
6
12
2358
520
427
63
84
74
1168
3526
The most frequent floods are caused by flood waters flowing torrents of training or as a result of
heavy rainfall of long duration, the rapid melting of the layers of snow, ice blocking the water
courses or by the creation of dams due to the formation deposits and alluvia onto riverbeds and
bridges in small bridges areas or rupture protection dam built along the Danube
.
The overflow of river channel which may contain large areas of land is accompanied by the creation
of a water-front wave - which depends on the size of the amount, duration and distribution of
rainfall
in
the
river
basin.
In the county the water courses have a linear flow in the Danube basin, the rivers that comprise the
river basin district, have their origins in springs territories of the other counties.
The winter phenomena (the shore ice, the ice bridge, leaks of ice blocks) begin to appear on the
rivers in the first decade of November and can be maintained until the beginning of March, during
this period due to rapid climate change may exceed normal rates water-floods on large surfaces.
Flooding risk zones : flooding affected UAT
No
County
UAT
Flood type
Water course
Torrent
Giurgiu
636
Town
Bolintin Vale

-
33
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637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Parish
Bolintin Deal
Bucsani
Bulbucata
Calugareni
Calejani
Colibasi
Comana
Crevedia Mare
Floresti- Stoenesti
Gaieseni
Ghimpati
Gostinari
Hotarele
Iepuresti
Joita
Letca Noua
Marsa
Mihai Bravu
Ogrezeni
Roata de Jos
Schitu
Singureni
Stoenesti
Ulmi
Valea Dragului
Varasti
Vanatorii Mici



























-
Table 25 UAT Risk zones
Giurgiu County floods and their effects
The winter 2005/2006 was exceptional in the sense that temperatures were below average from
November to March over large areas in Europe. In the Danube region large water supplies were
accumulated in the snow cover during the winter 2005 / 2006 due to several cycles of intense
snowfall. The melting and fast runoff consequently had been caused by relatively high daily air
temperatures and intensive rainfall.
That situation caused increasing of river water stages and particularly several significant flood
events mainly in the third decade of the March and in the first week of the April .
The shallow low pressure area occurred over the Alps and the west part of the Carpathian
Mountains from 20th to 21st of March. The high-pressure area grew bigger over the Germany and
the Czech Republic on the 22nd of March and the cool air temporary flowed along its border into
the central Europe at the 23rd of March. The above-mentioned high-pressure area moved from the
Central Europe for the southeast direction during the next days. Simultaneously the low-pressure
area moved from the Atlantic to the west Europe and the warm and humid air began to flow on its
boundary to the central Europe.
The waved cold front linked with the low-pressure area over the Scandinavia passed through the
Central Europe in the 2nd of April. The ridge of high air pressure temporary expanded behind this
front over the Alpines region in the 4th of April. The cold and humid air began to flow before its
front side over the Central Europe from the northwest. The low-pressure area began to deepen over
the South France on the 5th April, and moved towards to the east side. The wavy cold front linked
with low-pressure area gradually influenced the weather over the whole Danube river basin area.
34
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The ridge of the high-pressure air began to extend from the west to the Central Europe on the 6th of
April, which in the following days expanded as far as over the Byelorussia. On the front side of the
low-pressure area over the North Sea began to flow over the Central Europe the warm air from the
southwest on the 8th of April.
- 8 localities have been affected (7 by Neajlov river flooding : Crevedia Mare, Bucsani, Clejani,
Bulbucata, Iepuresti, Singureni si Calugareni and one by Glavacioc river flooding : Ghimpati);
- recorded damages are presented below:
Crevedia Mare – 50 ha agricultural land, 50 ha grassland, 150 m DC and 1 catwalk;
Bucsani – 30 ha cultivated agricultural land, 31 ha grassland and 20 m DC;
Clejani – 250 ha cultivated agricultural land, 200 ha grassland and 80 m DC;
Bulbucata – 20 ha cultivated agricultural land and 20 m DC;
Iepuresti – 100 ha cultivated agricultural land, 90 ha grassland and 2 catwalks;
Singureni – 1 ha cultivated agricultural land and 15 ha grassland;
Calugareni – 5 households, 6 ha cultivated agricultural land, 150 ha grassland;
Ghimpati – 35 ha grassland;
.
aprilie – mai 2005 due to rainfall registered in Giurgiu county and adjacent counties were increases
in levels and flows on the rivers which cross Giurgiu County the impacts were:
- 110 ha agricultural land, 3885 ha forest and 37 ha of cattle run;
01-16 iulie 2005 due to intense rainfall registered in Giurgiu county and adjacent counties were
increases in levels and flows on the rivers which cross Giurgiu County the river levels were:
: Arges la PH Malu Spart 234 cm in 13.07.2005, 24 cm over attention level, Arges la PH Gradinari
347 cm in 14.07.2005,97 cm over attention level, Arges la PH Budesti (jud. Calarasi) 367 cm in
13.07.2005, 57 cm over attention level, Neajlov la PH Vadu Lat 182 cm in 06.07.2005, 32 cm over
attention level, Neajlov la PH Calugareni 342 cm in 07.07.2005 17 cm over attention level and
Glavacioc la PH Crovu 330 cm in 04.07.2005 30 cm over attention level .
Wildfire
Afforestation area where the Forest Directorate Giurgiu is managed four stock-yards forestry,
namely, Giurgiu, Comana, and Vale Bolintin Ghimpaţi
Forest is located in easily accessible areas, inside which are arranged access roads are passable in
any season of the year.
Forest area of Giurgiu county is 38,279 ha, of which 36,152 ha managed by the National Director of
Forests, representing 94.4% of the forestations area of the county is divided in four forest stockyards. Of the total area occupied by forests, 40% are of resinous woods, 39% beech, oak 12%, 6%
of various hard core, 3% of various soft core. Average density of forests is 0.6. Average altitude
forest is 150 m.
Areas accessible to the most difficult technique of fire is the deal, Gola Forest - Bucsani, where due
to technical intervention with a displacement very hard, over 20 tons and mostly worn physically
can get very difficult.
Vulnerability to forest fires to increase the spring, before the appearance of vegetation and fall, after
drying vegetation, in periods of drought and periods of increased flow of tourists.
Areas most vulnerable to fire are:
- Forest weed, bypassing Forest Ghimpaţi in the territory of which the bore wells are, in some
35
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others operating in conservation;
- Russia's Forest Asan, bypassing Forest Bolintin Vale, which is crossed by tracks of high
voltage electrical and highway Bucharest - Pitesti.
Discharge, the main source of production of the forest fires are frequent throughout the area forest
fund
36
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Demography
Giurgiu County
Giurgiu County population is 282,554 inhabitants in 2008 as follows:
37
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
GIURGIU
MEDIU URBAN
MUNICIPIUL GIURGIU
ORAS BOLINTIN-VALE
ORAS MIHAILESTI
MEDIU RURAL
ADUNATI-COPACENI
BANEASA
BOLINTIN -DEAL
BUCSANI
BULBUCATA
BUTURUGENI
CALUGARENI
CLEJANI
COLIBASI
COMANA
COSOBA
CREVEDIA MARE
DAIA
FLORESTI-STOENESTI
FRATESTI
GAISENI
GAUJANI
GHIMPATI
GOGOSARI
GOSTINARI
GOSTINU
GRADINARI
GREACA
HERASTI
HOTARELE
IEPURESTI
ISVOARELE
IZVOARELE
JOITA
LETCA NOUA
MALU
MARSA
MIHAI BRAVU
OGREZENI
OINACU
PRUNDU
PUTINEIU
RASUCENI
ROATA DE JOS
SABARENI
SCHITU
SINGURENI
SLOBOZIA
STANESTI
STOENESTI
TOPORU
ULMI
VALEA DRAGULUI
VANATORII MICI
VARASTI
VEDEA
TOTAL
282554
87602
68083
12159
7360
194952
6565
5237
6209
3765
1478
3969
6239
3402
3526
7413
2403
4987
2803
8778
5731
5442
2572
5608
2012
2609
2194
3253
2435
2225
3719
2041
1951
4020
3289
3564
2522
2763
2530
4614
3626
4494
2736
2443
8223
2586
1973
3106
2543
2996
2081
2264
7546
3004
4630
5869
2964
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
MASCULIN
137893
42093
32589
5985
3519
95800
3190
2606
3058
1867
727
1995
3076
1662
1756
3645
1162
2492
1369
4307
2823
2663
1275
2763
989
1260
1052
1611
1139
1089
1805
974
949
1949
1630
1791
1267
1391
1230
2262
1799
2227
1379
1205
4057
1276
930
1474
1288
1462
1005
1078
3698
1485
2234
2899
1480
FEMININ
144661
45509
35494
6174
3841
99152
3375
2631
3151
1898
751
1974
3163
1740
1770
3768
1241
2495
1434
4471
2908
2779
1297
2845
1023
1349
1142
1642
1296
1136
1914
1067
1002
2071
1659
1773
1255
1372
1300
2352
1827
2267
1357
1238
4166
1310
1043
1632
1255
1534
1076
1186
3848
1519
2396
2970
1484
38
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Table 26 Giurgiu County population distribution
Starting 1977 we notice that population number decreases rapidly specially after 1999 when county
population moves to major urban areas corroborated with low of birth rate
Evolutia populatiei
350,000
300,000
Populatie
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Ani
Figure 13 Historical population evolution in Giurgiu County
Giurgiu County
1930
1948
1956
1966
1977
1992
2002
2008
Table 27 Giurgiu County population density
Inhabitants
269,577
313,793
325,045
320,120
327,494
313,352
297,859
282,554
Inabitants/km2
76.5
89.0
92.2
90.8
92.9
88.9
84.5
80.2
Population distribution after 2002 census is presented further on, to be noticed the same population
number decline
39
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Giurgiu County
2002
Total (inh.)
