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AP Biology Final Exam Review FALL 2015 Answer all questions on a separate sheet of paper. It is recommended, but not mandatory, that you make flash cards for the vocabulary terms below. You do not need to use complete sentences. This review is due on or before the date of your final exam. All students must complete the review, regardless of whether or not you are taking the exam. The review is worth a double quiz grade. Vocabulary: Acid Atom Atomic Mass Base Buffer Compound Covalent bond Electron Electronegativity Electron shell Element Hydrogen bond Hydrogen ion Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydroxide ion Ion Ionic bond Isotope Molecule Neutron Nonpolar Covalent Bond Octet Rule pH Scale Polar Covalent Bond Proton Solute Solution Surface Tension Valence Shell Amino Acid Biomolecule Carbohydrate Cellulose Chaperone Protein Chitin Coenzyme Complementary Base Pairing Dehydration Reaction Denatured Deoxyribose Disaccharide DNA Enzyme Fat Fatty Acid Functional Group Glucose Glycerol Glycogen Hydrolysis Reaction Lipid Monomer Monosaccharide Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Organic Chemistry Peptide Peptide Bond Phospholipid Polymer Polypeptide Polysaccharide Protein Ribose RNA Saturated Fatty Acid Starch Steroid Trans-fat Triglyceride Unsaturated Fatty Acid Capsule Cell Cell Theory Cell Wall Central Vacuole Centriole Centrosome Chloroplast Chromatin Chromosome Cristae Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum Endosymbiotic Theory Eukaryotic Cell Flagella Gene Granum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pore Nucleoid Nucleolus Organelle Peroxisome Plasma Membrane Plasmid Prokaryotic Cell Ribosome Rough ER Secretion Smooth ER Stroma Surface-Area-to-VolumeRatio Thylakoid Vacuole Vessicle Active Transport Adhesion Junction Aquaporin Cell Recognition Protein Carrier Protein/Transport Protein Cell Wall Channel Protein Cholesterol Concentration Gradient Desmosome Diffusion Endocytosis Enzymatic Protein Exocytosis Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Facilitated Transport Fluid-Mosaic Model Gap Junction Glycolipid Glycoprotein Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution Osmosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Plasmodesmata Plasmolysis Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Receptor Protein Selectively Permeable Sodium Potassium Pump Tight Junction Tonicity Turgor Pressure Active Site ADP Allosteric Site ATP ATP Synthase Chemiosmosis Cofactor Competitive Inhibition Denatured Electron Transport Chain Endergonic Reaction Energy of Activation Entropy Enzyme Enzyme Inhibition Exergonic Reaction Free Energy Heat Induced Fit Model Kinetic Energy Laws of Thermodynamics Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy Metabolic Pathway Metabolism NAD+ Noncompetitive Inhibition Oxidation Reduction Potential Energy Reactant Product Substrate Autotroph Calvin Cycle CO2 Fixation Chlorophyll Heterotroph Light Reactions Photorespiration Photosynthesis Photosystem I Photosystem II RuBP Carboxylase Stomata Aerobic Anabolism Anaerobic Catabolism Cellular Respiration Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) Cytochrome FAD Fermentation Glycolysis Substrate Level Phosphorylation Mycorrhizae Transpiration Water Potential Solute Potential Pressure Potential Casparian Strip Xylem Sap Root Pressure Guttation Guard Cells Circadian Rhythm Translocation Phloem Sap Source Sink Review Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Describe how protons, neutrons, and electrons relate to atomic structure. Use the periodic table to evaluate relationships between atomic number and mass number. Describe how variations in an atomic nucleus account for its physical properties. Determine how electrons are configured around a nucleus. Contrast atomic number and mass number. Describe how elements are combined into molecules and compounds. List different types of bonds that occur between elements. Compare the strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Compare and contrast an ionic bond with a covalent bond. Explain why a calcium ion carries two positive charges. Describe how the atoms in methane (CH4) produce a complete outer shell. Describe how water associates with other molecules in solution. Evaluate which property of water is important for biological life. Analyze how water’s solid, liquid, and vapor states allow life to exist on earth. 15. Explain how water’s high heat of vaporization allows coastal cities to have a consistent temperature throughout the year. 16. Analyze which property of water helps children cool off during summertime by playing in a sprinkler. 17. Evaluate what would happen to life if ice sank instead of floating in the winter. 