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CHAPTER 7 PRACTICE EXAM - MEMORY
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
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____
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____
1. The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is
a. REM
b. stage 1
c. stage 4
d. stage 2
2. Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as
a. implicit memory
b. declarative memory
c. semantic memory
d. episodic memory
3. While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone
and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her from
repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next
____ or she will forget the number.
a. minute
b. 2 seconds
c. 45 seconds
d. 20 seconds
4. Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
a. semantic and procedural
b. prospective and procedural
c. semantic and episodic
d. prospective and episodic
5. In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer's disease, half the patients
were given the actual drug while the other half of the patients were given a placebo (sugar pill). In this study,
the experimental group is
a. the group who received the placebo
b. the group who received the actual drug
c. the patients who were not included in the study
d. the patients who show evidence of an improvement in their memory
6. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
a. enhanced imagery theory
b. dual-coding theory
c. information-processing theory
d. encoding-storage theory
7. Bonnie has a disease that disrupts the functioning of her hypothalamus. With which of the following areas of
functioning is she likely to have serious difficulty with?
a. reading, writing, and tasting
b. eating, drinking, and body temperature control
c. thinking, problem solving, and hearing
d. sexual motivation, tasting, and controlling fine motor movements
____
____
____
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____
8. Scarlett is a graduate student who is observing children playing together after watching a film. She knows that
some children saw a film that contained graphic scenes of violence and some children saw a non-violent film,
but she doesn't know which film each child she is observing watched. In this case, Scarlett is recording data
for
a. a study with two independent variables
b. an unethical research study
c. a correlational study with confounded variables
d. a double-blind research study
9. If forgetting occurs because previously learned information interferes with the ability to retain new
information it is referred to as
a. negative interference
b. proactive interference
c. positive interference
d. retroactive interference
10. The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and
potential for personal growth, is
a. behaviorism
b. humanism
c. functionalism
d. psychoanalysis
11. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.
a. intermediate-term
b. long-term
c. short-term
d. sensory
12. ____ memory is made up of temporally dated recollections of personal experiences.
a. Semantic
b. Episodic
c. Declarative
d. Explicit
13. Branches are to trees as ____ are to neurons.
a. cell bodies
b. dendrites
c. axons
d. nuclei
14. Pitch perception can best be explained by ____ for very low-pitched sounds, ____ for very high-pitched
sounds, and ____ for pitches in the middle range.
a. frequency theory; both theories; place theory
b. place theory; frequency theory; place theory
c. frequency theory; place theory; both theories
d. place theory; both theories; frequency theory
15. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system comprise the
a. afferent nervous system
b. peripheral nervous system
c. central nervous system
d. skeletal nervous system
16. The storage capacity of short-term memory can be increased by combining items in larger units called
a. categories
b. words
____ 17.
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
____ 25.
c. groups
d. chunks
Nondeclarative memory appears to involve structures such as
a. the midbrain and the cerebellum
b. the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal complex
c. the cerebellum and the amygdala
d. the thalamus and the hypothalamus
The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.
a. 4
b. 12
c. 7
d. 10
The memory system that holds information in storage just long enough to give you additional time to
recognize the stimulus is
a. long-term memory
b. sensory memory
c. short-term memory
d. working memory
The measure of retention that requires individuals to reproduce information on their own without any cues is
a. relearning
b. recall
c. recitation
d. recognition
Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your
a. semantic memory
b. declarative memory
c. episodic memory
d. procedural memory
The optic disk is
a. where light enters the eye
b. another term for the lens
c. where the optic nerve exits the retina
d. the brain structure responsible for the merging of visual fields from both eyes
The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a
circle of light and not just a "single point" of light is consistent with the functioning of your
a. long-term memory
b. sensory memory
c. visual memory
d. short-term memory
An antagonist
a. blocks the action of neurotransmitters
b. extends the absolute refractory period of neural transmission
c. prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
d. mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
The tendency of people to remember factual information by routinely organizing the information into
categories is referred to as
a. chunking
b. clustering
c. source monitoring
____ 26.
____ 27.
____ 28.
____ 29.
____ 30.
____ 31.
____ 32.
____ 33.
____ 34.
d. spreading activation
The subdivision of the declarative memory system, made up of chronological recollections of personal
experiences, is referred to as
a. network memory
b. nodal memory
c. episodic memory
d. event-evoked memory
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines
a. perception
b. sensation
c. attention
d. processing
When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading
information, it is referred to as the
a. postcontext effect
b. source-monitoring effect
c. reconstruction effect
d. misinformation effect
General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in
a. implicit memory
b. semantic memory
c. procedural memory
d. episodic memory
Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are
characteristic of
a. stage 4 sleep
b. stage 1 sleep
c. REM sleep
d. stage 2 sleep
When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy
apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a
bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew ____.
