Download Top 10 Bacterial Infections

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There are 3
bacterial forms
1. Cocci: Spherical
(round)
2. Bacillus: rod shaped
3. Spirillus: Spiral
There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped
1. Bacillus: rod shaped - is a
gram-negative
1.
2.
3.
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus
anthracis.
Bacilli are resistant to heat,
cold, radiation, desiccation,
and disinfectants
Bacilli are resistant to heat,
cold, radiation, desiccation,
and disinfectants
By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found
on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme
(1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916
There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped
ENDOSPORES
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/figure/A941/?report=objectonly
1. Bacillus: rod shaped
1.
2.
3.
Are extremely resilient due to
having endospores
An endospore is a dormant,
tough, and non-reproductive
structure produced by certain
bacteria
Endospores enable bacteria
to lie dormant for extended
periods, even centuries.
Revival of spores millions of
years old has been claimed.
Cross section of a Bacillus spore.
There are 3 bacterial forms - Cocci: round
1. Cocci: Spherical (round)
1.
Staphylococcus aureus
1.
2.
causes a variety of
infections in the body,
including boils, cellulitis,
abscesses, wound
infections, toxic shock
syndrome, pneumonia, and
food poisoning.
Streptococcal bacteria
1.
cause a variety of infections
in the body, including
pneumonia, meningitis, ear
infections, and strep throat.
By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found
on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme
(1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916
There are 3 bacterial forms - Spirillum: (spiral)
1. Spirillum: (spiral)
 All are aquatic except for one
species (S. minus) that causes a
type of rat-bite fever in man.
 Spirillum is a gram-negative,
motile helical cell with flagella at
each end.
By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found
on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme
(1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916
There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped
1. Spirillum: (spiral)
 Spirochetes –
 Some of these cause
 Lyme disease
 Syphillis
http://www.ppdictionary.com/gnbac.htm
Cyanobacteria
 Cyanobacteria, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through
photosynthesis.
 The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός
(kyanós) = blue).
 They are often called blue-green algae, although the name is sometimes
considered a misnomer because cyanobacteria are prokaryotes and the term
"algae" is often reserved for eukaryotes.
 Are considered gram-negative bacteria.
Cyanobacteria
How did cyanobacteria contribute to life on Earth?
 Many Proterozoic oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria.
 They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice
and beans.
 The other great contribution of the cyanobacteria is that they were the
precursors to plants.
 They changed the early atmosphere through photosynthesis.
 Chloroplasts in plants is a symbiotic cyanobacterium.
Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills
about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.
 Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as
pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and
Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as
Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause
infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.
Bacterial Diseases - Tetanus
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It enters the body via an open
wound and releases a powerful toxin, tetanospasmin. The incubation period lasts
from 2 days to several weeks. This infection causes fever, pain, spasms of the neck
and jaws. The treatment includes sedation, administration of muscle relaxing
chemicals, antibiotics and antitoxins. The vaccine confers immunity for 5 years; in
the case of profound wounds, injections with antitoxins are required.
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Bacterial Diseases - Typhoid fever
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica. The sources of infection
are represented by contaminated water and food. The incubation lasts 7 to 14 days, then
fever, headaches, constipation and diarrhea install. The treatment consists of antibiotics.
 To avoid this infection, food must be processed and manipulated in hygienic conditions.
The vaccine confers limited immunity. This disease usually accompanies wars. A huge
typhus pandemic broke out during the First World War in the Eastern Europe. Since 1914,
over 20 million people died of typhus.
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Bacterial Diseases - Cholera
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Humans take the bacterium
from water infested with human feces
 Causes chronic diarrhea, dehydration, loss of liquids and salts. These losses must
be replaced. The vaccine confers limited protection, that's why hygiene is the
main method of controlling cholera.
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Bacterial Diseases - black plague
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague broke out in Europe in 1347,
when a boat coming from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its load, the
ship transported the pest, which soon spread throughout Italy. It was like the end
of the days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed 20 to 30 million
Europeans, about one third of the continent's population. Even the remote
Iceland was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled from 123 million
inhabitants at the beginning of the 13th century to just 65 million during the 14th
century, because of the pest and hunger.
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Bacterial Diseases - black plague
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague broke out in Europe in 1347,
when a boat coming from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its load, the
ship transported the pest, which soon spread throughout Italy. It was like the end
of the days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed 20 to 30 million
Europeans, about one third of the continent's population. Even the remote
Iceland was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled from 123 million
inhabitants at the beginning of the 13th century to just 65 million during the 14th
century, because of the pest and hunger.