- total
291784
- Male
142435
- Female
149349
Urban (inh.)
- total
90022
- Male
43717
- Female
46305
Rural (inh.)
- total;
201762
- Male
98718
- Female
103044
Inh. / km2
82.8
Table 28 Giurgiu County population distribution
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
289484
141179
148305
288018
140473
147545
286208
139540
146668
284501
138804
145697
283408
138320
145088
282,554
137893
144661
89914
43541
46373
89164
43121
46043
89012
42975
46037
88741
42813
45928
88347
42614
45733
87602
42093
45509
199570
97638
101932
82.1
198854
97352
101502
81.7
197196
96565
100631
81.2
195760
95991
99769
80.7
195061
95706
99355
80.4
194,952
95800
99152
Evolutia populatiei dupa 2002
294000
292000
populatie
290000
288000
286000
284000
282000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
An
Figure 14 Population distribution after 2002 census
40
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Repartizarea populatiei pe sexe
152000
150000
148000
Populatie
146000
144000
Masculin
142000
Feminin
140000
138000
136000
134000
132000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
An
Figure 15 Sex distribution of Giurgiu County population after 2002 census
Population movement:
Judetul Giurgiu
Outgoing
Incomming
Ballance
Table 29 Giurgiu population movement
Total
3907
4444
537
Urban
1390
1025
-365
Rural
2517
3419
902
Positive migration balance of population in the county is an explanation of internal migration,
especially to rural areas due in large part to reduce industrial activities in urban areas represented by
the two cities of the county and city of Giurgiu, which focused on agriculture to a population of
subsistence in rural areas. Another explanation lies mainly in developing areas bordering Ilfov
County and the areas closest to Bucharest and the ring road area characterized by infusion of capital
market investment property past, many developers preferring this option offset the increased value
of land between Ilfov with relatively low value properties in Giurgiu County. These trends are
highlighted in particular Mihailesti and its adjacent area on the national road 5B, Adunaţii Copaceni
on the national road 5, with similar phenomena occur in the vicinity of Giurgiu.
Ruse region
On 31.12.2008 Ruse region population was 251,236 inhabitants according to National Statistic
Institute as follows:
41
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Districts
Total
Municipalities
Total
Male
Ruse
251,236 121,814
Borovo
6,793
3,298
Byala
15,213
7,529
Vetovo
15,153
7,462
Dve Mogili
10,574
5,184
Ivanovo
10,633
5,255
Ruse
174,648 84,105
Slivo Pole
11,832
5,806
Tsenovo
6,390
3,175
Table 30 Ruse region population
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Female
129,422
3,495
7,684
7,691
5,390
5,378
90,543
6,026
3,215
Urban
Total
189,870
2,346
9,137
10,133
4,385
160,678
3,191
-
Male
91,679
1,142
4,511
4,995
2,145
77,284
1,602
-
Female
98,191
1,204
4,626
5,138
2,240
83,394
1,589
-
Rural
Total
61,366
4,447
6,076
5,020
6,189
10,633
13,970
8,641
6,390
Male
30,135
2,156
3,018
2,467
3,039
5,255
6,821
4,204
3,175
Female
31,231
2,291
3,058
2,553
3,150
5,378
7,149
4,437
3,215
Compared with Giurgiu County same population decline can be noticed
Evolutia populatiei in Regiunea Ruse
260000
259000
258000
Populatie
257000
256000
255000
254000
253000
252000
251000
250000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
An
Table 31 Rude region population evolution
Ruse
Total
Urban
Year
Total
Male
Female
Total
2008
251236
121814
129422
189870
2007
253008
122649
130359
190036
2006
255315
123821
131494
191294
2005
256835
124534
132301
187765
2004
259,173
125,828
133,345
188,759
Table 32 Sex distribution of Ruse Region population
Male
91679
91775
92363
90580
91,172
Female
98191
98261
98931
97185
97,587
Rural
Total
61366
62972
64021
69070
70,414
Male
30135
30874
31458
33954
34,656
Female
31231
32098
32563
35116
35,758
Ruse region sex population distribution
42
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Repartizarea populatiei regiunii Ruse pe sexe
136000
134000
132000
Populatie
130000
128000
Masculin
126000
Feminin
124000
122000
120000
118000
116000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
an
Figure 16 Sex distribution of Ruse Region population
Comparative analysis of the two proposed regions
Population evolution
Giurgiu
Total
An
Total
Male
Female
2004
288,018 140,473 147,545
2005
286,208 139,540 146,668
2006
284,501 138,804 145,697
2007
283,408 138,320 145,088
2008
282,554 137,893 144,661
Table 33 Giurgiu and Ruse population comparison I
Ruse
Total
An
Total
Male
Female
2004
259,173 125,828 133,345
2005
256,835 124,534 132,301
2006
255,315 123,821 131,494
2007
253,008 122,649 130,359
2008
251,236 121,814 129,422
Table 34 Giurgiu and Ruse population comparison II
Urban
Total
89,164
89,012
88,741
88,347
87,602
Urban
Total
188,759
187,765
191,294
190,036
189,870
Male
43,121
42,975
42,813
42,614
42,093
Male
91,172
90,580
92,363
91,775
91,679
Female
46,043
46,037
45,928
45,733
45,509
Rural
Total
198,854
197,196
195,760
195,061
194,952
Male
97,352
96,565
95,991
95,706
95,800
Female
101,502
100,631
99,769
99,355
99,152
Female
97,587
97,185
98,931
98,261
98,191
Rural
Total
70,414
69,070
64,021
62,972
61,366
Male
34,656
33,954
31,458
30,874
30,135
Female
35,758
35,116
32,563
32,098
31,231
43
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Analiza comparativa a evolutiei populatiei
300,000
290,000
Populatie
280,000
270,000
Regiunea Ruse
Judetul Giurgiu
260,000
250,000
240,000
230,000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
An
Figure 17 Giurgiu and Ruse population comparison chart
Analiza comparativa populatie in mediul urban
250,000
Populatie
200,000
150,000
Ruse populatie urban
Giurgiu populatie urban
100,000
50,000
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
An
Figure 18 Urban population evolution comparison
44
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Analiza comparativa populatie in mediul rural
250,000
Populatie
200,000
150,000
Ruse populatie rural
Giurgiu populatie rural
100,000
50,000
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
An
Figure 19 Rural population evolution comparison
Analiza comparativa a populatiei pe sexe
160,000
140,000
Populatie
120,000
100,000
Ruse -- Masculin
Giurgiu - Masculin
80,000
Ruse - Feminin
Giurgiu - Feminin
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
An
Figure 20 Sex population evolution comparison
The purpose of comparative analysis is to demonstrate similarity between the two areas studied,
especially in terms of population evolution in the region and the general tendency of decreasing the
number of people due to economic issues in particular generated a decrease of the industrial sector
in Romania as Bulgaria and the background change from a majority state in a private system in
45
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
which former industrial centres not being profitability, which translates directly in the evolution of
both
population
and
in
living
standards
especially
in
urban
areas.
A major difference between the two regions is the distribution of population by average Ruse region
is clearly superior to the population settled in urban areas divided in 8 such centers, compared with
3 of Giurgiu county.
Defining study’s target population
Taking into account the study objectives and it’s approach based on border area flood we define as
target population the flood affected inhabitants of risk areas in both countries.
Two types of affected population have been identified in border area:
- Inner rivers flood affected population from inner rivers
- Danube river flood affected population from Danube river
Giurgiu County
Defining border region:
For defining the border region the Administrative Territory of the following parishes were
considered :
- Prundu
- Gostinu
- Oinacu
- Giurgiu
- Slobozia
- Malu
- Vedea
- Gaujani
Ruse Region
-
Slivo Pole
Ruse
Ivanovo
Borovo
Tsenovo
Total population in 2008 of studied areas:
County
GIURGIU
MUNICIPIUL
GIURGIU
TOTAL
88998
MALE
42977
FEMALE
46021
68083
32589
35494
46
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Prundu
Gostinu
Oinacu
Slobozia
MALU
Vedea
Gaujani
4494
2194
3626
2543
2522
2964
2572
68083
Urban population
20915
Rural population
Table 35 Giurgiu cross boundary target population
2227
1052
1799
1288
1267
1480
1275
2267
1142
1827
1255
1255
1484
1297
32589
10388
35494
10527
To be noticed that a large number of population in this are lives in urban area, Giurgiu
Municipality, and cannot be considered real affected population due to low probability of flood
affecting the city.
According to local authorities a small number of population have been directly affected by natural
disasters, existing protection measures (dikes) worked fine so far.