18. Identify common acidic and basic substances. 19. Analyze how buffers prevent large pH changes in solution. 20. Name the kinds of subatomic particles. What is their charge and location in an atom? 21. Explain whether CO2 is an ionic or covalent compound. Why does this arrangement satisfy all atoms involved? 22. Explain why water is a polar molecule. What does the polarity and shape of water have to do with its ability to form hydrogen bonds? 23. Name five properties of water, and relate them to the structure of water, including its polarity and hydrogen bonding between molecules. 24. On the pH scale, which numbers indicate a solution is acidic? Basic? Neutral? 25. What are buffers and why are they important to life? 26. Explain how the properties of carbon enable it to produce diverse organic molecules. 27. Describe how functional groups affect a carbon molecule’s chemical reactivity. 28. Compare what is added and what is produced during biomolecule synthesis and degradation reactions. 29. Describe the properties of a carbon atom that make it ideally suited to produce varied carbon skeletons. 30. Compare solubility in water of a 2-carbon alcohol and a 2-carbon carboxylic acid biomolecule. 31. Discuss what would happen if no water was present during degradation of a biomolecule. 32. List several examples of important monosaccharides and polysaccharides. 33. Compare the energy and structural uses of starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 34. Explain why humans cannot utilize the glucose in cellulose as a nutrient source. 35. Compare and contrast the structure and function of cellulose with chitin. 36. Describe why lipids are essential to living organisms. 37. Explain where fats and oils are produced. 38. Contrast the structures of fats, phospholipids, and steroids. 39. Compare the functions of phospholipids and steroids in cells. 40. Evaluate why lipids and water do not mix. 41. Contrast a saturated fatty acid with an unsaturated fatty acid. Which of these is preferred in the diet and why? 42. Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in water. 43. Describe functions of proteins in cells. 44. Explain how a polypeptide is constructed from amino acids. 45. Compare the four levels of protein structure. 46. Analyze the factors that affect protein structure and function. 47. Explain where the information that specifies amino acid sequence in a polypeptide comes from. 48. Examine which types of amino acids are most likely to be found in the interior of a protein and why. 49. Evaluate which factors are most important in protein folding. 50. Distinguish between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid. 51. Compare the structure and function of DNA and RNA. 52. Examine why purines and pyrimidines pair together. 53. Explain how ATP is able to store energy. 54. Explain why cells are the basic unit of life. 55. List the three parts of the cell theory. 56. Compare surface-area-to-volume ratios for large and small cells. 57. Evaluate why a cell and a whole organism are both examples of biological systems. 58. Explain why a large surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells. 59. Examine the evolutionary relatedness of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 60. Describe the fundamental components of a bacteria cell. 61. Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 62. Explain how membranes compartmentalize a cell. 63. Examine how organelles divide cellular work. 64. Apply the endosymbiosis theory to eukaryotic cell structure. 65. Describe three benefits of compartmentalization found in cells. 66. Examine why organelles increase cell efficiency and function. 67. Infer how the proportion of organelles might differ between a muscle cell and a nerve cell. 68. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. 69. Explain the flow of information from DNA to protein. 70. Explain the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis. 71. Explain the importance of nuclear pore complexes. 72. Explain the importance of the endomembrane system in cellular function. 73. Examine how the ER, Golgi, and lysosome membranes differ from one another. 74. Describe how endomembrane vesicles are able to fuse with organelles. 75. Contrast the structure and functions of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 76. Examine how cellular function would be affected if the Golgi apparatus stopped functioning properly. 77. Describe the role of peroxisomes and vacuoles in cell function. 78. Contrast peroxisomes and vacuoles with endomembrane organelles. 79. Discuss the evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria are derived from ancient bacteria. 