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MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE
DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
"APPROVED"
First Vice-Rector
of Educational and Pedagogical work
Danylo Halytsky LNMU
prof. M.R. Gzhegotskyi
______________________
Minutes of the Meeting of CCM
№ ___ of "____" _________ 2012
Faculty of Postgraduate Studies
Department of Oncology and Medical
Radiology
Hasheka 2a str., Lviv
ONCOLOGY SUBJECT CURRICULUM
for the students of higher medical institutions of Ukraine of the
III – IV accreditation levels
Specialty:
7.110106 “Dentistry”
Lectures - 4 hours
Practical lessons - 16 hours
Self-training lessons – 10 hours
Approved at the methodological
meeting of Oncology and Medical
Radiology Department
"14" May 2014
Protocol №8
Head of Department___________ Prof. T.H.
Fetsych
Approved at the meetings of the
Department of the Methodical Commission
of the Surgical Disciplines
" 16" May 2014
protocol №56
Head of the MC
_________________ prof. V.P. Andryushchenko
Lviv 2014
1. EXPLANATORY NOTE
The program of Oncology for specialty 7.110106 « Dentistry» for higher medical
education institutions of Ukraine of the III - IV accreditation levels is based on the
program of the specialty 7.110101 - "General Medicine”.
The Curriculum is made in accordance with the following existing regulation
documents:
 Educational Qualification Characteristics (EQC), Educational and
Occupational Programs (EOP) of specialists' training are approved by order of Ministry
of Education and Science of Ukraine (MES) 16.04.03 №239 "Approval of the components
of education standards of 110101 - "Medicine";
 Experimental curriculum which is based on the principles of the European
Credit Transfer System (ECTS) and approved by order of the Ministry of Public Health
of Ukraine (MPH) №52, 31.01.2005 of "Approval and introduction of new curriculum of
training of the educational-qualification level - " Specialist ", qualification - " Medical
Doctor " at the high educational institutions of III-IV levels of accreditation of Ukraine of
such specialties as "General Medicine" and "Dentistry";
 The recommendations of development of the curriculum which are
approved by the MPH of Ukraine March 24,2004, №152 "Approval of the
recommendations of development of the curriculum of the educational subjects", are
followed with changes and supplements which were introduced by the order of Ministry
of Health of Ukraine from 12.10.2004, №492 "Changes and supplements to the
recommendations of development of the curriculum of the educational subjects";
 The order of MH of Ukraine, 31.01.2003, №148 "The implementation
measures of the Bologna Declaration of the high education and science";
 The instruction of evaluation system of learning activities of students in
accordance with the credit-transfer system of education (Medical education in the world
and in Ukraine which was approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as a study
guide for teachers, masters, graduate and postgraduate students. Kyiv. Book-plus.,
2005);
 The order of MH of Ukraine, 17.05.2006, № 281 "The changes in the
curriculum of training of the educational-qualification level - " Specialist ", qualification
- " Medical Doctor " at the high educational institutions of III-IV levels of accreditation of
Ukraine, approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from 31.01.05 № 52.
The educational process is carried out by the credit system in accordance with the
requirements of the Bologna Declaration.
The education program which is followed of the experimental curriculum for the
5th year graduate students consists of 20 hours of lectures, 50 hours of practical classes
and 20 hours of self-training, total 90 hours (3 credits). These classes is devoted to the
study of the basic questions of Clinical Oncology, Organization of the Oncology Care,
clinics and diagnostic principles of the treatment of the most common malignancies
(lung and mediastinum tumors, breast cancer, tumors of the thyroid gland,
gastrointestinal cancer, urinary cancer, skin and soft tissues tumors, cancer of the
reproductive system, malignant lymphoma and so on).
The curriculum consists of one module, which is divided into 3 subject modules.