Districts
Total
Municipalities
Total
Male
Female
Slivo Pole
11832
5806
6026
Ruse
251236 121814 129422
Ivanovo
10633
5255
5378
Borovo
6793
3298
3495
Tsenovo
6390
3175
3215
Table 36 Ruse cross boundary target population
Urban
Total
3191
189870
2346
-
Male
1602
91679
1142
-
Female
1589
98191
1204
-
Rural
Total
8641
61366
10633
4447
6390
Male
4204
30135
5255
2156
3175
Female
4437
31231
5378
2291
3215
Population evolution in studied areas
Evolutia populatiei in zona transfrontaliera Ruse
300000
250000
200000
2004
populatie 150000
2005
100000
2006
2008
50000
2007
2008
2006
an
2004
Tsenovo
Borovo
Ivanovo
Ruse
Slivo Pole
0
localitatate
Figure 21 cross boundary area population evolution
47
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
As mentioned in the Demography chapter same population trends can be easily observed in the
studied area, the values are compared with 2004 population
Slivo
year
Pole
Ruse
2004
1.35%
0.90%
2005
1.28%
0.59%
2006
1.10%
0.90%
2007
2.11%
0.70%
2008
Table 37 Disaster affected population evolution trends
Ivanovo
Borovo
Tsenovo
1.98%
2.45%
0.32%
2.62%
1.85%
1.58%
1.74%
2.75%
3.29%
2.41%
3.14%
3.75%
According to statistical data can be concluded that flood did not affected the population number in
studied areas.
Defining flood sources in studied area
Two types of sources have been identified as mentioned earlyer:
- Inner rivers flood affected population from inner rivers
- Danube river flood affected population from Danube river
1. Danube river
The Danube River Basin is the second largest river basin of Europe, covering 801 463 km2 and
territories of 18 countries (see Table 1). The Danube flows 2780-km from west to east. Its
catchments area stretches from 8° 09’ at the source of the rivers Breg and Brigach in the Black
Forest up to 29° 45’ eastern longitude in the Danube delta at the Black Sea. Its southernmost point
is at 42° 05’ northern latitude in the source area of Iskar river in the Rila mountain and its
northernmost point at 50° 15’ in the Morava/March source area. The Danube has an average
discharge of 6550 m3/sec at its mouth in the Danube delta.
Some of its largest tributaries are characterised below. Their key hydrologic characteristics are
listed in Table 2.
The Danube River Basin is bordered by that of the Rhine tributaries in the west; the Weser,
Labe/Elbe, Odra/Oder and Vistula River Basins in the north, the Dnister River Basin in the
northeast, and the basins of the rivers flowing into the Adriatic and Aegean Sea in the south. The
water divide separating the Danube River Basin from Adriatic basins runs through the Dinaric karst,
which brings some uncertainty into the definition of surface and subsurface basin limits.
The situation is similar between the upper Danube and the Rhine. Thus, flood conditions of
neighbouring basins are often similar.
Most attention is given to floods in lowland plains; however, flash floods and torrential floods
of small streams have even higher damage potential. The valleys of the Central Alps, the peripheral
mountains, the Carpathians and Dinarians, belong to regions with such type of risks, combined
with debris and mud flows. Due to climatic and morphologic conditions ice jam floods may also
occur along the Danube and its tributaries in the Carpathian basin.
Climatic conditions of the DRB are influenced by their position in the moderate climatic zone of
the northern hemisphere, with regular alternating of the seasons of the year. Due to the elongated
shape of the DRB in the west–east direction the climatic conditions are variable. In the main
contributing areas, the Alpine and Carpathian regions, complicated orographic structure has the
most significant impact on climatic variables. Differences extend from the upper
48
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Danube with high Atlantic influence to the eastern territories affected by continental climate.
South of the Alps and in the Middle Danube basin, especially in the Drava and Sava basins, the
climate is influenced by the Mediterranean. Interaction of the above-mentioned effects can trigger
floods in the Carpathian basin in any period of the year.
The range of fluctuation of mean monthly air temperatures between the warmest and coldest
months increases from the upper Danube basin with 20-21 °C to the confined Carpathian basin with
22-24 °C and to the lower Danube reaches with 26 °C. Average annual air temperature within the
basin ranges from -6.2 to 12 °C. The lowest value originates from the Alpine summits, the highest
mean annual temperature was observed at the Black Sea coast. In the entire DRB July is the
warmest month, January the coldest. Winter usually lasts from December to February. The summer
is usually hot and lasts from about June to August. The absolute range of recorded temperatures
covers -41 °C to 45 °C.
The hydrological regime, especially the runoff conditions of the Danube, is substantially
influenced by precipitation. Average annual precipitation fluctuates within the range of above 3000
mm in high mountains to 400 mm in the delta region. In upper Danube regions, precipitation
fluctuates between more than 2000 mm in the upland areas of the Alps and up to 600-700 mm at
mid-altitude. However, the actual figures can deviate drastically from the long-term mean values.
There has been recorded daily precipitation of more than 260 mm at the upper Danube.
The catchments of Central Danube regions are characterised by similar range. Annual
precipitation varies from just above 500 mm in the Middle Tisza region to above 2000 mm in the
high mountains.
Contributing areas of the upper Drava and Sava in the Julian Alps and in the Kupa spring region
have the highest value of up to 3800 mm. In the plains of the Lower Danube the precipitation is
only 500-600 mm, though the lowest annual values are below 400 mm. The number of days with
snow cover, the duration and snow height increase with the altitude. The Alpine valleys have an
average of less than 60 days while at elevations above 3000 m this is of more than 190 days.
The shortest duration of snow cover (~10 days) is at the Black Sea coast. The snow cover lasts
for only 20-30 days in the Hungarian Plains, 40-60 days in the upper Danube basin, the mean
proportion in the total annual precipitation being 10%-15%. In the Alpine foothills and in high
regions of mid-mountains the snow cover lasts more than 100 days (20% to 30% of precipitation
falls in the form of snow).
The snow cover remains for more than four months in the highest regions of the Alps (above
1500 m a.m.sl.). The snow cover stays relatively longer in the Carpathians, more than 300 days in a
year just above 2000 m.
The upstream portion of the Danube river has a regime characterized by two distinct seasons:
high-water season and low-water season. All the way to the mouth of the Morava/March the
Danube river belongs to the glacial type, with maximum monthly discharge in July and minimum in
winter months (January-February). Discharges down to the Tisza mouth are still under the dominant
influence of the glacial regime. However, further downstream the river Danube discharge regime is
changing, especially downstream from larger tributaries, such as Tisza and Sava rivers. Thus, the
histogram of monthly discharges on the Lower Danube is similar to those on the lower Sava and
Drina rivers, with two maximums during the year. Low discharges on the Danube River appear
during early autumn (September- October).
According to recent results in hydrological and climate modelling, both the probability and the
extent of extreme drought events during summers and extreme rain events during winters are
expected to increase. This applies also to the Danube River Basin and has therefore to be considered
in future flood action plans.
Through many centuries records of the occurrences of floods have been kept along the Danube
Valley. The most famous among these is the 1501 flood of the upper Danube, thought to be the
49
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
largest summer flood of the last millennium, causing extensive devastation down to Vienna, and
presumably, its impact was extreme downstream as far as the Danube Bend at Visegrád. Among the
ice jam-induced floods, that of 1838 has historical significance; it devastated several settlements
from Esztergom to Vukovar, including the towns Pest, Óbuda and the lower parts of Buda on the
territory of today’s Hungarian capital.
During the last century characteristic years when maximum flood levels occurred: 1902, 1924,
1926, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1954, 1965, 1970, 1974, 1991, and 2002. Table 2 shows numerical
values of maximum yearly discharges with 1% probability for mouth sections of the Danube and
main tributaries.
On the upper Danube the tributaries from the German low-range mountains with a stable flow
and no steep incline have relatively little influence on the river Danube as compared to the rivers
from the Alps: rivers Altmühl, Naab and Regen. The tributaries Iller, Lech, Isar and Inn on the right
bank were regulated from about 1840-1930.
Along about one third of the regulated length of the river, dams were built from 1880-1970.
Since 1890, numerous hydroelectric power plants were constructed along these rivers. At the river
Isar, the furthest-reaching flood control system was established for one of the larger tributaries
along the Danube in Germany through regulations, flood dikes and the Sylvenstein reservoir. A
system of discharges, redirection and hydroelectric power plants are in place to make use of the
runoff of the river Isar.
The Inn is the third largest by discharge and the seventh longest Danube tributary. At its mouth
in Passau it brings more water into the Danube than the latter itself. However, its catchment area of
26,130 km2 is only nearly half as big as that of the Danube at this point. The main tributary of the
Inn is the Salzach River. The Inn often dominates not only the mean flow but also the flood
discharge regime of the Danube. The river system is highly regulated.
The Austrian Danube with its main tributaries the Traun and Enns, due to the coincidence with
the Inn or upper Danube floods, are the source of major flood events at lower reaches. Flooding is
mostly limited to narrow valleys of the tributaries or limited floodplains along the main river. The
system of barrages has no direct influence on the flood regime of the Danube; however, it causes
acceleration of the propagation of flood waves.
