Download Fr Rev Notes - Scott County Schools

Section Two
National Convention – supported the
revolution.
 The Mountain or Montagnards – most
radical.
1. Many belonged to the Jacobins.
2. Support came from lower middle
class and poor people
 Girondins – moderates
1. From provinces
2. Resented excessive influence of the
Paris mob
3. Supported a constitutional monarchy
and resisted extremes
 The Plain – swing voters
1. Originally supported the Girondins but
later switched to support the
Mountain.
Radical Leaders
1. Jean-Paul Marat
 Advocated violence
 Leader of the Paris sans culottes
 One of the National Convention’s most
radical leaders
2. Georges-Jacques Danton
 Violent agitator early in the Revolution
 Popular with the public
 Compromiser – opposed excesses of the
Revolution
3. Maximilien Robespierre
 Intense dedication to the Revolution
 Led National Convention during its most
bloodthirsty time
Committee of Public Safety
 Managed the country’s military defense
 Drafted all able-bodied, unmarried men ages
18-45 into the military
 Revolutionary Tribunal – root out and
eliminate people who threaten the
revolution.
Transforming Society
 Cult of the Supreme Being replaced the
Roman Catholic Church
 Metric System
 New Calendar
Reign Of Terror
 Series of accusations, trials, and executions
 Started by the Mountain to avoid
counterrevolution and loss of control
 Girondists seen as a threat to the Revolution
 Anyone who ever criticized the Revolution
 Death by guillotine
 Could execute one person per minute
 Blood overflowed Paris’ drainage ditches
 Peasants and laborers were the largest group
of victims
 Women including nuns
 Danton, Robespierre
 Increased foreign opposition to the
Revolution
After the Terror
 National Convention writes a new
constitution
 Only men who own property can vote
 The Directory is elected – governing board
of five men
The Directory
 Weak
 Corrupt
 Argued amongst themselves
 High prices, bankruptcy, citizen unrest –
same problems as the Old Order
Section Three
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
 Placed in command by the Directory
 Won battles in Italy and defeated the
Ottomans in Egypt
 Admiral Horatio Nelson’s British forces
destroyed most of the French fleet at the
Battle of the Nile
 Nov. 1799 – Napoleon’s supporters
surrounded the Directory and forced
members to turn the government over to him
in a coup d’état – a forced transfer of power
 The Consulate – three consuls – replaced the
Directory as the government of France.
 Napoleon was voted the First Consul.
 Napoleon submits a plebiscite – a question
put before all voters - in 1804. Did they
want to declare France an empire? The
people voted yes.
 Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon I
The Napoleonic Wars
 Wars in the quest to conquer Europe
 Extension of the wars fought by France
during the Revolution
 France became the dominant European
power
 Lasted until 1815. France in near
continuous state of war for more than a
decade.
 Great Britain was the greatest enemy – led
coalitions against France
 Oct. 1805 British defeated French and
Spanish at the Battle of Trafalgar
 Two months later, France defeated the
Russians and Austrians at the Battle of
Austerlitz
Continental System
 Needed to disrupt British trade to weaken
their ability to fund a rebellion against
Napoleon
 Planned a blockade
 Continental System – prohibited French or
allied ships from trading with Britain.
 Britain required all neutral ships to stops in
Britain for permission to trade with the
French.
 Peninsular War one of many conflicts to
arise.
Napoleon Dominates Europe
 Napoleon put many of his relatives in
power
 Brothers – Holland, Naples, Sicily,
Westphalia,
 Sisters and stepson
Napoleon’s Policies
 Concordat – agreement with the pope.
Recognized the influence of the Roman
Catholic Church in France but allowed
religious toleration
 Bank of France – regulate the economy,
more efficient tax system
 Napoleonic Code – made laws uniform
across the nation
 Promoted order and authority over
individual rights
 Only applied to males
 Established high schools, universities,
technical schools
 Equality before the law
 Representative system of government
 Spread of nationalism
Section 4
Disaster and Defeat
 The Russian Campaign against Czar
Alexander I
1. New recruits, no loyalty
2. Army supplies lost or spoiled
3. July heat
4. Disease, desertion, hunger
5. Russian troops withdrew
6. Russian peasants burned fields
7. Arrived to find Moscow deserted
and in flames
8. Harsh winter
9. Troops exhausted, starved,
freezing
10. 94,000 out of 600,000 survived
Defeat and Exile to Elba
 Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
aligned against France
 They defeated the French at the Battle of
Leipzig
 Napoleon was forced to give up his throne
 He could keep the title of Emperor but was
exiled to Elba, an island off the coast of
Italy, guarded by 400 guards.
 Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI
became the new king of France
 The Hundred Days
1. After a year on Elba Napoleon
returned to France
2. Louis XVIII fled to Belgium
3. Troops sent to arrest Napoleon
pledged their loyalty to him
4. March 20 began the Hundred Days –
a brief period of renewed glory for
Napoleon.
The Battle of Waterloo
 British led by the Duke of Wellington
 June 18, 1815 – Waterloo, a Belgian village
 Prussia and Britain fought together to defeat
the French
 The end of Napoleon’s military career and
the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon’s Final Days
 Napoleon fled to America but was soon
captured
 He was exiled to Saint Helena a volcanic
island 1,200 miles from the mainland.
 He died 6 years later at the age of 51
 The cause of his death is unknown
1. His autopsy showed a perforated or
punctured stomach and stomach cancer
2. High level of arsenic in his hair
3. Forensic scientists have determined that
he did have cancer but did not die from it.
4. Arsenic was used to make the dye in the
wallpaper of his sitting-room.
5. Was he murdered by the British? We
may never know…
The Congress of Vienna
 700 diplomats gathered in Vienna
 Create a plan to restore order and stability to
Europe after the Napoleonic Wars
 Redrew the map of Europe
 Negotiators:
1. Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
2. Czar Alexander of Russia
3. King Frederick William III of Prussia
4. Prince Klemens von Metternich of
Austria
5. Charles Maurice de Tallyrand on behalf
of King Louis XVIII of France
 Metternich dominated and wanted to restore
old monarchies and compensate the allies for
their losses
 Others wanted to make sure that France would
never again rise to such power
 Wanted to put down revolution
 Wanted to remove all traces of the French
Revolution and Napoleon’s rule
 Changed boundaries across Europe
1. Strengthened states surrounding France
2. Netherlands created
3. German Confederation
4. Great Britain received overseas territory
5. France’s boundaries went back to 1792
6. France had to pay a large indemnity –
payment to other countries to compensate
them for damages.
 Restored monarchies
1. Bourbon family returned to thrones in
Spain and Sicily
2. Portugal
3. Sardinia
 Reactionary – ideals not only opposing
progress but also wanting conditions to return
to those of an earlier time – attitudes deeply
influences politics and society
 All liberal ideas were suppressed where
Metternich had influence.
The Revolution’s Legacy
 Enlightenment ideals of human dignity,
personal liberty, and equality would not go
away
 Common people could change the world
 Inspired people around the world