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Option A — Human nutrition and health A1. a) With Vitamin D: 1.7μmol -- the range of 1.6 to 1.75 micro- mol (units required) Without Vitamin D: 1.1 μmol – the rage of 1.05 to 1.15 μmol (units required) Both needed to award the mark. (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. both increase with time; normal mice have a greater increase in blood calcium levels than mutant mice (after ten minutes); normal mice have a maximum change of 1.1μmol while mutant mice have a maximum change of 0.6μmol; mutant mice show gradual increase while normal mice show rapid increase followed by a plateau; (c) 1. 2. 3. mice with low calcium diets have a greater increase in blood calcium levels (after calcium administration) because their body absorbs more calcium; if they have had a high calcium diet they do not need to absorb so much calcium / vice versa; probably receptors are all occupied/inhibited / less receptors; (d) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. hypothesis supported as blood calcium levels increased in mutant mice after intake of calcium (graph A); but less than in normal mice / perhaps not enough to cure disease/rickets; administering vitamin D also shows an increase in blood calcium levels (graph A); but no good administering vitamin D as the receptor is defective; in a high calcium diet, less absorption occurs (graph B), so might not be the solution; should have tested mutant mice with different diets; A2. (a) (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There are stretch receptors in stomach and after eating a signal will be sent to the hypothalamus/ appetite control center of the brain ; Hormone can cause sensation of being full/having eaten too much (when receives messages); These hormones that stimulate the feeling of fullness include insulin, CCK, PYY3-36 produced by pancreas/small intestine after eating; The hormone leptin produced by adipose tissue in response to fat storage to send message to appetite control centre in brain and stimulates the sensation of fullness; The hormone Ghrelin is released when stomach is empty and stimulates the feeling of hunger ii) 1. This person has a BMI of 16 (kg m ) and he/she is considered underweight, and so there is a health risk; 2. underweight so may be taking in insufficient nutrients; A2. (a) 1. 2. 3. 4. lack of blood plasma proteins; subsequent tissue fluid retention; swelling of abdomen; retarded physical and mental development of children; muscle wastage; (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. sedentary lifestyle/occupations / lack of exercise; diets high in processed contents / low in complex carbohydrates; diets high in fat; availability of inexpensive food / large portion sizes; A3. 1. 2. 3. 4. saturated fatty acids has no double bonds between carbon atoms and unsaturated fatty acids has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms; monounsaturated has one double bond between carbon atoms and polyunsaturated has only two or more double bonds between carbon atoms; Cis-unsaturated fatty acids have two hydrogen atoms located on the same side of the double bond between carbon atoms and Trans-unsaturated have two hydrogen atoms located on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond Fatty acids can be short hydrocarbon chains or long hydrocarbon chains; A1. (a) 1. mean zinc content higher in control group; 2. 3. The control group data is more variable; There is an overlap between two groups / highest of anorexia nervosa group equals mean of control group; (b) 1. 2. The data suggest that low zinc concentration in whole blood might indicate anorexia and it could be symptom; However other conditions could lead to low zinc 6gg1 (c) 1. 2. 3. zinc supplementation is necessary for insufficient dietary intake and improvement in below normal intake would be resolved; zinc supplementation can improve appetite; Low zinc may effect but not cause of anorexia nervosa. there are many other causes of anorexia; (d) 1. 2. minerals are inorganic while vitamins are organic; minerals tend to be in ionic elemental form/small molecules while vitamins tend to be larger molecules; (e) (below a BMI of) 18.5 kg m 2 (units needed)