The Morava/March river is a left-hand tributary of the Danube. Its catchment area extends to
26,658 km2 and covers parts of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria. Floods originate during
various precipitation situations. The upper parts of the catchments play the most significant role in
the floods; however, the floods may originate also in other parts of the catchment. The Pannonian
Central Danube, extending from the foothills of the Alps to the divide between the Danube and
Tisza rivers, consists of hilly country in Transdanubia, Hungary. There is only one significant river
(the Raab/Rába) and a few natural creeks on the territory; more important is the large system of
drainage and irrigation canals, which are controlled by pumping stations at the periphery. Flood
embankments protect from inundation floodplains of the Danube and tributaries in the Vienna
basin, Žitny Ostrov and the Danube Lowland (Podunajská nížina) in Slovakia on the left bank and
along the Hungarian (Pannonian) Lowlands in Hungary, Croatia and Serbia down to the Sava
mouth. Downstream of Bratislava (river km 1,868) to 1,811 km is the Gabčíkovo barrage system.
Downstream of the weir Čunovo (river km 1,851.1) the floodwater is divided between the power
canal and the 40-km-long old Danube channel. Thus, operation of the Gabčíkovo hydraulic
structures enables transformation of flood waves in the Danube River. Natural floodplains,
protected wetlands and Ramsar-sites such as Gemenc in Hungary and the Kopački Rit in Croatia
have certain importance in flood protection schemes.
Among the Slovak tributaries the Váh river is a left-hand tributary of the Danube, which enters
it at river kilometre 1,766. The Váh River Basin lies in the north and west part of Slovakia.
Reservoirs of the Váh River Basin water management system can effectively transform the peak
50
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
discharges of floods. In case of the coincidence of floods on the Danube and the Váh, the tributary
Váh may have some influence on flood conditions of the Danube downstream of the Váh mouth.
The Hron and Ipel’/Ipoly rivers have no significant influence on the Danube’s flood conditions, but
their valleys are in danger of floods.
The Drau/Drava is the fourth largest and fourth longest Danube tributary. It rises in the Southern
Alps in Italy but is the dominant river of southern Austria, eastern Slovenia, southern Hungary and
northern Croatia. Main sub-tributaries are Isel, Möll, Lieser and Gurk, in Austria and the Mur/Mura
with its mouth at the Croatian-Hungarian border. The flood protection scheme upstream of the
Mura’s mouth is interrelated with the chain of 22 hydropower plants, barrages and reservoirs in
Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. Downstream from the mouth of Mura, flood protection is based on
the system of flood embankments. During the last century large floods occured in 1964, 1965, 1966
and 1972.
The Tysa/Tisza/Tisa River Basin is the largest sub-basin in the Danube River Basin (157,186
km2). It can be divided into three main parts:
- the mountainous upper Tysa/Tisa in Ukraine and Romania (upstream of the UkrainianHungarian border),
- the Middle Tisza in Hungary (receiving the largest tributaries: Bodrog river and Slaná/Sajó
river collecting water from the Carpathian Mountains in Slovakia and Ukraine, as well as the
Somes/Szamos river, the Crisul/Körös
River System and Mures/Maros river draining Transylvania in Romania), and - the Lower Tisa
(downstream of the Hungarian-Serbian border, where it receives the Bega/Begej directly, and other
tributaries indirectly through the Danube – Tisza – Danube Canal System).
The Tysa/Tisza/Tisa River is also the longest tributary (966 km). Europe’s largest flood defence
network was created in the region with regulation of rivers, construction of flood embankments and
flood walls, system of drainage canals, pumping stations and designated flood detention reservoirs
(polders) completing the system.
The Sava River is the largest Danube tributary by discharge (average 1,564 m3/sec) and the
second largest by catchment area (95,419 km2). It rises in the western Slovenian Alps and passes
through the Croatian lowland before forming the border between Croatia and Bosnia- Herzegovina.
Continuing through Serbia-Montenegro it reaches its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade. Its
main sub-tributaries are Krka, Kolpa/Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Bosna, Drina and Kolubara. Currently the
flood protection in most parts of the Middle and Lower Sava basin relies on flood protection
embankments, as well as on natural retention areas. The natural detention and retention area, the
Lonjsko Polje (approx. 500 km2) in Croatia, is a nature park of European importance. During
the last century large floods occured on the Sava in 1933, 1964, 1966, 1990 and 1998.
Timis/Tamis and other small tributaries of Banat and Eastern Serbia have limited floodplains
protected by flood embankments. The Velika Morava river is the last which still has an influence on
the hydrological regime of the main river. An extensive 1,181km length of flood embankments
protects the floodplains of the river system.
The Iskar is the largest Danube tributary on Bulgarian territory. It springs from the Rila
mountain, flows through the outskirts of Sofia, crosses the Balkan Mountains and continues its 368
km course to the Danube. Its catchment area is 8,684 km2. Floodplains are limited due to narrow
valleys and high Danube banks.
Muntenian rivers Jiu, Olt, Arges, Ialomnita have a flood regime originating from the Southern
Carpathians. An extensive system of reservoirs serving primarily water supply and power
generation has an impact on the propagation of floods. Lower sections are protected by flood
embankments.
51
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
The Siret River Basin has the third largest catchment area and is situated to the east of the
Carpathians. Its source lies in Ukraine and it flows through the territory of Ukraine and Romania.
Its main subtributaries are Suceava, Moldova, Bistrita, Trotus, Barlad and Buzau.
The Prut river is the second longest (950 km) and the last tributary of the Danube, with its
mouth just upstream of the Danube Delta. Its source is in the Ukrainian Wood Carpathians. Later it
forms the border between Romania and Moldova. Main sub-tributaries are Ceremosh, Derelui,
Volovat, Baseu, Corogea, Jijia, Chineja, Ciugur and Lapusna. Floods occur every season. Although
the volumes of the spring floods caused by snowmelt dominate the annual flow regime, rainfallinduced floods usually exceed the spring flood level. The river water level is steadier in autumn
though significant floods may occur quite often. Some of the most dangerous floods have been
those of 1911, 1913, 1932, 1941, 1948, 1949, 1955, 1969, 1973, 1980 and 1998, developing in
autumn and spring, and rarely in winter. March is the month of most dangerous floods, because of
the snowmelt and abundant precipitation.
The Danube delta is mainly situated in Romania and partly in Ukraine.
The entire protected area covers 6,790 km2 including floodplains and marine areas. Flood
regime is governed by attenuated floods of the Danube.
52
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Yearly are carried out a number of about 25000 - 26000 physical - chemical, biological,
microbiological and radioactivity analyses.
53
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
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trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
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Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
The monitoring program of the Danube River, named Transnational Monitoring Network (TNMN)
includes: 78 control sections, 12 sampling frequencies and 52 quality parameters
54
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
The Danube River Basin can - based on its gradients - be divided into three sub-regions: the upper
basin, the middle basin, and the lower basin (including the Danube Delta).
Upper Basin
The Upper Danube has a rapid current of between 8 and 9 km/hour, due to the pronounced gradient
of the river bed. Its tributaries bring flow from the northern side of the Alps as wel as out of the
southern side of the Central European Highlands. Depths vary from 1 to 8 metres.
Middle Basin
In its middle reaches, the Danube looks more like a flatbed river, with around half the speed of the
Upper Danube, with low banks and a bed that reaches a width of more than 1.5 km. Only in two
stretches - at Visegrad (Hungary) and at the Iron Gates - does the river flow through narrow,
canyon-like gorges.
The Danube enters the Little Alföld Plain immediately after emerging from the Hungarian Gates
Gorge near Bratislava. There the river slows down abruptly and loses its transporting capacity,
leading to the deposition of enormous quantities of gravel and sand on the riverbed. This deposition
has formed two large islands, one on the Slovakian side of the river and the other on the Hungarian
side, which have a combined area of about 1,869 km², and are home to some 190,000 inhabitants in
more than 100 settlements.
The Danube then flows past Budapest and across the vast Great Alföld Plain until it reaches the Iron
Gate Gorge. The riverbed is shallow and marshy, and low terraces stretch along both banks.
Deposition has formed a large number of islands along these reaches, including Csepel Island near
Budapest. In this stretch the Danube is joined by the waters of three major tributaries - the Drava,
the Tisza and the Sava - which nearly triples its flow.
Lower Basin
Beyond the Iron Gates, the Lower Danube flows across a wide plain; the river becomes shallower
and broader, with several major islands, and the current slows down considerably. The tributaries
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that enter the main river along this section, including the Iskar, the Olt, the Yantra, the Siret and the
Prut are comparatively small and account for only a modest increase in the total flow rate.
The river finally divides into three main branches near Tulcea in Romania, some 80 km from the
sea, forming a delta extending over an area of about 6,500 km².
Maximum Danube flow
1954 is a banner year for upper basin of the Danube and medium: 10200 m3 / s at Krems (GermanAustrian border), 10,401 m3 / s in Bratislava (Slovak border austriaco-), 6811 m 3 / s at Mohacs (
ungaro-Serbian border), 10,360 m3 / s from Veliko Gradiste (Serbo-Romanian border) and 10,150
m3 / s at Fog Ismail (Delta).