The content of students’ training load is described in the ECTS credits – examination
credits, which are awarded to students after successful passing of the corresponding
module subject (examination credit). Oncology is managed by qualified scientific and
pedagogical staff of the departments of oncology and the courses of oncology. The
diagnostic and medical care institutions which are the headquarter of the oncology
teaching should provide appropriate facilities such as quantity of oncology beds and
patients with cancer, diagnostic and other equipment, perform whole amount of medical
care of cancer.
The curriculum «Oncology» consists of one module, which is divided of 3 subject
modules.
Module I «Oncology».
Subject Module 1: Tumors of the digestive tract.
Subject Module 2: Tumors of the respiratory system, breast, thyroid gland and
skin.
Subject Module 3: Tumors of the genital and urinary organs.
There are the several types of students’ training activity which are defined
according to the curriculum:
a) lectures;
b) practical training;
c) students' self-training work (SSW).
All topics which are a part of subject module are implemented by the thematic
plan of practical training and SSW in the educational process. Various teaching tools
such as multimedia presentations, training films, slides, demonstration of patients' cases
are maximum used throughout the lecture course.
Practical training of clinical subjects is carried out by the rotation of clinical
subject modules. Practical exercises consist of basic theoretical questions in oncology,
organization of oncology medical care, methods of prevention, clinic, diagnostic
methods, treatment principles of the most spread sites of cancers of such organs and
systems as broncho-pulmonary and mediastinum, gastrointestinal, breast, thyroid gland,
urinary, genitals, skin and soft tissues.
Practical lessons which last 5 academic hours are provided in cancer hospital and
consist of four parts: learning the theoretical part of the topic; demonstration of
thematic patients; working on practical skills under the supervisor; solve the situation
tasks and pass the test control. The students` ability such as the peculiarities of
communication with patients, the capability to detect early signs of cancer as well as to
know the factors which stimulate the growth of malignancies are in focus.
The students' self-training work plays an important role in learning process of
oncology. Besides the extracurricular theoretical training in oncology students being in
the position as an observer spend some time in the theatres, hospital departments
under supervision. The self-study includes the management of patients which is carried
out by writing history of the cases.
Although the Profile Departments of Oncology have the permission to make
changes (15%) in the curriculum which depends on the organizational and technical
capabilities, areas of scientific research, environmental characteristics of the region,
students have done the all range of requirements of subjects according to the ultimate
goals of EQC and EOP which are followed the training and curriculum.
The regular students` training activities are supervised during practical lessons
in accordance with specific goals. The interim control of the learning subject modules is
checked at the last lesson of each module. The checking measures such as to solve
situational tasks, tests, monitoring of practical skills of the methods of examination of
the patients which is followed by interpretation of the data, analysis and assessment of
instrumental and laboratory tests are recommended for the evaluation of the level of
students` knowledge.
Summing-up module control is carried out after the students’ activity finishing.
Assessment of students’ achievements on the discipline is rating and defined as
an arithmetic average mark of the corresponding modules learning according to
multipoint scale. This mark is recognized by the ECTS system and traditional scale
acceptable in Ukraine.
Those students, who want to improve their achievement on the discipline
according to the ECTS system can take their summing-up module control using the
normative documents in extra time on schedule which are approved by the educational
establishment.
Structure of
the discipline
Total
Module 1.
Subjects
modules - 3
Hours which include:
Auditorium
Total
practical
lectures
lessons
30/3
4
16
30/3
4
16
SW
Year of
study
Description of the curriculum of the Oncology discipline
for students of medical faculties
(7.110106 "Dentistry")
10
4
10
4
Type of
control
Regular and
summing-up
module control
Comment: 1 ЕСТS credit corresponds to 30 hours.
Auditorium load – 66,7%; SSW – 33%.
2. THE AIM OF STUDY THE SUBJECT
(final objectives)
The study objective of Oncology is based on the doctor training of the
corresponding specialty to the subject module and is the background of the subject
contents formation. Description of these objectives is formed as target assignments
(skills). Specific objectives as certain assignments (skills), tasks and cases are formed
based on the final objectives of each module or subject module and provide the final
objective achievements during the subject study.