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Bacterial Diseases - black plague
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 The pest bacterium is transmitted by fleas and, usually, the infection jumps from rats to
humans. The incubation lasts 2 to 10 days. The disease causes fever, swelling of the lymphatic
ganglions and skin. Today, antibiotics can treat plague. The vaccine confers limited immunity.
 This catastrophe has no match in the human history. 25 to 50 % of the inhabitants of Europe,
North Africa and certain Asian areas died back then. Knowing the cause of the pandemic
helped: in 1907, an outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco produced just several victims,
as the authorities started a massive campaign for exterminating the rats, while in 1896 an
outbreak in India caused 10 million deaths in 12 years, as the cause was not known.
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Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallida, is the most severe sexually
transmitted bacterial infection. The first stage has an incubation of 3-12 weeks
and it induces ulcered lesions (syphilis chancre) at the entrance of body's
aperture organ. After that, it triggers skin eruptions, fever, hair loss, less severe
hepatitis and genital condilloma, but if untreated, the lesions extend in several
years to the nervous system, leading to death.
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Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 The treatment consists in extremely powerful antibiotics (ceftriaxone, Cefixime,
and others) which are also extremely costly. Antibiotics are most effective in the
first stages. People must avoid having sex with probable carriers of the infection;
it requires immediate treatment, ceasing sexual contacts until the end of the
treatment and informing of the recent sexual contacts, for medical control and
treatment.
Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Gonorrhea is triggered by the Neisseria bacteria and it is transmitted sexually. 62
million people, aged mainly 15 to 29, are affected worldwide, especially in urban
areas and of low socioeconomic level.
 The incubation lasts 3 days, and in men, gonorrhea produces urinary
incontinence, urethra pain, reddening, penis burning sensation and testicle
inflammation. In women, it induces severe pain that reaches the trumps and
uterus. The treatment uses antibiotics and prevention is similar to syphilis.
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Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Tuberculosis is caused by the Koch bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). It is
as old as the humankind is. TBC was found even in mummies coming from the
ancient Egypt and Peru. 2 million people die annually of tuberculosis. About 150
million people are estimated to have died of TBC since 1914.
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Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 One third of the people carry the Koch bacterium, which spreads through the air
and milk from infested cows and affects all the body, especially the lungs. It
induces prolonged coughing, fever, shivering, bloody expectoration, weight loss,
sweating, tiredness, and glossy eyes.
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Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 It infects one third of the world population and each year another new 8 million
cases appear. Each second a person dies of tuberculosis. It is more aggressive in
women and persons between 15 and 45 years old. Mutant strains are resistant to
almost all drugs and kill about 50 % of the patients. It is spread worldwide, but its
advance is rampant in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Philippines, India and
Pakistan, with over half of the new cases.
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Bacterial Diseases - Legionnaire's disease
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Legionnaire's disease is caused by Legionella bacteria. The bacteria are taken
from air or wet environments. It causes symptoms similar to flue or pneumonia,
accompanied by renal failure. The disease requires hospitalization and treatment
with antibiotics. As a prevention measure, water and air conditioning installation
must be controlled.
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Bacterial Diseases - Pneumonia
 Top 10 Bacterial Infections
 Pneumonia affects 1% of the planet's population and can be produced by
bacteria (like Aeromonas hydrophila) or viruses. It produces fever, shiver,
sweating, cough with expectoration, muscle, head and thoracic pain, appetite
loss, weakness.
 This is the main cause of mortality in the world: it kills 3.5 million people each
year. It attacks especially
Antibiotics
 They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
 Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria when he noticed
the spores of a little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one of his culture
plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth
of the bacteria.[6]
Antibiotics
 They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
 Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria when he noticed
the spores of a little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one of his culture
plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth
of the bacteria.[6]
Antibiotics
 They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi.
 This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and water and
other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills off their
competition.
Title and Content Layout with Chart
Areas of YOUR body that are more susceptible to infection
 Ear Infection
 Lung Infection
 Throat Infection
 Yeast Infection
 Urinary Tract Infection
 H. Pylori – Ulcers
Good bacteria
 In the human gastrointestinal tract, good bacteria aid in digestion and produce
vitamins.
 Good bacteria assists the body’s immunity, making the body less hospitable to
bad bacteria and other harmful pathogens.
