Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Page 1 CONTENTS AND PURPOSE 1. Basic Elements of the International Monetary System 2. Mechanisms for Establishing a Consistent International Monetary System • purpose: • podati konceptualne osnove, ki so potrebne za proučevanje mednarodnega denarnega sistema Page 2 1. Basic Elements of the International Monetary System • International monetary system = system of rules, mechanism and institutions that connects the national monetary systems into a consistent whole • Role of the international monetary system: • ensure exchange rate stability • facilitate balance-of-payments disequilibria correction • ensure access to international liquidity Page 3 1. Basic Elements of the International Monetary System • solutions for the acceleration of the size of the international goods and capital flows? • distribution of the benefits from these flows? balance-of-payments adjustments international liquidity facilitation consistency of the system and confidence Page 4 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments balance-of-payments disequilibria elimination process • long-run equilibrium in the current account! • neoclassical view and realistic circumstances in the world economy: • validity of the automatic elimination of the balance-ofpayments disequlibria assumption? • analysis of the balance-of-payments disequilibrium emergence? • difference in different groups of economic agents? Page 5 International Liquidity Facilitation • definition of international liquidity • two segments: • international liquidity under the ownership of the central bank foreign exchange reserves of the CB gold unused gold tranche at the IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDR) Page 6 International Liquidity Facilitation • international liquidity under the ownership of all other agents in the economy: • • • • • operative foreign exchange reserves of commercial banks foreign exchange assets of non-banking subjects abroad short-term foreign assets of the residents long-term, prenosljive foreign bonds of the residents possibilities of the banks to get credits for financing balance-of-payments deficit abroad sources of financial assets to increase IMR: privatni sources of capital public sources of capital Page 7 Consistency of the System and Confidence • relevance of the mechanism for the elimination of balance-of-payments disequilibria • appropriateness of the size of the international liquidity n-1 countries can decide independently on their balanceof-payments balance: establishment of a n-th country accepts the balance that is determined by all the other countries in the system mechanism for the coordination of the balance-of-payments goals Page 8 2. Mechanisms for Establishing a Consistent International Monetary System automatic adjustment mechanism international coordination system n-1 system monetary union system Page 9 Automatic Adjustment Mechanism • changing the level of foreign exchange supply and demand: • flexible exchange rate: deficit domestic currency depreciation D for & S of foreign exchange balance-of-payments equilibrium Page 10 Automatic Adjustment Mechanism • fixed exchange rate: • through price changes • through changes in aggregate expenditures Marginal propensity to import Decreased imports Multiplier Fall in aggregate expenditures Balance-ofpayments deficit Fall in supply of money Decrease in GDP Decrease in domestic demand Increased exports Lower rate of inflation Improved competitiveness relative to other countries Decreased imports Price elasticities Increased exports Decrease in the deficit n-1 System • n-th country currency (N-currency) is convertible into a widely accepted good at a fixed price, the currencies of all other countries are related to it in a fixed relationship • no automatism! • countries must accept and implement economic policy measures for balance-of-payments adjustments Countries with a surplus are under significantly lower pressure to adjust their balance-of-payments! Page 12 • countries with a balance-of-payments deficit carry a relatively higher cost burden • N-country must accept whatever net balance-ofpayments position is dictated by the group of n-1 countries in the system: • strong and a fairly closed economy at the same time • N-currency must be stable Page 13 International Coordination System • economic policy coordination of the world economic forces & exchange rate movement coordination • crucial: exchange rate regime choice • reasons for balance-of-payments disequilibrium: • external shocks • weak or no accordance in the economic policy of individual countries flexible exchange rate easier reaction to asymmetric shocks & more possibilities for independent economic policy Page 14 Monetary Union • countries completely give up their national monetary policy and surrender it to some above-national institution • common currency becomes the only legal tender in all monetary union member countries Page 15