City, parish, village
GIURGIU
BANEASA
GOSTINU
OINACU
Affected item
No. of houses:
- damaged
- wrecked
- in dander of falling
- dependencies no
- socio – economic objectives
- other
- bridges
- km DN
- km DJ-DC- 0,1
- km streets-0,1
- ha cultivated agricultural land -145
- km water and sewage network
- no wells
- nr. Hydro technical constr.
- km electrical network
- km telephony network
- ha pinery- 47,9
- buc. Damaged trees-29938
- mc wood- 360
- ha cultivated agricultural land 222,5
- ha agricultural land -208,0
- ha cultivated agricultural land -195
- ha agricultural land -600
- km water and sewage network
- ha pinery - 35,9
- Damaged trees -22438
- mc wood - 1268
-
ha cultivated agricultural land -535
ha agricultural land -400
ha pinery - 92,4 buc
Damaged trees -57750
mc wood- 169,3
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City, parish, village
PRUNDU
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
Affected item
- ha pinery - 6,3
- Damaged trees -3938
- mc wood - 537
GREACA
SLOBOZIA
MALU
VEDEA
GAUJANI
TOTAL
- ha pinery - 9,5
- Damaged trees -5938
- mc wood- 603
- ha cultivated agricultural land -271
- ha agricultural land -70
- ha pisciculture-140
- ha pinery - 25,1
- Damaged trees -15687
- mc wood- 1866
- ha cultivated agricultural land -40
- ha agricultural land -60
- ha pinery - 11,9
- buc. Damaged trees -7437
- mc wood- 473
- ha cultivated agricultural land -100
- ha agricultural land
- ha pinery - 31
- buc. Damaged trees - 19375
- mc wood- 390
- ha cultivated agricultural land -40
- ha pinery - 15,6
- buc. Damaged trees -9750
- mc wood- 180
- ha pinery - 11,9
- Damaged trees -7437
Nr. case din care:
- damaged
- wrecked -8
- in danger of falling
- dependencies no -3
- ha cultivated agricultural land 1548,5
- ha agricultural land -1338
- ha pisciculture-140
- ha pinery - 275,6
- Damaged trees -172251
- mc wood- 5846,3
Table 38 Flood affected
2.1. Bulgaria, hydrographic network and Danube’ s tributaries.
Following the principle of river basin management in the country stipulated in the Water Act,
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four river basin districts have been established in the country. They are as follows:
Danube River Basin District with headquarters in the town of Pleven;
Black Sea River Basin District with headquarters in the city of Varna;
East Aegean Sea River Basin District with headquarters in the city of Plovdiv, and
West Aegean Sea River Basin District with headquarters in the town of Blagoevgrad.
Figure 22 Bulgaria’s drainage area zones
Danube River Basin District with headquarters in the town of Pleven
The Danube River Basin District covers 45 % of the territory of Bulgaria and the predominant
part of Northern Bulgaria. An exception is the River Iskar, which originates in the Rila
mountain and gets water from the mountains of Vitosha, Plana, Lozenska Planina, Lyulin, the
southern slopes of the Balkan, between the Petrohan and Vitinya passes, crosses the Balkan through
the Iskar gorge and has tributaries from the northern slopes of the Balkan. The
network of Nishava River with its tributaries is located to the south of the Balkan’s ridge
The Danube River Basin District includes two main morphological and structural units: the
Danube plain, characterized by lowland and hilly-plateau relief and the northern slopes of the
Balkan mountain chain which is divided into two parts: Pre-Balkan and Main Balkan Chain.
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The main mountain chain has an average altitude of 900 m., and the Pre-Balkan – 384 m.
Figure 23 Danube river basin
As required by the WFD and encouraged by the ICPDR Bulgaria was among the countries in
the International Danube River Basin District which undertook extensive coordination
activities for common transboundary water bodies. One common water body with Romania
along the Danube river has been identified i.e. rkm 845,5-375,5. It falls into the category “river”
and is provisionally identified as a heavily modified water body following the criteria described in
Directive.
River basin district WB
Category
Total number Costal water River Lake HMWB
AWB
River Lake River Lake
Danube
236
0
160
0
35
28
0
13
Table 39 Water body number in Danube basin
Danube’s tributaries are :
Basin Ogosta –
Basin Yantra –
Basin Iskar
Basin Vit
Basin Osam
Basin Rusenski Lom
From witch Yantra si Ruseski Lom are situated in Ruse region.
The total number of significant morphological alterations in the Danube River Basin District is 214.
Hydroelectric dams - 53
Wiers >30cm. - 70
Flood defense dyke- 76
Number of water supply reservoir - 15 but 5 of them are for drinking water
(human consumption).
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2.2 Romania, hydrographic network and Danube’s tributaries
Giurgiu County corresponding hydrographic basin is Arges – Vedea Basin composed of three
basins:
Arges river basin
The Arges River Basin is located in the Southern part of Romania and delimitated to the North by
the Fagaras Mountains and to the South by the Danube River.
The Arges River Basin is bordered with the Olt River Basin in the North and West, the Vedea River
Basin in the West and the Ialomita River Basin in the East. The basin is elongated in shape and
oriented from NorthWest to SouthEast.
The Arges River Basin is a very well populated (over 3,3 million inhabitants in urban and rural
areas) and economically developed (industry, agriculture, forestry and natural resources) region in
the country.
The Arges River Basin is one of the most important hydrographic territories in Romania due to its
very high potential for hydropower generation and water supply (for industrial, irrigation and
population uses, including the Bucuresti Capital City that lays within the basin).
The Arges River Basin is one of the best-equipped river basins in the country with a large number
of reservoirs for power generation, flood control and water supply, river derivations for basinal and
inter-basinal water transfer, river regulation works and flood protection works, intakes, and others.
The Arges River Basin is administrated from water management point of view by the Arges-Vedea
Territorial Water Branch of the National Authority “Apele Române”.
Hydrography – water sources-resources and river network
Water sources and resources
Water resources found in the Arges River Basin are large, sufficient for the main users in the
region, but non-uniformly distributed in time and space.
The main water sources in the Arges River Basin are surface waters, represented by rivers and
storage lakes (reservoirs) and groundwaters (phreatic and deep waters).
The total theoretical water resources in the Arges River Basin are evaluated at 2656 million m3 (out
of wich 1960 million m3 originate from surface waters and 696 million m3 from groundwater).
About 85.5% from these theoretical resources are utilisable from technical point of view (2271
million m3 out of which 1671 million m3 originate from rivers, lakes and reservoirs and 600
million m3 from groundwater)
The level of utilisation of water resources in the basin is high, about 600 m3/capita.annum from
surface waters only.
About 77% of the surface waters from the basin are of the 1st quality category, 15% of the 2nd
category, 6% of the 3rd category and only 2% are degraded (in 2000).
Arges River network
The Arges River is an important inland river that springs in the Fagaras Mountains (with two
headstreams, namely the Capra and Buda small rivers), flows in the southern direction crossing the
hill area, the high- and low-lying plains, and finally discharges into the Danube River near the
Oltenita City, south of Bucuresti.
The Arges River is 340 km-long and has a total reception area of 12,550 km2. The main tributaries
of the Arges River are the Vâlsan, R. Doamnei, R. Târgului and Dâmbovita rivers on the left side of
the basin, and the Neajlov river on the right side of the basin.
The Dâmbovita River flows through Bucuresti Capital City in a lined canal that was completed in
1987-1989.
The river network in the Arges River Basin comprises a large number of rivers, with a total length
of 4579 km (5.8% from the total length of inland rivers in the country), as summarized in Table
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River
Length (km)
Reception area (km2)
Note
Arges
340
12550
flows through Pitesti
Vâlsan
79
348
R.
Doamnei
107
1836
R. Târgului 72
1096
Carcinov
43
184
Neajlov
186
3720
Dâmbovnic 110
639
Calnistea
112
1748
Glavacioc
120
682
Sabar
174
1346
Dâmbovita 286
2824
flows through Bucuresti
The river network density is 0.36 km/km2 in average and the maximum density is over 1.40
km/km2; it varies from 0.67 km/km2 in the upper part, to 0.51 km/km2 in the middle part, and to
0.30 km/km2 in the lower part of the basin.
The river slope ranges from 10% in the mountain areas, to 1-0.4% in the hill areas and to less than
0.1% in the plain areas.
A 28 km-long derivation network (tunnels, galleries and open canals) is actually in function in the
Arges River Basin.
The main multipurpose reservoirs that were completed in the Arges River Basin are given in Table
3.
The Vidraru is the largest reservoir in the basin, completed in 1965 at 465 million m3 capacity, for
hydropower generation.
Below Vidraru Dam a cascade of nine reservoirs was completed along the Upper Arges River,
mainly for power generation and water supply (industrial, irrigation and domestic use).
Other large reservoirs in the basin are Pecineagu (69 million m3) and Vacaresti (54.1 million m3) in
the Dâmbovita River and Râusor (60 million m3) in the Târgului River.
