Download Mid-term Review

AP Biology Final Exam Review
FALL 2015
Answer all questions on a separate sheet of paper. It is recommended, but not mandatory, that you make flash cards for
the vocabulary terms below. You do not need to use complete sentences.
This review is due on or before the date of your final exam.
All students must complete the review, regardless of whether or not you are taking the exam.
The review is worth a double quiz grade.
Vocabulary:
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Acid
Atom
Atomic Mass
Base
Buffer
Compound
Covalent bond
Electron
Electronegativity
Electron shell
Element
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen ion
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hydroxide ion
Ion
Ionic bond
Isotope
Molecule
Neutron
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Octet Rule
pH Scale
Polar Covalent Bond
Proton
Solute
Solution
Surface Tension
Valence Shell
Amino Acid
Biomolecule
Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Chaperone Protein
Chitin
Coenzyme
Complementary Base
Pairing
Dehydration Reaction
Denatured
Deoxyribose
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Disaccharide
DNA
Enzyme
Fat
Fatty Acid
Functional Group
Glucose
Glycerol
Glycogen
Hydrolysis Reaction
Lipid
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Organic Chemistry
Peptide
Peptide Bond
Phospholipid
Polymer
Polypeptide
Polysaccharide
Protein
Ribose
RNA
Saturated Fatty Acid
Starch
Steroid
Trans-fat
Triglyceride
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Capsule
Cell
Cell Theory
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole
Centriole
Centrosome
Chloroplast
Chromatin
Chromosome
Cristae
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Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endosymbiotic Theory
Eukaryotic Cell
Flagella
Gene
Granum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pore
Nucleoid
Nucleolus
Organelle
Peroxisome
Plasma Membrane
Plasmid
Prokaryotic Cell
Ribosome
Rough ER
Secretion
Smooth ER
Stroma
Surface-Area-to-VolumeRatio
Thylakoid
Vacuole
Vessicle
Active Transport
Adhesion Junction
Aquaporin
Cell Recognition Protein
Carrier Protein/Transport
Protein
Cell Wall
Channel Protein
Cholesterol
Concentration Gradient
Desmosome
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Diffusion
Endocytosis
Enzymatic Protein
Exocytosis
Extracellular Matrix
(ECM)
Facilitated Transport
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Gap Junction
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
Osmosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Plasmodesmata
Plasmolysis
Receptor Mediated
Endocytosis
Receptor Protein
Selectively Permeable
Sodium Potassium Pump
Tight Junction
Tonicity
Turgor Pressure
Active Site
ADP
Allosteric Site
ATP
ATP Synthase
Chemiosmosis
Cofactor
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Competitive Inhibition
Denatured
Electron Transport Chain
Endergonic Reaction
Energy of Activation
Entropy
Enzyme
Enzyme Inhibition
Exergonic Reaction
Free Energy
Heat
Induced Fit Model
Kinetic Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
Mechanical Energy
Chemical Energy
Metabolic
Pathway
Metabolism
NAD+
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Oxidation
Reduction
Potential Energy
Reactant
Product
Substrate
Autotroph
Calvin Cycle
CO2 Fixation
Chlorophyll
Heterotroph
Light Reactions
Photorespiration
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Photosynthesis
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
RuBP Carboxylase
Stomata
Aerobic
Anabolism
Anaerobic
Catabolism
Cellular Respiration
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
Cytochrome
FAD
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Substrate Level
Phosphorylation
Mycorrhizae
Transpiration
Water Potential
Solute Potential
Pressure Potential
Casparian Strip
Xylem Sap
Root Pressure
Guttation
Guard Cells
Circadian Rhythm
Translocation
Phloem Sap
Source
Sink
Review Questions:
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Describe how protons, neutrons, and electrons relate to atomic structure.
Use the periodic table to evaluate relationships between atomic number and mass number.
Describe how variations in an atomic nucleus account for its physical properties.
Determine how electrons are configured around a nucleus.
Contrast atomic number and mass number.
Describe how elements are combined into molecules and compounds.
List different types of bonds that occur between elements.