a. elaboration; visual imagery
b. elaboration; structural encoding
c. phonemic encoding; structural encoding
d. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it
through town. This is an example of
a. semantic memory
b. declarative memory
c. procedural memory
d. episodic memory
If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she
saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her
a. working memory
b. short-term memory
c. instantaneous memory
d. sensory memory
Research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an accident or crime scene
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40.
____ 41.
____ 42.
a. can be significantly improved by the use of hypnosis
b. is so vivid that it is subject to very little memory error
c. is distorted by emotion and is completely inaccurate
d. can be influenced by the types of questions they are asked
Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders?
a. a psychiatrist
b. a counseling psychologist
c. a clinical psychologist
d. a physiological psychologist
When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of
the chapter, read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was
using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.
a. expanded attention
b. retrieval
c. elaboration
d. imagery
The measure of retention that requires an individual to memorize information a second time to determine how
much time or effort is saved is
a. recall
b. recitation
c. relearning
d. recognition
The recognition measure of retention requires an individual
a. to predict how well she will perform on a later memory test
b. to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved
c. to select previously learned information from an array of options
d. to reproduce information on her own without any cues
Sensory memory
a. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20
seconds
b. is the same as the working memory
c. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
d. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction
of a second
The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is
a. functionalism
b. behaviorism
c. humanism
d. structuralism
The sense associated with the perception of smell is
a. olfaction
b. audition
c. kinesthesia
d. gustation
The memory system that contains memories for factual information such as names, faces, events, definitions,
and concepts is the
a. declarative memory
b. procedural memory
c. prospective memory
____ 43.
____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
d. retrospective memory
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Carl Rogers
c. Abraham Maslow
d. B. F. Skinner
Charles is taking a prescription drug to reduce the anxiety he has been feeling since he lost his job. He finds
that when he takes the drug he experiences some short-term lethargy and impaired coordination. It is likely
that Charles' physician has prescribed
a. a stimulant
b. a hallucinogen
c. a sedative
d. a narcotic
Sensory adaptation refers to
a. a perceptual inversion principle
b. a weakening of a neurotransmitter substance
c. an increase in sensitivity after prolonged stimulation
d. a decline in sensitivity after prolonged stimulation
At Debbie's 20th high school reunion, her old friends talk about the time Debbie tripped in the cafeteria and
spilled her lunch tray full of spaghetti all over the captain of the football team. Debbie enjoys hearing the
story, but claims to have no memory of the event. Most likely her lack of a memory of the event is the result
of
a. motivated forgetting
b. ineffective encoding
c. interference
d. decay (it was over 20 years ago)
Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is false?
a. information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds
b. unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately
five minutes
c. short-term memory is also referred to as working memory
d. the storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items
Night terrors are most closely associated with which of the following?
a. severe depression
b. a somnambulistic episode
c. emotional disturbance
d. NREM sleep
____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct term
and you say to yourself, "I can't believe I forgot this" when in reality you never knew the answer in the first
place.
a. Decay
b. Pseudoforgetting
c. Retrieval failure
d. Interference
Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room had taped
conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers found that the plants grew
better in the room which had the conversations playing. In this study, the type of room (conversation or
silence) would be
____ 51.
____ 52.
____ 53.
____ 54.
____ 55.
____ 56.
____ 57.
____ 58.
a. a placebo
b. the dependent variable
c. the independent variable
d. an extraneous variable
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of
a. complete retrieval failure
b. partial retrieval
c. partial storage
d. complete storage failure
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are referred to as
a. episodic memories
b. tip-of-the-tongue memories
c. flashbulb memories
d. long-term memories
Evidence on long-term potentiation (LTP) suggests that a memory trace
a. develops from altering hormonal levels in the brain
b. consists of specific neural circuits
c. involves anatomical changes in the structure of the brain
d. depends on biochemical changes at specific synapses
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event that is abstracted from previous
experience with the object or event is a
a. schema
b. stereotype
c. retrieval cue
d. semantic network
Long-term memory
a. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
b. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20
seconds
c. are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
d. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction
of a second
Short-term memory
a. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
b. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20
seconds
c. can maintain rehearsed information for approximately five minutes
d. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction
of a second
Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of
processing.