The Ogrezeni reservoir was completed in the Lower Arges River in 1997 for water supply to
Bucuresti while for its flood protection the Lacul Morii reservoir in the Dâmbovita River was built
up in 1987
Reservoir
Dam
Reservoir
Dam
River
Capacity
(mil m3)
Surface
Purpose
(ha)
Type
Height Year
(m)
Vidraru
Arges
465
1000
PG
A
166
Oiesti
Arges
1.8
42
PG
G, E 20
1967
Cerbureni
Arges
1.65
35
PG
G, E 18
1968
Curtea de
Arges
Arges
1.1
26
PG
G, E 19
1970
Zigoneni
Arges
13.3
165
WS,PG
G, E 29
1973
Vâlcele
Arges
54.8
640
WS,PG,FC,I G, E 35
1975
Budeasa
Arges
54.9
643
WS,PG,FC,I G, E 33
1978
Bascov
Arges
5.1
140
WS,PG,I
G, E 21
1970
Prundu-
Arges
4.5
141
WS,PG,FC,I G, E 20
1971
1965
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Pitesti
Golesti
Arges
78.5
680
WS,PG,FC,I G, E 32
1983
Zavoiu
Orbului
Arges
16.1
280
FC,I
G, E 20
1988
Ogrezeni
Arges
7.6
241
WS,FC,I
G, E 13
1997
Maracineni Doamnei
38.5
380
PG,FC
G, E 20
1982
Baciu
Doamnei
0.68
5.8
PG
A
34
1966
Vâlsan
Vâlsan
0.18
1.5
PG
A
24
1966
Pecineagu
Dâmbovita 69
182
WS,PG,I
E
105
1984
Lacul Morii
Dâmbovita 19.41
246
FC,I,R
G, E 15
1987
Vacaresti
Dâmbovita 54.1
730
WS,PG,FC,I
MB,
E
1989
Satic
Speriata
Dâmbovita 0.1
18
PG
G, E 19
Râusor
Târgului
190
WS,PG,I
E
60
26
120
1987
Main reservoirs in the Arges River Basin
Reservoir purpose: FC – flood control PG – power generation WS – water supply
I – irrigation F – fishing R – recreation
Dam type: A – arch G – gravity E – earth R – rockfill MB – mobile barrage
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Figure 24 Spatiul hidrografic Arges -Vedea
Major disaster analysis in Bulgaria.
At the end of May and beginning of June 2005, the Republic of Bulgaria experienced severe floods
after torrential rainfalls, causing infrastructural damages to roads and bridges as well as to
agriculture. From just starting to recover from the heavy flooding, continuous and heavy rains have
been falling ever since the beginning of July reaching up to 106 litres per square meters within a
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few days. As a result the rivers Yantra, Kamchia, Russenski Lom and their subsidiary streams in the
Northeast and Central part of Bulgaria, increased their level and overflowed their riverbeds.
Bulgaria has a population of 7.974.000 inhabitants with 68.4% of people living in urban areas
(census,2001) with Sofia as the capital. The country covers 110993.6 km2 and consists mainly of
mountainousterrain with lowlands in the North and Southeast.
The Yantra, Kamchia, Russenski Lom rivers and their subsidiary streams flooded with damage to
264.462 decar1 of cultivable land. More than 100 villages and about 30 municipalities of the
following eight regions were affected by the flooding: Targovishte, Rousse (bordering Romania),
Velico Tarnovo, Stara Zagora, Haskovo, Pazardzik, Shoumen and Bourgas and some municipalities
of the Vratza, Silistra and Lovech regions.
About 45.000 people were affected by the flooding; of which an estimated 10.000 people directly
affected and almost 6.000 people were evacuated from their houses
No deaths have been reported. No major outbreaks have been reported to date. Only minor injuries
mainly due to the clean-up have been reported.
Table 40 Situation of affected areas
The overflowing rivers flooded the fields and many houses. Around 30 municipalities suffered the
most severe infrastructure damage, including to bridges, and suffered heavy damages to their
railways.
The main impact of the flooding has been on infrastructure and agriculture, which accounted for the
biggest losses and had repercussions on the general economy of the area. According to the State
Agency of Civil Protection, the damage in country due to floods is estimated to be approximately
150 million leva (approx. 75 million Euros) and the country has appealed to the EU for major
capital investment.
An estimated 3.500 houses (public and private) have been completely or partially damaged (Annex
1) and people moved to temporary shelters, mostly in schools and host families. Many of them do
not even have the most basic of items. No major damage is reported of the health facilities and
schools. Landslides have occurred in several regions undermining bridges and asphalt cover of local
and regional roads. The railway lines connecting Sofia with the north of the country -Targovishte
and Shoumen – were flooded and trains were out of action in several locations hampering
accessibility to the affected areas.
The most significant damage affected agricultural production in rural villages. Cultivated lands that
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normally provide basic food items for families were also flooded and contaminated by septic pits.
The resulting economic losses affected a wider population than just those directly exposed to the
flood waters leaving people in a very difficult situation, especially vulnerable groups.
National response
A State of emergency was declared in the affected areas of the country. The Government
established an intersectoral Coordination Committee at a central level, headed by the Minister
without Portfolio. The Civil Protection regional units were mobilized and activated local networks.
The regions and municipal coordination committees were headed by the respective mayors, and
involved all relevant municipal and regional institutions and sectors, including the public health
officials. They were assisted by the Bulgarian Red Cross Emergency Response teams at regional
and municipal level. The unaffected municipalities placed their human and material resources at the
disposal of the affected areas.
The Ministry of Health (MoH) responded promptly from the beginning of the flooding at central
level with its Directorate of Defence and Mobilization Preparedness, the National Medical
Coordination Center and at regional level in the affected areas with its Regional Inspectorates for
Public Health Protection (RIPHP)2 and the Regional Health Centers, in coordination with other
governmental bodies, in particular the State Agency for Civil Protection and its regional branches.
Immediate assessment and urgent rescue and search activities were conducted by the State Agency
for Civil Protection, together with the health authorities and other government and private
stakeholders in the main affected areas.
Socio economic analysis of flood and the impact on life quality
The majority of the rural villages have only a one-system approach to canalisation for sewage and
irrigation and drainage purposes. Local inhabitants interviewed have stressed that the canalisation
systems are apparently not maintained effectively and in respect to health the issue of single
canalisation as opposed to dual would appear to exacerbate the risk of flooding with sewerage.
Lack of maintenance of the river beds is a further problem in these regions and may have lead to
increased flooding and again a single sewerage/drainage system may have received less attention
Figure 25 River bed
In a flooding situation, the following are the areas that can impact health and need to be assessed:
- Water
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- Sanitation and Hygiene
- Vector Control
- Epidemiological surveillance and basic health care
- Chemical Hazards
- Food
- Public Awareness
Water
In the affected areas, the water supply came from 3 places; town water supply network, community
networks from springs and shallow wells in private houses.
The majority of rural villages are receiving water from community networks and from the town
supply. Exact figures of those receiving water from networks and those from shallow wells of
private houses could not be ascertained, during the period of the assessment, but generally it was
stated that most of the houses were connected to water supply network systems. Noting the damage
to the houses, the physical integrity of the water supply network should be verified to avoid cross
contamination.
Even if the water supply was not disrupted, the wells in private houses were largely contaminated
by sewage water coming out of the tanks of external toilets in the flooded rural areas and because of
the rise of underground water
The population was warned by the local authorities about the risk of possible water contamination
and advised to use only mineral water, which was another burden on the very limited income of
rural families.
Nevertheless, several people interviewed informed us that they were continuing to drink the water
from the tap at home and an increased of water born diseases could be expected.
Hyper chlorination of the town water supply network is regularly conducted as well as sampling
(three times a day). Hyper chlorination also took place in villages with community networks; this
was complemented by an offer of the RIPHP to instruct the village leaders in the importance of
chlorinating their reservoirs.
Sanitation and hygiene
Water waste disposal (sewerage and drainage canalization systems) In the towns sewerage flow into
underground canalisation systems which then travels into open canalisation trenches outside of the
towns and then into the rivers.
In the majority of the affected rural villages there is no system for sewage disposal. Sewage systems
flow into open canals and latrines. No sewage treatment exists. In the villages latrines both open
and closed septic pits are used. The majority of them were flooded, dependent on their level.
Solid waste disposal
Waste collection services have been continuing a normal service. Villages have less structured
methods of waste collection. During the flooding period, waste and damaged furniture were moved
to landfill sites which were not affected.
In Rousse region, the Civil Protection has mobilized several water pumps from the Montana region.
At the time of the assessment, the majority of the houses and the streets had almost dried up and
the first phase of disinfection had been carried out.
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Communities are complaining of rats, snakes, frogs and insects in the gardens surrounding the
houses. As the dampness in flooded houses may stay for weeks, mould may be a problem in the
near future and disinfection activities should be continued.
A shortage of disinfectants was identified both at regional and community level. A large supply of
these is among the items listed in the appeal launched from the State Civil Protection to
international partners.
During this period waste and damaged furniture were moved to landfills, which were not affected.
Teams consisting of the regional Civil Protection units have been mobilized and assisted by the Red
Cross Emergency Response Teams. The unaffected municipalities have also put their human and
material resources at the disposal of the affected areas.
Vector control
Mosquitoes are widely spread in the rural areas affected by the flooding. Flooding may force
breeding into less usual grounds, such as water tanks in houses and pooled flood water around
houses.