Compare the strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
Compare and contrast an ionic bond with a covalent bond.
Explain why a calcium ion carries two positive charges.
Describe how the atoms in methane (CH4) produce a complete outer shell.
Describe how water associates with other molecules in solution.
Evaluate which property of water is important for biological life.
Analyze how water’s solid, liquid, and vapor states allow life to exist on earth.
15. Explain how water’s high heat of vaporization allows coastal cities to have a consistent temperature throughout
the year.
16. Analyze which property of water helps children cool off during summertime by playing in a sprinkler.
17. Evaluate what would happen to life if ice sank instead of floating in the winter.
18. Identify common acidic and basic substances.
19. Analyze how buffers prevent large pH changes in solution.
20. Name the kinds of subatomic particles. What is their charge and location in an atom?
21. Explain whether CO2 is an ionic or covalent compound. Why does this arrangement satisfy all atoms involved?
22. Explain why water is a polar molecule. What does the polarity and shape of water have to do with its ability to
form hydrogen bonds?
23. Name five properties of water, and relate them to the structure of water, including its polarity and hydrogen
bonding between molecules.
24. On the pH scale, which numbers indicate a solution is acidic? Basic? Neutral?
25. What are buffers and why are they important to life?
26. Explain how the properties of carbon enable it to produce diverse organic molecules.
27. Describe how functional groups affect a carbon molecule’s chemical reactivity.
28. Compare what is added and what is produced during biomolecule synthesis and degradation reactions.
29. Describe the properties of a carbon atom that make it ideally suited to produce varied carbon skeletons.
30. Compare solubility in water of a 2-carbon alcohol and a 2-carbon carboxylic acid biomolecule.
31. Discuss what would happen if no water was present during degradation of a biomolecule.
32. List several examples of important monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
33. Compare the energy and structural uses of starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
34. Explain why humans cannot utilize the glucose in cellulose as a nutrient source.
35. Compare and contrast the structure and function of cellulose with chitin.
36. Describe why lipids are essential to living organisms.
37. Explain where fats and oils are produced.
38. Contrast the structures of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
39. Compare the functions of phospholipids and steroids in cells.
40. Evaluate why lipids and water do not mix.
41. Contrast a saturated fatty acid with an unsaturated fatty acid. Which of these is preferred in the diet and why?
42. Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in water.