The final goals of the subject:
- To determine the tactic and examination of the patient in cases the
malignancy is suspected;
- To interpret the results of specific examination methods;
- To formulate a preliminary clinical diagnosis of cancers;
- To determine the tactics of treatment of patients with cancer;
- To demonstrate the capability to manage medical issues and data in the
oncological clinic;
- To demonstrate the principles of the oncological ethics.
Module.
3. PROGRAMM CONTENT
1) Subject Module 1 tumors of the digestive tract.
Specific objectives:
- To conduct a survey and physical examination of patients with tumors of the
digestive tract and analyze the results in the clinic;
- To determine the tactics and examination of the patient in cases the malignancy of
the digestive tract is suspected;
- To interpret the results of specific research methods (esophagogastroscopy,
sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema);
- To formulate a preliminary clinical diagnosis in the case of cancer of the digestive
tract (cancer of the lips, tongue, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, colon and
rectum);
- To determine the treatment plan of patients with cancer of the digestive tract;
- To demonstrate the capability to conduct medical issues and data in clinic;
- To demonstrate the principles of the oncology ethics.
Theme 1: Cancer of the lip, oral mucosa, tongue, salivary glands and sinuses.
Malignant tumor of lips, oral mucosa, tongue, salivary glands and sinuses: morbidity,
epidemiology, precancerous diseases; clinical manifestation, methods of diagnosis and
early detection, morphological diagnostic methods (needle and incisional biopsy);
classification by stages and TNM; treatment; surgical treatment, regional chemotherapy;
principles of the combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes;
primary and secondary prevention of tumors of the lips, oral mucosa, tongue.
Theme 2: Cancer of the esophagus and stomach, cancer of the pancreas and liver,
Cancer of the colon and rectum.
Cancer of the esophagus: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, diagnosis of Barrett's
esophagus, the classification of the stages and TNM, cure, surgery (radical, palliative and
symptomatic operation); general principles of the combined and complex treatment;
immediate and long-term outcomes, methods of rehabilitation; prevention of esophageal
cancer.
Stomach cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, diagnostic tool, methods of screening for gastric
cancer; classification by stages and TNM; treatment: surgery (history, the role of local
scholars, general principles), radical surgery, the role of lymphadenectomy; palliative and
symptomatic operation; combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term
outcomes; methods of rehabilitation; primary and secondary prevention of gastric cancer.
Pancreatic cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification, general
principles and methods of treatment; combined and complex treatment; immediate and
long-term outcomes; prevention of pancreatic cancer.
Liver cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical manifestation,
diagnosis, early detection, classification, treatment, combined and complex treatment;
prevention of liver cancer.
Colon cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical manifestation,
diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification, treatment: surgery (general
principles, the role of local scholars, radical, palliative and symptomatic operation),
combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes.
Cancer of the rectum and anal canal: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous
disease, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis,
classification, treatment: surgery (the role of local scholars): radical, palliative and
symptomatic transactions combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term
outcomes.
Methods of screening for colon cancer. Methods of rehabilitation; primary and
secondary prevention of colon tumors.
2) Subject Module 2: tumors of the respiratory system, breast, thyroid gland and skin.
Specific objectives:
- To conduct a survey and physical examination of patients with tumors of the
respiratory system, breast and thyroid gland, skin and analyze the results in the
clinic;
- To determine the tactics and examination of the patient in cases the malignancy of
the respiratory system, breast, thyroid gland and skin is suspected;
- To interpret the results of specific research methods (bronchoscopy, needle biopsy
of breast and thyroid cancer, skin cancer and lymph nodes);
- To formulate a preliminary clinical diagnosis in the case of the cancer of the
respiratory system, breast and thyroid gland, skin;
- To determine the treatment plan of patients with cancer of the respiratory system,
breast and thyroid gland, skin;
- To demonstrate the capability to conduct medical issues and data in clinic;
- To demonstrate the principles of the oncology ethics.