Malaria was eradicated in the 1965s in Bulgaria. Since than only imported malaria cases have been
reported.
Rotting vegetation in the fields that were flooded is beginning to smell and is already forming
breeding grounds for insects and possible illness in grazing animals that may eat them. In addition
the weather remains dull and wet currently providing a good environment for propagation of
mosquitoes and insects. Dead animals and rotting vegetation are becoming new breeding grounds
for insects
Epidemiological surveillance and basic health care
A protocol for the daily routine collection of epidemiological data exists at regional and community
level. A communicable disease surveillance system is in place. No outbreaks or any significant
variation of the trend of communicable diseases and especially water born diseases has been
reported in recent months or during and after the floods.
Epidemiological data of the last three months provided at regional level by the RIPHP of Rousse
region have been reviewed and compared with the same months in 2004: no significant variations
have been observed.
The RIPHP of both regions are aware of the potential risk for communicable diseases with a short
incubation period, including Hepatitis A.
The absence of any outbreak or increased cases of communicable diseases at the moment should
not minimise the potential threat of an epidemic, therefore close monitoring of the public health
situation of the affected areas should be continued.
The reporting of suspected cases of communicable diseases has been done through direct phone
calls to RIPHP and/or fast notification report by the medical practitioners in the villages on a daily
basis, based on clinical diagnosis, and not waiting for confirmation from laboratories following
notification. This method is allowing for identification of trends of epidemics.
The RIPHP will continue monitoring the trend of communicable diseases and extra vigilance of
population toward short incubation period diseases will continue for several months in the affected
areas.
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Chemical hazard
No industries that may use chemicals agents were present in the affected or neighbouring areas.
Pesticide and fertiliser use is occurring in the area due to its agricultural nature. From the
interviews, it appeared that huge quantities of pesticides are not generally stored at home or farm
level, and are only bought when needed.
Food
Food has not been a problem as yet, although family food storage kept in basements was flooded.
Possible mould growth on stored foods, either as a result of the floods or the dampness may occur
Public information
In the villages that are receiving water from the community supply network systems the risk of
contaminated water was not perceived as an issue by the population as they received water from
underground water sources. Even if the population was warned by the local authorities about the
risk of possible water contamination and advised to use only mineral water, several people
interviewed informed us that they were continuing to drink the water from the tap at home.
Major destructive events in Romania
1.1 Meteorological characteristics of 2005
Year 2005 was characterized by a lower heat in the country with 0.10 C than normal climate in the
reference period (1961-1990). Approaching normal values was due to the fact that during the heat
of the country was characterized by positive deviations between 0.2-2.40C in six months of the year
(January, May, July-September, December) and presented lower values with 0.3 - 2.60C in the
other six months of the year: February to April, June, October, November
Throughout the country in 2005 the average rainfall was 866.5 mm (from the normal
climatological-647.0 mm). Quantities of precipitation, in excess of the months January to May,
July-September, December and the poor in the months of June, October, November have made the
annual pluviometric present a surplus of 33.9%, compared to the reference period
In January the heat was above normal values almost throughout the country, only in isolated
mountainous area it was close to normal values. Pluviometric regime was surplus in the north,
central, south-east and mostly south of the country. In limited areas of the country's west and east,
precipitation was below normal values, and the rest of the territory were included in the normal.
In February the heat was below normal values, and the surplus was pluviometric. During the
month, throughout the country to maintain a consistent layer of snow. It was outdated the largest
amount of monthly rainfall for the month of February, the weather stations located in the south and
south-eastern country. Was also exceed the maximum quantity of rainfall fell in 24 hours,
meteorological stations in Baia Mare (37.8 mm) and Adamclisi (23.5 mm).
68
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
In March, the heat was below normal values in the northwest, west and center of the country, and
was otherwise close to normal values for this month. It was outdated the largest amount of rainfall
of the month in March, the weather stations Bailesti (118.2 mm) and Cuntu (130.9 mm). Maximum
amount of rainfall fell in 24 hours has been exceeded at meteorological stations: Bailesti (102.4
mm), Bucin (36.8 mm), Rosia Montana (22.6 mm), Sannicolau Sea (24.2 mm), Syria (30.5 mm).
April, in the heat was close to the normale.Regimul pluviometric was odd in Maramures, Crisana,
Banat, Transylvania and the northern Moldavia and Dobrogea, Muntenia and lacking in normal in
the rest of the territory.
It was outdated the largest amount of rainfall of the month in April, precipitation exceeds 200 mm
fallen from weather stations: Oravita (226.4 mm) Resita (205.3 mm), Lugoj (201.2 mm),
Caransebes (200.6 mm) - in Banat and moldova at Radauti (125.6 mm). It was outdated the
maximum cumulated rainfall in 24 hours for the April weather stations: Resita (79.2 mm),
Caransebes (67.6 mm), Bozovici (66.4 mm), Timisoara (63.0 mm), etc..
In May temperatures were close to normal values in the south and east of the country and have
exceeded the normal climate in most regions of central and west. Pluviometric regime was odd in
Moldova, Muntenia, Oltenia southeast, south-eastern Transylvania, lacking in most of the country's
northwest and Dobrogea, and otherwise normal. It was outdated the largest amount of rainfall of
May, the weather station: PENTELEU (159.9 mm) and Slatina (162.3 mm). Precipitation fallen in
12 hours from items recorded in pluviometric: Halos-Casin (218 l / m²), Dofteana (184 l / mp) and
Magura (170 l / m²).
It was outdated the maximum cumulated rainfall in 24 hours for the month of May, weather
stations: Slatina (50.6mm), Targoviste (137.6 mm), Sacueni (53.0 mm), Toplita (42.0 mm), Sighetu
Marmatiei (43.6 mm )
In June, the heat was normal, except the eastern and south-eastern country, where was below
normal values. Rainfall amounts were local surplus in Moldova, eastern and southern Oltenia
Transylvania deficiency in north-west, west, south-west of the country and in normal rest. It was
outdated maximum amount of rainfall fell in 24 hours for June, the weather stations Baisoara (66.2
mm) and Tg. Lapus (43.8 mm). There is the lower minimum and maximum temperatures daily
series of observations of weather stations in most references. In the mountains of snow.
July monthly average temperature was above normal values in most of the country except the south
where it was normal. In general, in the first decade of the month have been the lower temperature
maximum and minimum daily and in the last decade have achieved the highest maximum and
minimum temperatures in the daily series of observations. It was outdated the largest amount of
rainfall of July, with significant amounts of rainfall from meteorological stations: Bacles (202.0
mm), Baile Herculane (225.1 mm), Bucin (223.3 mm), Corugea (214.6 mm), Galati (210.1 mm),
Jurilovca (217.1 mm), Medgidia (149.9 mm), Negresti (212.2 mm), Székelyudvarhely (235.6 mm),
Tg. Logresti (210.3 mm), Voineasa (222.9 mm), Câmpu's Neag (165 l / m²).
In the intervals 1-19.07, 23-24.07, 27-28.07 have rain with the thunderstorm, accompanied by
electrical discharges, the increase of wind and hail, significant amounts (over 100 mm.) Were
recorded locally in the north and in Dobrogea west and south of Moldova (even over 150 mm in
small areas of the counties Bacau, Vrancea, Galati). Precipitations were quantitatively important in
most of the country (31 counties), causing floods, loss of life and significant material damage.
In August, the average temperature was around the normal values, with positive deviations in
coastal, Danube Delta, the Eastern Carpathians and negative, local, south and west of the country.
Precipitation during the month were frequent rains having torrential nature and quantity of water
fell in 24 hours have exceeded the maximum quantities of August, especially in Moldova, Oltenia,
Muntenia, Maramures, Transylvania and Banat Crisana, precipitation was accompanied by
intensification of the issue of wind storm. In the high mountain snow.
69
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
In September, the heat was above normal values in the northwest, north and south-east of the
country was below normal values in the south, in the rest of falling in the normal.
Pluviometric regime was surplus in the southern, southeastern, southwestern Romania,
Transylvania and East lacking on small areas in the north, northeast and east of the country. Rains
were torrential character, being recorded significant amounts (over 200 mm) in the central part of
the Romanian Plain, eastern and southern Plateau getic coast. Exceptional amounts of rainfall were
recorded in Mangalia: 330.4 mm. (climatological normal = 32.0 mm) and Bucharest Filaret: 316.5
mm. (climatological normal = 44.8 mm).
In October, average temperature was around normal values. Pluviometric regime has been lacking
in most of the surplus country and in the northeast and southeast. At meteorological stations:
Bucharest-Baneasa, Bucharest, Filaret, Fetesti, Slobozia, Titu and Baile Herculane, was exceed the
maximum quantity of rainfall of October.
In November, the heat was below normal values almost throughout the country and in the northwest
and southeast ranged in normal limits. Pluviometric regime has been lacking in the west and
northwest of the country, surplus in the south-east, central and local level in the east, and the rest
was normal.
In December, average monthly temperatures were above normal values in the south and east of the
country and close to normal values in rest. Pluviometric regime was surplus in the north-west, west
and center of the country, local poor in the South and in normal rest.