43. Describe functions of proteins in cells.
44. Explain how a polypeptide is constructed from amino acids.
45. Compare the four levels of protein structure.
46. Analyze the factors that affect protein structure and function.
47. Explain where the information that specifies amino acid sequence in a polypeptide comes from.
48. Examine which types of amino acids are most likely to be found in the interior of a protein and why.
49. Evaluate which factors are most important in protein folding.
50. Distinguish between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid.
51. Compare the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
52. Examine why purines and pyrimidines pair together.
53. Explain how ATP is able to store energy.
54. Explain why cells are the basic unit of life.
55. List the three parts of the cell theory.
56. Compare surface-area-to-volume ratios for large and small cells.
57. Evaluate why a cell and a whole organism are both examples of biological systems.
58. Explain why a large surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells.
59. Examine the evolutionary relatedness of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
60. Describe the fundamental components of a bacteria cell.
61. Explain the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
62. Explain how membranes compartmentalize a cell.
63. Examine how organelles divide cellular work.
64. Apply the endosymbiosis theory to eukaryotic cell structure.
65. Describe three benefits of compartmentalization found in cells.
66. Examine why organelles increase cell efficiency and function.
67. Infer how the proportion of organelles might differ between a muscle cell and a nerve cell.
68. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
69. Explain the flow of information from DNA to protein.
70. Explain the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis.
71. Explain the importance of nuclear pore complexes.
72. Explain the importance of the endomembrane system in cellular function.
73. Examine how the ER, Golgi, and lysosome membranes differ from one another.
74. Describe how endomembrane vesicles are able to fuse with organelles.
75. Contrast the structure and functions of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
76. Examine how cellular function would be affected if the Golgi apparatus stopped functioning properly.
77. Describe the role of peroxisomes and vacuoles in cell function.
78. Contrast peroxisomes and vacuoles with endomembrane organelles.
79. Discuss the evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria are derived from ancient bacteria.
80. Explain why increased membrane surface area is necessary for chloroplast and mitochondrial function.
81. Distinguish between the different structural components of membranes.
82. Explain the functional benefits of using membrane-bound cellular compartments.
83. Describe the diverse role of proteins in membranes.
84. Compare membrane permeability for polar and nonpolar molecules.
85. Describe how molecules move during diffusion.
86. Compare diffusion and osmosis across a membrane.
87. Differentiate between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions for animal and plant cells.
88. Explain how polar water can rapidly move across the nonpolar plasma membrane.
89. Contrast diffusion with facilitated diffusion (transport).
90. Explain how molecules move during active transport.
91. Compare the energy requirements of passive and active transport.
92. Contrast the active transport of large and small molecules into a cell.
93. Compare the structure and function of adhesion, tight, and gap junctions in animals.
94. Contrast cell-to-cell junctions between animals and plants.
95. Compare potential and kinetic energy.
96. Describe the first and second law of thermodynamics.
97. Discuss where glucose stores its potential energy.
98. Compare the energy associated with endergonic and exergonic reactions.
99. Describe how energy is stored in a molecule of ATP.
100. Examine how cells use ATP to drive energetically unfavorable reactions.
101. Explain why ATP is an effective short term energy storage molecule.
102. Explain how transferring a phosphate from ATP changes a molecule’s structure and function.
103. Explain the purpose of a metabolic pathway and how enzymes help to regulate it.
104. Explain how enzymes lower activation energy and increase reaction rate.
105. Distinguish between conditions and factors that affect an enzyme’s rate of reaction.
106. Explain how enzymes maintain specificity in metabolic pathways.
107. Evaluate the usefulness of cofactors in enzyme regulation.
108. Describe how high energy electrons are captured by NAD+ and used to do work.
109. Explain how electrochemical gradients are used to produce ATP.
110. Explain how autotrophs are able to produce their own food.
111. Describe the components of a chloroplast.
112. Compare the role of carbon dioxide in autotrophs and heterotrophs.
113. Describe three major groups of photosynthetic organisms.
114. Distinguish the part of a chloroplast that absorbs solar energy from the part that forms a carbohydrate.
115. Describe the overall process of photosynthesis.
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Compare energy input with energy output for the light reactions.
Compare carbon input and output for the Calvin Cycle reactions.
Explain the role of photosynthetic pigments in harnessing solar energy.
Explain how ATP and NADPH are produced from redox reactions and membrane gradients.
Distinguish visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum.
Evaluate the energy level of molecules that go in and come out of the light reactions.
Describe the three phases of the Calvin Cycle and when ATP/NADPH are needed.
Evaluate the significance of RuBP carboxylase enzyme to photosynthesis.
Explain how G3P is used to produce other necessary plant molecules.
Explain why it takes 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 G3P.
Describe the overall reaction for glucose breakdown.
Examine the role of NADH and FADH2 redox reactions in cellular respiration.
Evaluate where each carbon molecule goes during cellular respiration for a 6-carbon glucose molecule.
Explain the benefit of slow glucose breakdown rather than rapid breakdown during cellular respiration.
Describe the location where glycolysis occurs in the cell.
Compare the amount of carbon between input and output in glycolysis.
Explain how energy investment and energy harvesting steps of glycolysis result in 2 net ATP.
Explain how ATP is produced from ADP and phosphate.
Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the absence of oxygen.
Compare the benefits and drawbacks of fermentation.
Describe the role of NADH in fermentation.
Contrast substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis and methods of ATP synthesis.
Examine which processes during glucose breakdown produce the most ATP.
Explain how catabolism and anabolism are balanced within a cell.
List the factors that make it difficult for ions to cross the plasma membrane.
Explain how both partners benefit from a mycorrhizal association.
Describe the structure and function of the xylem and phloem.
Explain how environmental factors influence the opening and closing of stomata.
Describe why water is under tension in stems.
Define the process in which sugars move from source to sink in a plant.