a. narrower
b. deeper
c. broader
d. shallower
Which area of the brain is associated with the consolidation of long-term memories?
a. hippocampal region
b. medulla
c. hypothalamus
____ 59.
____ 60.
____ 61.
____ 62.
____ 63.
____ 64.
____ 65.
____ 66.
____ 67.
d. cerebral cortex
Multiple choice exams such as this one measure retention by using the ____ method.
a. recall
b. relearning
c. recitation
d. recognition
Which of the following is not a component of working memory?
a. phonological rehearsal loop
b. semantic buffer
c. visuospatial sketchpad
d. executive control system
Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with
reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his
appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested
a. THC
b. an amphetamine
c. LSD
d. a sedative
Overlearning, or the continued rehearsal of material after you have first mastered it, is
a. also referred to as distributed practice
b. an ineffective technique to improve retention
c. an effective technique to improve retention
d. also referred to as massed practice
When subjects are administered a series of written questions designed to assess their attitudes, opinions, or
behavior, this is called
a. an interview
b. a questionnaire
c. direct observation
d. a psychological test
After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots floating before your
eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by
a. additive color mixing
b. subtractive color mixing
c. opponent process theory
d. trichromatic theory
A patient's fear outbursts are found to be caused by pressure applied to the brain by a tumor. Where is the
tumor likely to be found?
a. reticular formation
b. amygdala
c. medial forebrain bundle
d. cerebrum
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in
brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are most consistent with the
a. biological perspective
b. cognitive perspective
c. behavioral perspective
d. humanistic perspective
Various lines of recent research suggest that areas in the prefrontal cortex contribute to
a. procedural memory
b. long-term memory
c. working memory
d. declarative memory
____ 68. If forgetting occurs because newly learned information impairs the memory of previously learned information
it is referred to as
a. proactive interference
b. retroactive interference
c. positive interference
d. negative interference
____ 69. Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have
more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a
problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same
problem. Diaz has a problem with his experimental design because
a. there is no dependent variable in the experiment
b. there are two control groups and no experimental group
c. the time allowed for the decision is confounded with the independent variable
d. the age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable
____ 70. The approach to encoding that involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant is
a. deep processing encoding
b. self-referent encoding
c. dual-code incoding
d. semantic encoding
CHAPTER 7 PRACTICE EXAM - MEMORY
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
REF:
2. ANS:
REF:
3. ANS:
4. ANS:
5. ANS:
KEY:
6. ANS:
7. ANS:
KEY:
8. ANS:
KEY:
9. ANS:
10. ANS:
KEY:
11. ANS:
12. ANS:
REF:
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14. ANS:
REF:
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KEY:
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17. ANS:
KEY:
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21. ANS:
22. ANS:
REF:
23. ANS:
24. ANS:
KEY:
25. ANS:
26. ANS:
KEY:
27. ANS:
28. ANS:
C
PTS:
p. 179
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 288
OBJ:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
Critical Thinking
D
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
p. 288
OBJ:
B
PTS:
p. 74
OBJ:
C
PTS:
p. 152
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Factual
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
Factual
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
PTS:
p. 127
OBJ:
B
PTS:
A
PTS:
Factual
MSC:
B
PTS:
C
PTS:
Factual
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
1
5-6
1
7-24
1
1
1
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
REF:
Correct = 67%
Factual
Correct = 71%
Factual
264
OBJ: 07-6 TYPE: Concept/Applied
288
OBJ: 07-24 TYPE: Factual
p. 43
OBJ: 2-5
1
1
REF:
REF:
MSC:
REF:
262
OBJ: 07-4 TYPE: Factual
p. 90
OBJ: 3-13
** (new or revised)
p. 59
OBJ: 2-17
1
1
REF:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
1
DIF:
7-24
KEY:
1
DIF:
3-1
KEY:
1
DIF:
4-19
KEY:
1
REF:
1
1
OBJ: 07-17 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 1-8
264
OBJ: 07-6 TYPE: Concept/Applied
Correct = 87%
Factual
Correct = 52%
Critical Thinking
Correct = 74%
Factual
p. 81
OBJ: 3-8
REF: 266
REF: p. 288
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
DIF:
4-8
KEY:
1
REF:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
1
279
p. 10
OBJ: 07-6 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 7-23
266
OBJ:
264
OBJ:
277
OBJ:
288
OBJ:
Correct = 73%
Factual
264
OBJ:
p. 79
OBJ:
270
p. 288
REF: 260
REF: 274
07-6 TYPE: Factual
07-5 TYPE: Factual
07-15 TYPE: Factual
07-23 TYPE: Concept/Applied
07-5 TYPE: Factual
3-6
OBJ: 07-10 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 7-24
OBJ: 07-2 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 07-13 TYPE: Factual
29. ANS:
REF:
30. ANS:
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31. ANS:
32. ANS:
REF:
33. ANS:
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35. ANS:
KEY:
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40. ANS:
TOP:
41. ANS:
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60. ANS:
61. ANS:
REF:
62. ANS:
63. ANS:
REF:
B
PTS:
p. 289
OBJ:
D
PTS:
p. 179
OBJ:
A
PTS:
D
PTS:
p. 288
OBJ:
D
PTS:
D
PTS:
A
PTS:
Factual
C
PTS:
C
PTS:
C
PTS:
D
PTS:
B
PTS:
WWW
KEY:
A
PTS:
p. 156
OBJ:
A
PTS:
D
PTS:
p. 9
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
D
PTS:
p. 123
OBJ:
A
PTS:
B
PTS:
D
PTS:
Critical Thinking
B
PTS:
C
PTS:
Concept/Applied
B
PTS:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
A
PTS:
A
PTS:
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
A
PTS:
D
PTS:
B
PTS:
B
PTS:
p. 200
OBJ:
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
p. 40
OBJ:
1
7-24
1
5-6
1
1
7-24
1
1
1
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
REF:
Correct = 69%
Factual
Correct = 29%
Factual
262
OBJ:
Correct = 83%
Concept/Applied
264
OBJ:
274
OBJ:
p. 21
OBJ:
1
1
1
1
1
Factual
1
4-22
1
1
1-7
1
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
262
277-278
277
264
p. 7
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
Correct = 96%
Factual
288
OBJ: 07-23 TYPE: Factual
Correct = 90%
Factual
p. 200
OBJ: 5-22
1
4-5
1
1
1
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
REF:
Correct = 95%
Factual
280
OBJ: 07-18 TYPE: Critical Thinking
264
OBJ: 07-6 TYPE: Concept/Applied
p. 189
OBJ: 5-14
1
1
REF: 278
REF: p. 43
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5-22
1
1
2-3
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
07-4 TYPE: Concept/Applied
07-5 TYPE: Concept/Applied
07-13 TYPE: Factual
1-15
07-4 TYPE: Concept/Applied
07-15 TYPE: Factual
07-15 TYPE: Factual
07-5 TYPE: Factual
1-6
OBJ: 07-16 TYPE: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 2-5
273
OBJ:
267
OBJ:
285
OBJ:
271
OBJ:
267
OBJ:
264
OBJ:
261-262
OBJ:
287
OBJ:
277
OBJ:
266
OBJ:
Correct = 83%
Concept/Applied
291
OBJ:
Correct = 96%
Factual
07-12 TYPE: Critical Thinking
07-8 TYPE: Factual
07-21 TYPE: Factual
07-10 TYPE: Factual
07-8 TYPE: Factual
07-6 TYPE: Factual
07-3 TYPE: Factual
07-22 TYPE: Factual
07-15 TYPE: Concept/Applied
07-7 TYPE: Factual
07-26 TYPE: Factual
64. ANS:
REF:
65. ANS:
KEY:
66. ANS:
KEY:
67. ANS:
68. ANS:
69. ANS:
KEY:
70. ANS:
C
PTS:
p. 135
OBJ:
B
PTS:
Concept/Applied
A
PTS:
Concept/Applied
C
PTS:
B
PTS:
D
PTS:
Critical Thinking
B
PTS:
1
4-10
1
1
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
MSC:
REF:
Correct = 80%
Concept/Applied
p. 92
OBJ: 3-14
** (new or revised)
p. 13
OBJ: 1-10
1
1
1
REF: 287
REF: 278
REF: p. 44
OBJ: 07-22 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 07-17 TYPE: Concept/Applied
OBJ: 2-5
1
REF: 263
OBJ: 07-4 TYPE: Factual