 When considering all the strains of bacteria that exist, relatively few are capable
of making people sick.
Good bacteria is used to make some of the foods we enjoy.
 Acidophilus milk is made with Lactobacillus acidophilus.
 Butter is made from pasteurized cream, to which a lactic acid starter has been
added.
 Cheese is often made with Streptococcus and Lactobacillus bacteria.
 Yogurt usually requires the addition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactococcus
thermophilus, and/or Streptococcus thermophilus to the milk.
 Beers, etc. -- Traditionally, the natural yeasts on grape skins determine the
quality of wine produced. These natural yeasts, especially Saccharomyces
cerevisiae (beer in Spanish is "cervesa") and Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, ferment
the grapes to make wine.
 Bacteria have a wide range of envronmental and nutritive requirements.
 Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen. Aerobic bacteria
thrive in the presence of oxygen and require it for their continued growth and existence. Other bacteria are anaerobic,
and cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which
cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are the facultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of
oxygen, but can continue to grow without it.
 Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their
energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs.Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down
complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment -- this includes saprobic bacteria found in
decaying material, as well as those that rely on fermentation or respiration.
 The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy
(photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While
chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria,
green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly
interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic
organisms, including cyanobacteria.
Characterization of bacteria
 Gram negative / gram positive
 Aerobic / anaerobic
 Heterotrophs / autotrophs
Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem.
 The ecosystem, both on land and in the water, depends heavily upon the activity
of bacteria. The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur is
completed by their ceaseless labor.
 Organic carbon, in the form of dead and rotting organisms, would quickly deplete
the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere if not for the activity of decomposers. This
may not sound too bad to you, but realize that without carbon dioxide, there
would be no photosynthesis in plants, and no food. When organisms die, the
carbon contained in their tissues becomes unavailble for most other living
things. Decomposition is the breakdown of these organisms, and the release of
nutrients back into the environment, and is one of the most important roles of
the bacteria.
Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem.
 The cycling of nitrogen is another important activity of bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen
from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous
nitrogen in the atmosphere. The primary way in which nitrogen becomes available to
them is through nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium, and by cyanobacteria
such as Anabaena, Nostoc, and Spirulina, shown at right. These bacteria convert gaseous
nitrogen into nitrates or nitrites as part of their metabolism, and the resulting products
are released into the environment. Some plants, such as liverworts, cycads, and legumes
have taken special advantage of this process by modifying their structure to house the
basteria in their own tissues. Other denitrifying bacteria metabolize in the reverse
direction, turning nitrates into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide. When colonies of these
bacteria occur on croplands, they may deplete the soil nutrients, and make it difficult for
crops to grow.
Protists
Domain:
Eukarya
Kingdom:
Protista
Major Categories
of Protists
•Animal-like protists are
called protozoa.
•Most consist of a single cell. ...
•Plant-like protists are
called algae.
•They include single-celled
diatoms and multicellular
seaweed. ...
•Fungus-like protists are
molds.
•They are absorptive feeders,
found on decaying organic
matter.
Algae are simple plants
that can range from the
microscopic (microalgae),
to large seaweeds
(macroalgae), such as giant
kelp more than one
hundred feet in length.
What are algae??
Algae (singular: alga) are plants or plantlike organisms that
contain chlorophyll (pronounced KLOR-uh-fill) and other
pigments (coloring matter) that trap light from the Sun. This
light energy is then converted into food molecules in a
process called photosynthesis. Most algae store energy as
some form of carbohydrate (complex sugars).
Most algae store energy as some form of carbohydrate
(complex sugars).
Uses of Algae as Energy source, Fertilizer, Food and
Pollution control
Humans use algae as food, for production of useful
compounds, as biofilters to remove nutrients and other
pollutants from wastewaters, to assay water quality, as
indicators of environmental change, in space technology, and
as laboratory research systems. Algae is commercially
cultivated for Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics
and Aquaculture purpose.
Algae – Feul Source
Fuel source
 Algae can be used to make Biodiesel (see algaculture), Bioethanol and biobutanol
and by some estimates can produce vastly superior amounts of vegetable oil,
compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose.
 Algae can be grown to produce hydrogen. In 1939 a German researcher named
Hans Gaffron, while working at the University of Chicago, observed that the algae
he was studying,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green-algae), would sometimes
switch from the production of oxygen to the production of hydrogen.