Almost all of the months were overrun DEFENSE of quotas on water courses, the most important
flood-recording is in the April-September 2005, when occurred viituri most important rivers, some
with historical rates, which included extensive areas and led to loss of human life and material
damage is particularly important.
Although in the past 40-50 years have produced viituri most important river basins, never in the
past 100 years, viituri were stretched on so long of time (from February till September). Also viituri
previous highlights of which are those produced in 1970 and 1975, were held on areas much smaller
than those produced in 2005.
The Danube had a great evolution in the spring of 2005 (March-May), average flow entering the
country recording a maximum of 12,900 m / s in April. In March, the maximum flow was 12,500
cubic meters / s and in May of 10,800 cm / s. These have led to flooding of farms in the Danube
Delta and urgent measures have led to defend the city Sulina controlled by practicing a Flaw in
power Sulina season - St. George - Sonda area.
The lower values of the flow entering the country (around the value of 3000 m3 / s) were recorded
in November. These low flows led to some hydrometric stations on the Romanian sector of Danube
(downstream of Iron Gates) levels below navigable level shares (hydrometric stations Gruia, Calafat
and Giurgiu).
Flood effects
Floods of flux of the courses of water discharges and damage of dams and accumulation of small
leaks on slopes and dangerous weather phenomena (especially intensification of wind, hail and
electrical discharges), produced in 2005 have affected the country and 1734 localities, the total
damage is estimated at USD 5,975,201.5 thousand people have died 76. Were damaged 93,976
houses and annexes household, 1063 social and economic objectives, and over 656,392 ha
agricultural land were affected.
Infrastructure has suffered major damage, the damage recorded at 9860.63 km county and
communal roads, 560.4 km of national roads, 2465.84 kilometers streets in localities, 2644.9 km
forest roads, bridges and footbridge 9113, 23.8 km railway networks of water supply, electricity and
70
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
telephone networks. He was also severely damaged a number of 630 hydro construction role with
the defense against floods, mainly dams, consolidations and defense sides, adjustment of water
rates, which required urgent restoration works.
In 2005, most affected by floods and dangerous weather phenomena (depending on the size of the
damage) were the counties of: Vrancea (507841.9 thousand USD), Buzau (462227.5 thousand
USD), Timis (406,069.3) Caras-Severin (363209.8 thousand USD), Bacau (338641.9 thousand
USD), Teleorman (320122.6 thousand USD), Mehedinti (258224.7 thousand USD), Olt (220672.1
thousand USD), Galati (214,470 , 4 thousand USD), Botosani (209215.0 thousand USD), Dolj
(203397.1 thousand USD), Suceava (202,092.0 thousand USD), Satu Mare (195276.9 thousand
USD).
Damage situation at Giurgiu county
.
Table 41 produced damages in Giurgiu County
The main causes of flood occurrence, were as follows:
 fall significant amounts of precipitation (accumulated from 200 l / mp), which in the
spring were superimposed over the existing layer of snow (in some areas it exceeds 1
m), leading to exceptional volumes of water wave (on the river Timis in the Sag,
wave volume was 770 million cubic meters., exceeding that of 2000, which was 250
million cubic meters)
 damage dams as a result of flow products, which exceeded the flow Calculation of
the projected dams, and a time of extremely high demand of them (over 20 days, up
to 5 days in defending general phenomena and infiltrations
 Flaw in the creation of accumulation of fishery management councils and local
individuals as a result of poor maintenance, clogging or to make unauthorized level
rising;
 clearing forests and making inappropriate agricultural works of facilitating
processes of erosion and lead to increasing the rate of leakage versions and
involvement of large quantities of alluvial;
71
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
 Lack of ditches drain water or pluvial maintenance of existing infrastructure in
many rural localities
 clogging, of sewerage networks lack of villages maintenance , which are inadequate
arrangements torrential leaks
 house construction in food area without construction permit
 lack of awareness by local government and by the population of authority and the
measures to be taken in emergency situations generated by floods and dangerous
weather phenomena.
Flood impact on life quality
Economy
If we use GDP per capita as one of the main macroeconomic indicators, Bulgaria and Romania have
the lower economic efficiency in the EU. As a result, citizens of Bulgaria and Romania have the
lowest standard of living. The difference between living standards in the two countries and the EU
is bigger than the difference between GDP's corresponding per capita. In recent years, the post of
the two countries was marked by high growth rates and good economic recovery, but they generate
a substantial increase of income level households.
Figure 26 GDP level in Romania and Bulgaria (Eurostat 2003)
Bulgaria and Romania has a high level of gaps in terms of standard of living, recording levels of 3.9
and 3.4 on the index gaps (based on six items deemed necessary living). In this respect, the two
countries comes into sharp contrast with the six countries with lower incomes, which have an
overall index of 2.5 gaps, especially with countries in the EU25, which registered an index of gaps 1
, 0. The gaps are measured based on six items that a household can not allow: a proper house
warming, a meal with meat once
two days, if desired, replace the outworn furniture, purchasing new clothes rather than second-hand,
money for a week of leave per year to invite to dinner or a drink at friends or relatives at least once
a months. Gaps Index is an attempt to construct indices to measure poverty, which exclude separate
minimum standard of living. The study revealed that many people are not satisfied these basic needs
in Bulgaria and Romania.
72
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
General economic conditions prevailing in Bulgaria and Romania and influence the extent to which
households produce their own food. In both countries, more than half of residents have stated that
maintain or grow crops for animal to ensure its food needs. In Bulgaria, 64% of households in the
cvartila lower income based on their production activities to ensure the food needs of food in the
household, in Romania, the situation is even more acute, with 75% of the poorest households
relying on its own production to ensure food needs. Corresponding figures for the six EU countries
with lower incomes and for the EU25 are significantly lower, 56% and 19% of households in
cvartila the lowest incomes, relying on own production to ensure food needs. This type of
subsistence agriculture represents a limited and short-term to difficult life conditions in Bulgaria
and Romania. Although it has proved a useful survival strategy, it can not be considered a solution
in the long term development of the two countries towards knowledge based economy.
This in itself shows that the influence of destructive natural phenomena such as floods is significant
quality of life, affecting the very source of obtaining the necessary food.
Floods affecting both the land underlying obtain basic food and livestock in individual households
in the decentralized system in two ways: by the material damage that the death of animals due
viituri (death by drowning as a rule) and the second by reducing the significant feed them, being
part of the culture in general animal feed.
Health and healthcare
Good health is a prerequisite for good quality of life health
population in Bulgaria and Romania are below the EU25 average. 15% and 16% of respondents in
Bulgaria and Romania have declared a state of poor health - approximately twice the EU25 average.
Moreover, one quarter of the population in Bulgaria and Romania stated that chronic illness or has a
disability prevents to some extent to lead an active and independent life.
Elderly citizens of Bulgaria and Romania are often a poor state of health. Groups with low incomes,
the unemployed, those with poor and those living in urban areas are more likely to have health
problems. Except for the urban population, the level of satisfaction towards their own health status
in all the groups mentioned below national average
.
Besides the food factor that resulted in health insurance in case of flood risk are epidemiologically
the most important aspect in case of natural disasters with floods in the following major
components:
- Risk of pollution due to sources of drinking water especially in areas where there is no centralized
system of water supply
- The health risk due to development of insects carrying virus
- Risk of soil contamination with chemicals, followed by direct contact with them, go here and
contamination caused by discharge tanks (mostly non-organic)
To mention that in the interviews in the study on the Romanian territory in the border area before
the floods have had an impact on health in significant damage consisting mainly in the material
damage from a leak under the dam body defense against flooding along the Danube River.
The mayors interviewed mentioned that people have not been affected directly, no dead or injured
following the historical flow recorded on the Danube.
Also people interviewed mentioned only loss materials referring to crops in that year, but also
stating that the phenomena of infiltration is not a problem disappear, with minor exceptions every
73
Studiu privind fenomenele naturale distructive din
Judetul Giurgiu in special a inundatiilor din regiunea
trasnsfrontaliera Giurgiu-Ruse
Elaborator: S.C.ECO CONCRETE S.R.L
Beneficiar: CONSILIUL JUDETEAN GIURGIU
spring produces such phenomena with the increasing level of Delta.
Another matter which is in close connection with the first and is represented by increasing water
levels in groundwater drillings for water supply (drilling individual) in the first general groundwater
aquifers whose execution technically is precarious
.
Regarding the analysis of the prospects of house removal study’s designer did not consider such a
measure because of the fact that no construction (houses) next to the dam defense against floods,
the area flooded, hearth villages situated on a high rate area prone to floods.
The possibility of removal of settlements as Gostinu and Oinacu can be taken into account in the
event of a major failure of the dam but is in good condition being maintained by Anif (National
Agency for land improvements).
Another problem reported by the village mayor is Gostinu bank erosion in the Danube riverbed to
increase its current distance between the dam and defense Developed at reaching 10-20 m. This
may present a risk of erosion a dam in case of levels increased Delta.
This problem has been responsible authorities and are expected remedial measures means
strengthening the bank on the project should be conducted in collaboration with the County Council
Giurgiu and Anif
Sector of the Danube in Bulgaria do not experience such problems mainly due to natural terrain,
which has much higher rates compared to the Delta.
Infiltration phenomena not affect population, protection forest located in major riverbed is in very
good condition.
74