Theme 3: Lung cancer, tumors of the mediastinum.
Lung cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical manifestation,
diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification, treatment: surgery (general
principles, methods); combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term
outcomes; prevention of lung cancer. Metastatic lung tumors: diagnosis, differential
diagnosis, treatment.
Tumors of the mediastinum (thymoma, lymphoma, teratoma): morbidity,
epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, early detection,
differential diagnosis, classification, treatment: surgery; combined and complex treatment;
immediate and long-term outcomes.
Theme 4: Breast cancer, thyroid cancer.
Breast cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification, screening for
breast cancer, TNM classification and the stages of treatment: surgery, combined and
complex treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes; methods of rehabilitation;
primary and secondary prevention.
Thyroid cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification and TNM
stage for treatment: surgery, combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term
outcomes; prevention.
Theme 5: Skin cancer, melanoma, Hodgkin's disease.
Skin cancer, melanoma: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification and TNM
stage for treatment: surgery; combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term
outcomes; primary and secondary prevention.
Hodgkin's disease: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification, combined
and complex treatment.
3) Subject Module 3: tumors genital and urinary organs.
Specific objectives:
- To conduct a survey and physical examination of patients with tumors of the genital
and urinary organs and analyze their results in oncology clinic;
- To determine the tactics and examination of the patient in cases the malignancy of
genital and urinary organs is suspected;
- To interpret the results of specific research methods (bimanual examination,
cystoscopy);
- To formulate a preliminary clinical diagnosis in the case of the cancer of the genital
and urinary organs;
- To determine the treatment plan of patients with cancer of the genital and urinary
organs;
- To demonstrate the capability to conduct medical issues and data in clinic;
- To demonstrate the principles of the oncology ethics.
Theme 6: Cancer of the body and cervix, ovarian cancer.
Cancer of the body and cervix: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease,
clinical manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification and
TNM stage for treatment, methods of screening for cervical cancer; treatment: surgery,
combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes; prevention of
cervical cancer.
Ovarian cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification and TNM
stage for treatment, combined and complex treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes.
Theme 7: Cancer Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, prostate cancer.
Cancer of the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder: morbidity, epidemiology,
precancerous disease, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential
diagnosis, classification and TNM stage for treatment: surgery; combined and complex
treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes, prevention of kidney cancer and bladder.
Prostate cancer: morbidity, epidemiology, precancerous disease, clinical
manifestation, diagnosis, early detection, differential diagnosis, classification and TNM
stage for treatment; immediate and long-term outcomes.
4) Summing-up module control.
Individual SSW
SSW
Lectures
Topic
Practical lessons
Approximate structure of examination credit – MODULE
Subject Module 1: tumors of the digestive tract.
Theme 1: Cancer of the lip, oral
mucosa, tongue, salivary glands
and sinuses.
Theme 2: Cancer of the esophagus
and stomach. Cancer of the
pancreas and liver. Cancer of the
colon and rectum.
2
1
2
1
Examination of
patients in hospital
and clinic
departments; Work
in the theatre;
Participation in the
instrumental
studies;
Observation of
patients and
writing history of
cases.
Subject Module 2: tumors of the respiratory system, breast, thyroid gland
and skin.
2
2
Theme 3: Lung cancer, tumors of
Examination of
the mediastinum.
patients in hospital
2
2
Theme 4: Breast cancer, thyroid
and clinic
cancer.
departments; Work
Theme 5: Skin cancer, melanoma,
in the theatre;
2
1
Hodgkin's disease.
Participation in the
instrumental
studies;
Observation of
patients and
writing history of
cases.
Subject Module 3: tumors genital and urinary organs.
Theme 6: Cancer of the body and
cervix, ovarian cancer.
Theme 7: Cancer Kidney, ureter,
urinary bladder. Prostate cancer.
2
1
2
1
1
Final control module.
2
Examination of
patients in hospital
and clinic
departments; Work
in the theatre;
Participation in the
instrumental
studies;
Observation of
patients and
writing history of
cases.