 Algae can be grown to produce biomass, which can be burned to produce heat and
electricity.
Algae – Food supplement:
Food supplement:
 1. It is a complete protein with essential amino acids (unlike most plant foods) that are
involved in major metabolic processes such as energy and enzyme production.
 2. It contains high amounts of simple and complex carbohydrates which provide the body
with a source of additional fuel. In particular, the sulfated complex carbohydrates are
thought to enhance the immune system’s regulatory response.
 3. It contains an extensive fatty acid profile, including Omega 3 and Omega 6. These
essential fatty acids also play a key role in the production of energy.
 4. It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in naturally-occurring
synergistic design.
Algae – Stabilizing agent
Stabilizing agent
Chondrus crispus, (probably confused with Mastocarpus stellatus, common name:
Irish moss), is also used as "carrageen". It is an excellent stabiliser in milk products - it
reacts with the milk protein caesin, other products include: petfoods, toothpaste, icecreams and lotions etc.,Alginates in creams and lotions are absorbable through the
skin.
Algae – Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Algae are used by humans in many ways. They are used as fertilizers, soil conditioners
and are a source of livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic and microscopic,
they are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and either harvested or used to treat
effluents pumped through the ponds
Algae – Role Of Algae in Pollution control
Role Of Algae in Pollution control
 Algae are used in Wastewater Treatment facilities, reducing the need for greater
amounts of toxic chemicals than are already used.
 Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff from farms. When subsequently
harvested, the enriched algae itself can be used as fertilizer.
 Algae Bioreactors are used by some powerplants to reduce CO2 emissions. The
CO2 can be pumped into a pond, or some kind of tank, on which the algae feed.
Alternatively, theBioreactor can be installed directly on top of a smokestack.
wastewater treatment
 Using algae for wastewater treatment
offers some interesting advantages
over conventional wastewater
treatment. The advantages of algaebased treatment include:
 Oil extraction from algae is a hotly
debated topic currently because this
process is one of the more costly
processes which can determine the
sustainability of algae-based biodiesel.
 Cost effective treatment
 In terms of the concept, the idea is
quite simple: Harvest the algae from its
growth medium (using an appropriate
separation process), and extract the oil
out of it. Extraction can be broadly
categorized into two methods:
 Low energy requirement
 Reduction in sludge formation and
 Production of algal biomass
Amoeba
Amoeboid movement is the most common mode
of locomotion in Eukaryotic cells. It is a crawling-like type
of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm of
the cell involving the formation of pseudopodia. The
cytoplasm slides and forms a pseudopodium in front to
move the cell forward.
Paramecium
Trypanosoma
 Plasmodium is
a genus of parasitic prot
ozoa, many of which
cause malaria in
their hosts.
 Spread by mosquitos.
Fungi
 A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes
unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular
fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.
Fungi - yeast
 a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding,
and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
 Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the
fungus kingdom.
 Bread
 Alcohol
 Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used as a
leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it converts the
fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
mold
mold
Mold grows on bread when the
bread comes in contact with
dust that is carrying fungi,
which are a tiny
microorganisms.
Spores remain airborne until
they land on a piece of food,
germinate and grow into a
healthy fungus.
mold
Mold lives off the food its
growing on by eating away at it.
It commonly grows right
through whatever it's eating.
Fungi break down what they
are eating by digesting the
juices they squirt out. They then
grow microscopic roots into the
food itself.
hyphae
A hypha (plural hyphae, from
Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, “web”) is a
long, branching filamentous
structure of a fungus,
oomycete, or actinobacterium.
In most fungi, hyphae are the
main mode of vegetative
growth, and are collectively
called a mycelium. Yeasts are
unicellular fungi that do not
grow as hyphae.
Fungi play an important role in
energy cycling within, and
between, ecosystems. Fungi are
found in terrestrial, marine and
freshwater environments, and
are part of a diverse community
of “decomposers” that break
down dead plants and animals.