80. Explain why increased membrane surface area is necessary for chloroplast and mitochondrial function. 81. Distinguish between the different structural components of membranes. 82. Explain the functional benefits of using membrane-bound cellular compartments. 83. Describe the diverse role of proteins in membranes. 84. Compare membrane permeability for polar and nonpolar molecules. 85. Describe how molecules move during diffusion. 86. Compare diffusion and osmosis across a membrane. 87. Differentiate between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions for animal and plant cells. 88. Explain how polar water can rapidly move across the nonpolar plasma membrane. 89. Contrast diffusion with facilitated diffusion (transport). 90. Explain how molecules move during active transport. 91. Compare the energy requirements of passive and active transport. 92. Contrast the active transport of large and small molecules into a cell. 93. Compare the structure and function of adhesion, tight, and gap junctions in animals. 94. Contrast cell-to-cell junctions between animals and plants. 95. Compare potential and kinetic energy. 96. Describe the first and second law of thermodynamics. 97. Discuss where glucose stores its potential energy. 98. Compare the energy associated with endergonic and exergonic reactions. 99. Describe how energy is stored in a molecule of ATP. 100. Examine how cells use ATP to drive energetically unfavorable reactions. 101. Explain why ATP is an effective short term energy storage molecule. 102. Explain how transferring a phosphate from ATP changes a molecule’s structure and function. 103. Explain the purpose of a metabolic pathway and how enzymes help to regulate it. 104. Explain how enzymes lower activation energy and increase reaction rate. 105. Distinguish between conditions and factors that affect an enzyme’s rate of reaction. 106. Explain how enzymes maintain specificity in metabolic pathways. 107. Evaluate the usefulness of cofactors in enzyme regulation. 108. Describe how high energy electrons are captured by NAD+ and used to do work. 109. Explain how electrochemical gradients are used to produce ATP. 110. Explain how autotrophs are able to produce their own food. 111. Describe the components of a chloroplast. 112. Compare the role of carbon dioxide in autotrophs and heterotrophs. 113. Describe three major groups of photosynthetic organisms. 114. Distinguish the part of a chloroplast that absorbs solar energy from the part that forms a carbohydrate. 115. Describe the overall process of photosynthesis. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. Compare energy input with energy output for the light reactions. Compare carbon input and output for the Calvin Cycle reactions. Explain the role of photosynthetic pigments in harnessing solar energy. Explain how ATP and NADPH are produced from redox reactions and membrane gradients. Distinguish visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum. Evaluate the energy level of molecules that go in and come out of the light reactions. Describe the three phases of the Calvin Cycle and when ATP/NADPH are needed. Evaluate the significance of RuBP carboxylase enzyme to photosynthesis. Explain how G3P is used to produce other necessary plant molecules. Explain why it takes 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 G3P. Describe the overall reaction for glucose breakdown. Examine the role of NADH and FADH2 redox reactions in cellular respiration. Evaluate where each carbon molecule goes during cellular respiration for a 6-carbon glucose molecule. Explain the benefit of slow glucose breakdown rather than rapid breakdown during cellular respiration. Describe the location where glycolysis occurs in the cell. Compare the amount of carbon between input and output in glycolysis. Explain how energy investment and energy harvesting steps of glycolysis result in 2 net ATP. Explain how ATP is produced from ADP and phosphate. Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of oxygen. Compare the benefits and drawbacks of fermentation. Describe the role of NADH in fermentation. Contrast substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis and methods of ATP synthesis. Examine which processes during glucose breakdown produce the most ATP. Explain how catabolism and anabolism are balanced within a cell. List the factors that make it difficult for ions to cross the plasma membrane. Explain how both partners benefit from a mycorrhizal association. Describe the structure and function of the xylem and phloem. Explain how environmental factors influence the opening and closing of stomata. Describe why water is under tension in stems. Define the process in which sugars move from source to sink in a plant.