4
26
10
Total: 90
Credits ECTS - 3, practical lessons - 66.7%, SSW - 33.3%
4. The lecture course schedule of MODULE
1.
2.
TOPICS
Introduction to oncology. Epidemiology. Organization of oncology
care in Ukraine. Related diseases and associated tumors. TNM
classification. Anti-cancer measures. Preventive measures to cancer.
Modern methods of diagnostics and treatment of cancer of digestive
tract, lungs, tumors of mediastinum, breast, urinary system.
Total
Hours
2
2
4
5. The practical lessons course schedule of MODULE
PRACTICAL CLASSES
Subject module 1.
Cancer of the lip and oral cavity. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, methods of
1.
treatment
Esophageal and stomach tumors, liver and pancreas cancer, colon and rectum
2.
cancer. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, methods of treatment
Subject module 2.
Lung cancer. Mediastinum tumors. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, methods
3.
of treatment
Breast and thyroid gland tumors. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, methods of
4.
treatment
Skin cancer and melanoma, Hodgkin's disease. Clinical presentation,
5. diagnostics, methods of treatment. AIDS, related diseases and associated
tumors
Subject module 3.
Female genital organ tumors. Clinical presentation, diagnostics, methods of
6.
treatment
Male genital organ tumors. Prostate cancer. Urinary tract tumors. Clinical
7.
presentation, diagnostics, methods of treatment
8. Final module checking.
Total
Hours
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
16
6. The student self-training work course schedule (SSW) on MODULE №1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Self-training work
Cancer of the lip, tongue, oral cavity. Find out complaints, medical history;
inspection of the patient, palpation of lymph nodes.
Cancer of the esophagus and stomach. Cancer of the pancreas and liver. Cancer
of the colon and rectum. Find out complaints, medical history; inspection of the
patient, palpation of lymph nodes, superficial and deep palpation of the
abdomen, revealing the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, method
of esophagogastroscopy.
Lung cancer. Mediastinum tumors. Find out complaints, medical history;
inspection of the patient, palpation of the chest and regional lymph nodes, lung
auscultation and percussion to detect violations of bronchial obstruction and
the presence of free fluid in the pleural cavity; method bronchoscopy and
puncture of the pleura cavity.
Breast and thyroid gland cancer. Find out of complaints, medical history;
inspection of the patient, palpation of breast and thyroid and regional lymph
nodes; fine-needle aspiration biopsy of tumors of the breast and thyroid gland.
Skin cancer and melanoma, Hodgkin's disease. Find out of complaints, medical
history; examination of the patient, palpation of regional lymph nodes, scraping
biopsy of the tumor.
Female genital organ tumors. Find out of complaints, medical history;
examination of the patient, palpation of regional lymph nodes, bimanual
examination.
Male genital organ tumors. Find out of complaints, medical history;
examination of the patient, bimanual examination, taking flush from the
genitals, cystoscopy .
Observe and curation of patients, filling in medical history.
Total
Hours
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
10
7. FORMS OF CONTROL.
Forms of control and assessment system are carried out in accordance with the
requirements of the discipline curriculum and instruction on the assessment system of the
student education activity in credit-module system of the education organization, which
was approved by the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine in 2005.
Score on the module is defined as a sum of scores on regular education activity in
points and score on summing-up module control in points as well, which are awarded
during assessment of the theoretical knowledge and practical skills according to lists
determined within the subject curriculum.
Maximum point score which is awarded to students during the each module mastering
(examination credit) equals to 200 including on regular education activity – 120 points
(60%), results of the summing-up module control – 80points (40%).
Regular control is carried out at each practical lesson in accordance to the learning
objectives on each topic. Standardized methods of control such as tests, structural writing
works, practical skills structural by control procedure in conditions which is similar to real
are preferred during the assessment of the student education.
Assessment of the regular training activity:
Part of each topic in the module has to be equal, but can be different for another
modules of the same discipline and is determined by the topic quantity in the module.