Mushroom cap is reproductive
(fungi fruiting) structure.
lichen
A lichen is a composite
organism that arises from algae
or cyanobacteria living among
filaments of a fungus in a
symbiotic relationship. The
combined life form has
properties that are very
different from the properties of
its component organisms.
lichen
Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually
helpful symbiotic relationship of green
algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
living among filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The
fungus benefits from the algae or
cyanobacteria because they produce food
by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria
benefit by being protected from the
environment by the filaments of the fungus,
which also gather moisture and nutrients from
the environment, and (usually) provide an
anchor to it. The lichen combination of fungus
and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria has a very
different form (morphology),physiology,
and biochemistry than the parts growing by
themselves. The properties of the "whole"
combination are very different from the sum of
the properties of the parts living by
themselves.
lichen
Symbiosis in lichens is the
mutually helpful symbiotic
relationship of green
algae and/or blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria) living among
filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The
fungus benefits from the algae
or cyanobacteria because they
produce food
by photosynthesis.
lichen
The algae or cyanobacteria
benefit by being protected from
the environment by the
filaments of the fungus, which
also gather moisture and
nutrients from the
environment, and (usually)
provide an anchor to it.
lichen
The lichen combination of fungus
and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria
has a very different form
(morphology),physiology,
and biochemistry than the parts
growing by themselves. The
properties of the "whole"
combination are very different
from the sum of the properties of
the parts living by themselves.
lichen
Schematic cross section of
lichen, a symbiosis between
green algae and a fungus.
1. Thick layers of hyphae,
called the cortex
2. Green algae
3. Loosely packed hyphae
4. Anchoring hyphae called
rhizines.
Have you heard?
 Genus Demodex; live exclusively on human
 2 species: D.folliculorum (top) and D.brevis (bottom)
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/08/31/everythingyou-never-wanted-to-know-about-the-mites-that-eat-crawl-and-have-sex-onyour-face/
Two types of cells:
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Characteristics
Prokaryotes:
Archae and Eubacteria
Size
1-10 m
Eukaryotes:
Protists, Plants, Fungi,
Animals
100-1000 m
Genetic materials - Circular DNA
- DNA in nucleus
including plasmids, not bounded by membrane
bound by a membrane - No plasmid
- Genome made up of - Genome made up of
a single chromosome several chromosomes,
thus contains many
more genes than
prokaryotes
Cell division
Binary fission
Mitosis and meiosis
Reproduction
Asexual is common
Sexual is common
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote (cont.)
Characteristics
Prokaryotes:
Archae and Eubacteria
Eukaryotes:
Protists, Plants, Fungi,
Animals
Number of cells
Unicellular
Most are multicellular
Organelles
No membrane-bound
organelles such as
mitochondria, chloroplast
etc.
No nucleus
Membrane-bound
organelles present
Metabolisms
-Many carry out
metabolism under no O2
condition
-Metabolism processes
carried out in the
cytoplasm
-Most require O2
-Metabolism processes
carried out in membranebound organelles such as
mitochondria, chloroplast
etc.
Endosymbiosis Theory
How have prokaryotes possibly become eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells are believed to be the result of a symbiotic
union of separate prokaryotic cells
domain Archae and Eubacteria
(generally referred as Bacteria)
Shared characteristics of Archae and
Eubacteria
no nucleus
All single-celled.
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA as a single chromosome.
Reproduce asexually by binary fission.
domain: Archae
Archae means primitive or early
Often live extreme environments
Eg. high salt concentrations, temperature or
acidity;
Most live in environments with no oxygen
Hypothesis: all life domains are descended
from the ancestors of this group
Classification of domain ArchaeaBacteria
 By their habitats
A. Anaerobic methanogen: those live in O2-free places (e.g. gut of animals and
produce CH4)
B. Halophiles: salt-loving archaea
C. Thermophiles: those inhabit hot, acidic environment such as hot springs
domain Eubacteria or Bacteria
domain Bacteria
Classification
1. Shapes
2. Respiration
3. Reaction to staining
4. Reproduction
1. Bacterial shapes
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=6p9e0ool
bmE
Classification – Shape
Singular Plural
coccus
cocci
bacillus
bacilli
Shape
round
rod
spirrillum spirrilla
spiral
Advantages
Resists drying out
greater surface area
= higher nutrient
absorption
can move through
fluids with less
resistance
domain Bacteria
2. RESPIRATION
Classifying bacteria by respiration
1)
Obligate aerobes: require oxygen
2) Obligate anaerobes: grow only in absence of oxygen
3) Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without oxygen
Nutrition: vocabulary revision
Autotrophs: make their own food
Heterotrophs: obtain food by breaking down
organic molecules from their environment
Chemo- derived from chemical reactions
Photo- derived from sunlight
Bacterial Nutrition
Mode of nutrition
Photoautotroph
Energy
source
Light
Carbon
source
CO2
Inorganic
chemicals
CO2
Light
Organic
compounds
Organic
compounds
(e.g. cyanobacteria)
Chemoautotroph
(e.g. Ferrobacillus
ferrooixdans)
Photoheterotroph
(e.g. Heliobacter polyri)
Chemoheterotroph
(e.g. Methanococcus
jannaschii )
Organic
compounds
4. Bacterial reactions to being stained
 Gram staining: a staining technique by Hans Christian Gram in 1884
 Divide bacteria into 2 groups:
Gram negative
Peptidoglycan
absent in cell wall
Gram positive
Peptidoglycan
present in cell wall
Gram staining procedure
BACTERIAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Called “binary fission”
 bacterial DNA replicates and divides
 a cross wall develops and the two genetically identical cells separate
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v
=DY9DNWcqxI4
&feature=related
True!
Conjugation- not true
sexual reproduction
 Cell to cell contact is made
with a cytoplasmic bridge
 Plasmids (small circular DNA);
contain genes different from
those in the bacterial
chromosome
 Plasmids are transferred from
the donor to the recipient
 Recipient now has new genes
from donor (ie. Gene for
antibiotic resistance)
ENDOSPORE FORMATION
Adaptation to survive unfavourable conditions eg.
Anthrax forms spores
Cell wall becomes thick
resistant to heat
and not easily
destroyed
bacterium emerges
when suitable
conditions return
USEFUL BACTERIA
 Production of
vinegar
 fixing nitrogen in
soils
 dairy products
(cheese, yogurt….)
 decomposers in
nutrient cycles
 source of some
Antibiotics
 Clean up oil spill
HARMFUL EFFECTS
BACTERIAL DISEASES
1. Leprosy
2. Tetanus
3. Botulism
4. Cholera
DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
 Body provides own defenses (skin, acidic stomach, lysozyme in eyes,
immune system)
 sterilization/disinfection of surfaces can reduce disease further (wash
your hands)
 Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria but don’t harm host cells
 Bacteria have evolved to resist many of today’s antibiotics
Antibiotics and Antiseptics
 Joseph Lister created the first antiseptic, an acid to
spray on tables and instruments before surgery (1860)
 The Discovery of Penicillin (1928)
 Alexander Fleming
 Noticed mold growing on petri dishes
 Bacteria did not grow where the mold was
 He isolated the chemical that killed bacteria, but it
was not stable
 Howard Flory continued the work, later stabilized the
chemical
 Fleming and Flory received the Nobel Prize in 1945
Bacterial growth:
- Zones of inhibition around
the disks shows
the effectiveness of the
antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance:
Ability of bacteria to
grow in the presence
of chemicals meant to
destroy them
What is the zone of
inhibition on this agar?
Which disk(s) is
most effect at
inhibiting the
growth of bacteria
on this agar?
Drug screening: Bacteria can be grown on agar plates to
check for antibiotic resistance
Which Petri disk show
more antibiotic resistance?
Bonnie Bassler - PrincetonU
How Bacteria Talk to each other?
•http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/bonnie_bassler_
on_how_bacteria_communicate.html
Quorum sensing:
the phenomenon
whereby the
accumulation of
signalling
molecules enables
bacteria to sense
their number so
they can launch
group behaviour
(e.g. virulence etc.)
Review
1. Label the bacteria by shape
dicocci
streptococci
staphylococci
2. What is a bacteria called that must live in oxygen?
 Obligate aerobe
3. How do bacteria reproduce?
 Binary fission (asexual) & conjugation
4. Bacteria on a
pin. What
shape?
a.Cocci
b.Bacilli
c.Spirilla
5. What survival
advantage
does this
shape bring to
the bacteria
For your interest
Next 2 slides connect with your antibiotic
resistance reading articles
Drug- resistant Superbugs
non-typhoidal
salmonella
Vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
tuberculosis
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work
Q. What kinds of infections are caused by viruses and
should not be treated with antibiotics?
 cold, flu, sore throat (except strep. throat), cough,
bronchitis, ear infections are viral infections shouldn’t be
cured with antibiotics
Q. Can one strain of bacterium
become resistance to multiple drugs?
 Absolutely YES!
E.g. P. aeruginosa causes eye
infections, skin rashes, ear
infections, after surgery infection,
widely spread in hospital
Multi drug-resistant
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance-faqs.html
domain Bacteria
domain Bacteria