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The Epic of Gilga~e~hcontinued
and all light was turned into darlmess. . .:
Six days and nights
The wind blew, and storm and tempest overwhelmed the country.
When the seventh day drew ~gh the tempest, the storm, the battle
which they had waged like a great host began to moderate.
Th~ sea quieted down,; hurricane and storm ceased.
I looked out upon the sea and raised loud-my voiCe,
But all mankind had turned. back into clay.
Like the surrounding field had become the bed of the rivers.'
I opened the air-hole and light fell upon my cheek.
D~mfounded I sank backward, and sat weeping,.
while over my cheek flowed the tears.
I looked in every direction, and behold, all was sea.
No,w, after twelve(d~ys?).thete rose (out of the water) a stripofland.
To Mount Nisir the ship drifted.
On Mount Nisi! the boat stuck faSt and it did not slip away.
The first day, the second day, Mount Nisir h.eld the ship fast, and did,not let it. slip away.
The third day, the fOlfrth day, Mount Nisir held the ship fast, and ~d not let it slip away.
The fifth day, the sixth day, Mount Nisir held the ship fast, and did no~ let it ~lip away.'
When the seventh day drew nigh
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I s~nt out a dove, and let her go.
o
The dove flew hither and thither;
but as there was no resting-place.foi her, she :returned. 0
Then I sent out a swallow, and let her go.
The swallow flew hither and thither,
I
Ask a Question of the bird in this
section.
Qut as thez:e was no re~ting-place for her she also returned.
Then I sent out a raven, and let her go.
'
Thetaven flew away~and saw the abatel'Jlent of the waters.
She settled down to feed, went away, and returned no more.
,
Then I. let everything go out unto the four winds, and I offered a sacrifice.
I poured o~t a libation upon the peak of the mountain.
I placed the censers seven and seven, .
Draw a picture of what you view as the turning point in
and poured into them calamus; cedar,..wood, and sweet~incense.
.The gods smelt the savour;
,
this story.
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. yea, the'gods smelt the sweet savour;
. the god~ gathered like flies around the sacrificer.
..
. from
Rossiter Johnson, ed., Assyrian and Babylonian Literature
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1901),3$1-357.
Reprinted hi Peter N. Stearns, ed., Documents in World
History, Vol. I (New york: HarperCollins Publishers,
1988),13-15.
Make a connection to your own life. What does this section remind you of?
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Name
Date
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LITERATURE
SELECTIO~i.from 'TheEpic~ Of Gilgamesh,
excav.~ted'12 cuneiform tablets containing the story of
. At'cha~~/ogists
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Gilgamesh; a cruel and powerful king in ancient Sumer. On~ of the world's oldest
. epics, this.poem centers around Gilgamesh's heroic yet fruitless quest to'ac,hie:ve .
Section 1
immortality. In this excerpt from Ta/;Jlet XI; Per-napishtim, a man who was grant
ed immortality because he saved humankind from' a great flood, explains to Gilgameshhow
he prepared .for the delug~ brought about by angry gods, As you read, thihk about the steps
Per-napishtim tak,es in order to ,survive the flood.
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Draw a oicture of your first impression of
"Gilgamesh. "
A
ll that was necessary I .collect,e'd tog~ther.
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On the ,fifth day I drew its design; ,: . .
In iti ~idd1e part- its sides. w~re ten gar high;
Ten gar alsowas ~he'extentofits dec~; ..'
I added a front-roof to itimd closed it'in:
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I built it in. six 'stories;:' . .
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thus inal9.ng seven floors in all;
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The interior of each..J ,divIded again into nine pamtions. .
. BeakS
for water within I cut out,
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1 selected a pole and, ad,decl. all that .was necessary.. .
Three (~ariant; five) shar of pitch I smeare~ on its outside;
three shgr of ~phalt I used for .the ,inside (so as to. make it water-tight). .. ,
. The ship sank in ~o_wat ~ I' tW6tm' rdS
'of its height.
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,Ask a (lues tIon
W th all th at I 'pos~esse d I '.fill
d t
e '1.;.,
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.with all the silver I had I filled it..,
thIS sectIOn.
with all the Jgol~I' 1 had .1fin~d it; ,
with living creatur~s of ev~I)' kind I filled it.
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1,
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a bou w
t ahyou
t rea
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dm
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Then I embarked. abo all 'my family and my relatives, .
. cattle
,
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of the. field; beasts of the field, and the uprighteouspeople-all them I embarked:
ktirilehad ShamaShappoiIite<i, (namely):' ,..,
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When the rulets of darkness send at eventide a destructive rain, ' .
thel). enter into the ship and shut its dp~r.:.
This very sign came to pass, and ' '. .
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The rulers of darlaiess'sent a destructive' rain at eventide.
. I .saw.
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the approach of the storm, "
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and I was afraid to witI;less the st6rm;
I entered the ship ahd shut the door.
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I intrusted ~e'guidance of the ship to Purur-bel, theboatm~,
the great house, and thE;J'contents thereof.
As soon as early dawn appeared,'
there rose up from the horizon a black cloud,
wi~in which the weather god' (Adad) thundered,
and Nabuand the king ofthe,go~ (Marduk) went before.
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The destroyer~ passed across mountain ,and dale ': ;,
. Dibb~a, the great, tore loose the anchor-cable (?). .
There went Ninib and he Gaused the banks to overflow;
the Anunnaki li(ted on high (their) torches,
and with the brightness thereof they illuminated th~ universe.
The storm brought on by Adad swept eve!l up to the heavens"
Make an inference about the religion 0
this culture. Highlight in the text what
words give you that idea.
NAME:
PERIOD:
SUMERIAN GOVERNMENT
At first Priests have power, but later military
leaders became full-time rulers (then passed their
power on to their sons)
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Can you think of any modem day dynasties OR dynasties
you have learn of in history?
DATE:
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** Dynasty: Series of rulers from a single
family.
SUMERIAN RELIGION
** Polytheism: The belief in more than one god Sumerians believed that the angry gods might
destroy city
Sumerians built ziggurats, offered sacrifices to keep
gods happy
SUMERIAN SOCIAL CLASSES Highest:
Kings, landholders, and some priests
What question could you ask the Sumerians about their
religion?
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What might you see if you were watching Sumerian social
classes interact?
Middle: Wealthy merchants
Low: People who worked with their hands
(majority of Sumerians)
What might you hear?
Lowest: Slaves (Foreign prisoners of war, kids
sold into slavery - these debt slaves could buy
freedom).
SUMERIAN SOCIETY
-Women had rights (could work, own property, read &
write)
Choose one of the Sumerian inventions and explain how it
made their lives easier.
-Invented the wheel, plow, cuneiform (form of
writing) & one of first to use bronze
- 1J..f' UlV~'
A B G H DeW Z
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Final Question: How were the Sumerians similar to the Egyptians and the Indians?
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NAME:
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.esoo mla
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MESOPOTAMIAN FACTS
MESOPOTAMIA -Mesopotamia
means "land between two rivers" (Tigris & Euphrates
Rivers)
-Located in the Fertile Crescent...good farming soil
attracted early farmers... their farms become villages,
and ultimately cities
M
ta
-:r~if
to
ver IVllza
PERIQD:
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USING THE FACTS...
Using page30 in your textbook, label the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
Unpredictable flooding and drought
.1 solution:
No natural barriers
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solution:
- Limited natural resources
.1 solution:
leads to **CUL TURAL DIFFUSION**: the
spread of new ideas or products from one culture to
another
SUMER (ONE OF 1sT CIVILIZATIONS IN
What might you hear in a Ziggurat?
MESOPOTAMIA)
- Sumer was a City-State - A city and its
surrounding area (often farms) that ruled itself and
functioned like a country does today.
- Center of Sumerian cities was a walled temple I What might you see?
with a ziggurat (worship place/city hall) in the
middle.
Ions:
DATE:
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Date
Name
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GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
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Egypt and the Nile Delta
Secti_on 2
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- Directions: Reacf the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer
the questions _that follow.
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A delta is a flat, triangular-shaped deposit of land
.r\.found at the-mouth of a river that empties into a
normally still body of water. Deltas are .formed
when branches of a river carry soil downstream; the
river's' flow is slowed .at the point of emptying,.and soil is
allowed to build up. Egypt's Nile River reaches its
destination. by first splitting into two xpain branches and
then intQ numerous canals and' streams, forming a delta
out of an - area that was
once part of the Mediterranean Sea.
.
Egypt's famous Nile Delta is notable for morethan being Just the northern limit of the Nile River.
The Delta is extremely fertile and thousands of years
ago provided an environment for die formation of
one of the world's first civilizations. The Nile Delta
has long been considered an agricultural "fantasy" containing more than one-half of Egypt's farmable
land. Today the Delta is .like' a spider web of ne~rly
54,000 miles of canals. These
-c
Q)
UI
t!!
:
canals provide water for the approximately 15 mil
'lion Egyptians who live in the Delta's thousands of
villages. The people grow everytping from food
and flowers, to cotton._
I.
Ho.wever, the Nile
Delta region is not without
some problems! In contrast to Upper Egypt of the
. south, with its more qurable building stones, little
of the Delta's ancient past survives. The Delta's
struch).res were built primarily with mud bricks. As
a result, today almost all ofii:s ancient sites have
been reduced to mere piles of mud. Also, drainage
problems have arisen. Salts are ~oming to the sur
face and the Delta's fertility is declining. Pollution from
untreated waste is increasing. In addition, the polar ice
cap is slowly melting, causing the level of
the Mediterranean Sea to rise. This process threatens to
some day "drown" the Delt~. Concrete dikes
are now being built to try to hold back the
Mediterranean.
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dese~t
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0
Direction of river
flow ~ Area of river
0
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depo'sits
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50
Miles
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dese~t
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Early River Valley Civilizations 27 "
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CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIM~ AND CULTURI;S
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. Section 4
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River Civilizatlons. in the
Ancient World'
As you have re~~ii,chap.t~i$ 1 and'2,-hUina~ societies for,medcivi/izations in
fertile river italley~. People in Mesop,,!amia, Egypfr ~outl} As.ia, and c;hina' .
depended o,n rilters to miJintain their lives. These widely separated. river
. civilizat;pns all faced simil;,;r chiJlle,nges. c;~mpare the river sy~ems ~n various
civilizations by answering the questions below.
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1. Acc~ately pre~cting the yearly H~ods:was one of the challEmges civilizations faced.
What other problems were ca,used by the yeai-ly HO,ods?
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2. Describe severalsolutions early ciVilizations devised to meet th~ challenge of
growmg crops during ti~es of dI;oright and to'determi.i1e ownership .of Hooded fields.
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3. Irrigation canals had to be constantly tended because they cpuld fill up
with silt.
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.A
report on Mes~potamia stated, "Stoppage of canals by silt depopulated villages
and. citi~s more effectively than the slaughter of people by an invading army.»
What do you think this statement m~ans?
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4: Irriga~on ~anals would often fill up with silt dur41g times of war.
Why do you think this would happen? . "
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5. How c1id the environment of the Indus Valley ri~er ciVilization differ from that
of Mesopotamia imd Egypt? What was the effect of this environmental difference?
. . 6. What lessons do you .think modem-day faim societies can
'learn from the
experiences of the ~cient river ci~tions?
38 UNIT 1, CHAPTER 2
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Name
Date
GUIDED READiNG The Egyptia~ and,
.,
Nubian Empires
A. Following Chronological Or~r AI> ,you read about the Egyptian Empire, £i~ in
the chart below with the dates and. ~chievements of the rulers listed.
o
Queen Ahhotep
,<
Section 1
l:Iatshepsut
Thutmose III
I
Ramses II
Libyan pharaohs
Piankhi
;. .............................h ~
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B. Clarifying EXplain ~e relationship between- Egypt and Nubia.
C. Comparing and Contrasting On the back of this paper, compare and contrast I
the Kushite kingdom in Meroe to Egypt's New Khigdom.
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66 UNI'r l~ CIIAP1'ER 4
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Nam
e
Egypt and the Nile Delta continued
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. Into what body of water, does the Nile River empty?
2. In what direction does the Nile River flow?
3. The pl~ce where a river begins is known as its source. From Memphis; in which direction is the
,.
source of the Nile River?
4. How is the area of river deposits shown on the map?
5. Whatsurrounds the Delta regi?n?
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6. About how many miles long is the Delta's shoreline with the Mediterranean?
About how deep into the desert does the delta extend?
7. Describe the importance of the'Nile Delta to ,Egypt.
8. What problems does the Nile Delta region face?
28 UNIT 1; CHAPTER 2