The student receives the score for his regular training according to the 4-point
traditional scale which consequently is converted into points depending on the topic
quantity in each module during the mastering of each topic of the module.
The following system of conversion of the traditional scores into points is applied in
the curriculum:
Traditional score
«5»
«4»
«3»
«2»
Conversion in points:
Module 1
17
14
10
0
Maximum score which can be awarded to the student during the module mastering
equals 120 points. This score is calculated as multiplication of points corresponding to the
mark «5» by the topic quantity in the module and points which are earned by the student
during his individual work are added.
Minimum score which can be awarded to the student during the module mastering is
calculated as multiplication of points corresponding to the mark «3» by the topic quantity
in the module and points which are earned by the student during his individual work are
added (8x10=80).
Assessment of the self-training individual work (individual tasks):
Quantity of points of different types of the student self-training individual work
(SSIW) depends on the volume and significance but cannot be more than 10-18 points.
These points are added to the sum of points which are awarded to the student for his
regular training activity.
Assessment of the self-training work:
Assessment of the student self-training work which is provided in the topic together
with auditorium work is carried out during regular control of the topic on the
corresponding practical (auditorium) lesson.
Assessment of the topics which are for self-training and excluded from the topics of
auditorium practical lessons are controlled at the summing-up module control.
Summing-up module control:
Summing-up module control takes place after finishing of all topic mastering at the
last control lesson on the module.
The students, who performed all types of activity provided by the curriculum and
received scores not less than minimum are allowed to pass the summing-up module
control.
Form of the summing-up module control must be standardized and include the
control of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Specific forms of control of oncology
are determined in the working curriculum.
Maximum point score for the summing-up module control equals 80.
Summing-up module control is passed if the student has received not less than 50
points.
Assessment of the subject:
Score on oncology is awarded to those students who sat off all modules on the
subject.
Score on the subject is defined of all scores on the modules which are included in the
subject.
Conversion of the point score on the subject into the ECTS marks and 4-point
(traditional) scale:
The students who study the same specialty taking into account the point score which
have been received after the subject mastering are converted according to the following
table:
ECTS mark
А
В
С
D
Е
Statistical index
The best 10% of
students
Next 25% of students
Nest 30% of students
Next 25% of students
The last 10% of
students
Percentage of students is defined on the access for the students of this year of study
of the corresponding specialty.
Point score on the discipline, which has been accounted to the students is converted
into the 4-point scale by the following:
ECTS mark
А
В, С
D, Е
FX, F
Mark according to the 4point scale
«5»
«4»
«3»
«2»
Mark on the discipline FX, F («2») is assigned to those students who fail to pass at
least one module on the subject after mastering has completed.
Mark FX («2») is assigned to those students who have received the minimum point
score on their regular training activity, but have not passed the summing-up module
control. They may pass the summing-up module control consequently not more than 2
(two) times according to the schedule which is approved by the University administration.
Students who are awarded the mark F after finishing the subject mastering (failed to
perform the curriculum of at least one of the modules or did not receive the minimum
point score on their regular training activity on the module) can pass repeated training of
the corresponding module. Solution must be approved by the director of the higher
medical institution in accordance to normative documents which are approved in the
established order.
8. REFERENCES.
Principal.
1. DeVita V. T. CANCER: Principles and practice of oncology, 9 th edition / Vincent T. DeVita,
Theodore S. Lawrence, Steven A. Rosenberg // Publisher: LWW, 2011, 2800 p.
2. Bland K.I. Surgical Oncology. Contemporary principles and practice / K.I. Bland, J.M
Daly., C.P. Karakousis - New York et al.: McGraw-Hill , 2001. - XVI; 1223 p.
3. Sorkin V.M., Perehod I.A. Clinical oncology (Lectures for medical students). Simferopol. 2007.- 136p.
Additional.
1. NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology / NCCN guidelines for treatment of
cancer by site //. – 2014. -V.3.: available at:
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp