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Interorganizational System Development Lecture 22 Today Lecture Interorganizational System Development EXXONMOBIL Discussion Case – Interorganizational Systems Development HONG KONG EXCHANGES & CLEARING Case Study – Interorganizational Systems Development Internet-Based Systems Application Servers Java Development Platform Today Lecture… Web Service Web Service Advantages for E-Business Web Services Terminology Web Service Model TRADITIONAL WEB-BASED SYSTEMS WEB SERVER CLUSTERS Today Lecture… BUILDING A WEB SERVICE Case Example BEKINS Case Example – Web Services BUILDING A WEB SERVICE Preparing for On-The-Fly Web Services Development Interorganizational System Development One of the main business trends is the appearance of business ecosystems — “groupings” of businesses that work closely together Supply Chain Management systems integrate supply chains These are now a major trend as they compete against one another on their ability to reduce costs and time across their entire chains Development of such inter-organizational systems requires teams from the different organizations to work together Supply Chain Example Interorganizational System Development cont. Another type of inter-organizational system is a platform, which provides the infrastructure for the operation of a business ecosystem, a region, or an industry Sabre Video game industry Interorganizational System Development cont. Platform development is a major trend in an increasing number of industries Following 2 cases 1. Exxonmobil - Yet to become a platform 2. HKEx – points out the types of coordination needed to develop an interorganizational system for a business ecosystem EXXONMOBIL Discussion Case – Interorganizational Systems Development Mobil created Speedpass, a system that uses a 1.5inch-long wand that motorists can attach to their key chain and “wave” at an electronic reader on a Mobil gas pump to pay for gas Mobil’s goal was to speed motorists in and out of its stations ExxonMobil now has five million Speedpass holders They buy more Mobil gas than non-Speedpass customers, they visit Mobil stations one more time per month, and they spend 2-3 percent more money EXXONMOBIL Discussion Case – Interorganizational Systems Development cont. To leverage this technology, it has teamed up with McDonald’s restaurants in Chicago to test use of Speedpass to pay for food How should Mobil leverage this platform even more? HONG KONG EXCHANGES & CLEARING Case Study – Interorganizational Systems Development HKEx is Asia’s second largest stock market To extend its reach beyond Hong Kong, it decided to embed its business processes in an open trading architecture by building a third-generation automatic order matching and execution system HKEx’s goal is integrated end-to-end computerized trading processes, from investors through brokers to markets HONG KONG EXCHANGES & CLEARING Case Study – Interorganizational Systems Development cont. The project was daunting, involving both internal and external people 40 staff members from varying departments 150 consultants, and 500 brokerage firms HONG KONG EXCHANGES & CLEARING Case Study – Interorganizational Systems Development cont. Development took two years, and ended with three levels of testing One level involved testing the systems that some 100 brokerage firms built to interface with the open gateway Rollout was phased so that Hong Kong’s stock market was not disrupted HONG KONG EXCHANGES & CLEARING Case Study – Interorganizational Systems Development cont HKEx has built its processes into an open architecture and coordinated the construction of an interorganizational system – with components from numerous sources and participants of many kinds It is now the foundation for its industry ecosystem Internet-Based Systems HKEx’s system is not Internet based but it allows Internet access for online trading as well as other actions The Internet has opened up the options HKEx can offer Internet users have become so sophisticated that Internet-based systems must be: Scalable Reliable, and Integrated both internally and externally with systems of customers or business partners Internet-Based Systems To do this companies recognize they must negotiate ‘language differences’ E.g. a system may have to port old COBOL applications to Java, reconcile interface discrepancies and interface with back-end legacy applications, often without documentation or past experience with those systems Tools are available to help Open systems etc. Internet-Based Systems: Application Servers Originally conceived as a piece of middleware to link a Web server to applications on other company systems The application server has grown into a framework for developing Internet-based applications Figure 9-6 shows the basic application server architecture. The virtual server takes requests from clients and Web servers (on the left), runs the necessary business logic & provides connectivity to the entire range of back-end systems (on the right) Internet-Based Systems: Application Servers The goal of the application server: automate manage technical tasks in the development and running of Internet based applications The result: Developers can focus more on business issues, rather than technical detail Internet-Based Systems: Java Development Platform Java has been in many cases the starting point for the development of Internet-based systems with an open system architecture. Originally – developed to provide applets that run on Web clients Evolved into a full programming language Goal = Platform for independent language that could run on any system Promise applications portability: “write once, run anywhere” Didn’t live up to promise = evolved into a standard platform for developing server-side applications Java Software Development Internet-Based Systems: Java Development Platform cont. Major components in Java server-side platform Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) Preconfigured pieces of code that IS staff no longer have to build from scratch Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Defines a standard for developing Internet-based enterprise applications Internet-Based Systems: Java Development Platform cont Provide an alternative to building online business systems from scratch or buying packaged online business systems because of their multi-vendor platform capability and pre-built, reusable components Microsoft competes with its own versions: Component Distributed Object Model (COM) Component Object Model (DCOM) Web Service • • Web Service: “Web-based applications that dynamically interact with other Web applications using open standards that include XML, UDDI and SOAP” Universal Description Discovery Integration Simple Object Access Protocol Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): “Development of applications from distributed collections of smaller loosely coupled service providers” “A collection of services or software agents that communicate freely with each other” XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-readable. UDDI UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) is an XML-based registry for businesses worldwide to list themselves on the Internet. Its ultimate goal is to streamline online transactions by enabling companies to find one another on the Web and make their systems interoperable for e-commerce. Web Service Advantages for E-Business Allow companies to reduce the cost of doing e-business, to deploy solutions faster Need a common program-to-program communications model Allow heterogeneous applications to be integrated more rapidly, easily and less expensively Facilitate deploying and providing access to business functions over the Web Web Services Terminology SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) exchanging XML messages on a network Like RPC, it provides a way to communicate between applications Unlike RPC, it communicates over HTTP Web Services Terminology Because HTTP is supported by all Internet browsers and servers, SOAP can run on different operating systems, with different technologies and programming languages WSDL (Web Service Description Language ) describing interfaces of Web services UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) managing registries of Web services Web Service Model (1/3) Web Service Model (2/3) Roles in a Web Service Architecture Service provider Owner of the service Platform that hosts access to the service Service requestor Business that requires certain functions to be satisfied Application looking for and invoking an interaction with a service Service registry Searchable registry of service descriptions where service providers publish their service descriptions Web Service Model (3/3) Operations in a Web Service Architecture Publish Service descriptions need to be published in order for service requestor to find them Find Service requestor queries the service registry for the service required Bind Service requestor invokes or initiates an interaction with the service at runtime Internet-Based Systems: Web Services The vision of Web Services is that modules of code can be assembled into services, which, in turn, can be linked to create a business process at the moment it is needed and run across enterprises, computing platforms, and data models There are two development modes: One is to wrap an XML wrapper around an existing piece of code that performs a specific function Internet-Based Systems: Web Services Exposes it Then = give it a Internet address and let others use it – for a fee! Second way to build a Web Service = use one someone else has already exposed The following case illustrates the basics of building a Web Service TRADITIONAL WEB-BASED SYSTEMS Many Web-based systems are still organized as simple client-server architectures. TRADITIONAL WEB-BASED SYSTEMS The core of a Web site: a process that has access to a local file system storing documents. TRADITIONAL WEB-BASED SYSTEMS How to refer to a document? URL (Uniform Resource Locator)? Uniform Resource Locator A reference called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to refer a document. The DNS name of its associated server along with a file name is specified. The URL also specifies the protocol for transferring the document across the network. Example: http://www.cse.unl.edu/~ylu/csce855/notes/websystem.ppt TRADITIONAL WEB-BASED SYSTEMS A client interacts with Web servers through a special application known as browser. What’s the key function of a browser? Responsible for displaying documents. WEB SERVER CLUSTERS Web servers are replicated and combined with a front end to improve performance. WEB SERVER CLUSTERS The front end can be designed in two ways: switch – simply passes data sent along the TCP connection to one of the servers, depending on some measurement of the server’s load. Transport-layer request distribution – it first inspects the HTTP request and decides which server it should forward that request to. Content-aware WEB SERVER CLUSTERS For example, if the front end always forwards requests for the same document to the same server, the server may cache the document resulting in better response times. Approach that combines the efficiency of transportlayer switch and the functionality of content-aware distribution has been developed. WEB SERVER CLUSTERS Another alternative to set up a Web server cluster is to use round-robin DNS. With round-robin DNS a single domain name is associated with multiple IP addresses. When resolving a host name, a browser would receive a list of multiple addresses, each address corresponding to a server. Normally, browsers choose the first address on the list, but most DNS servers circulate the entries. As a result, simple distribution of requests over the servers in the cluster is achieved. BUILDING A WEB SERVICE Case Example Currency converter The steps involve: 1. Exposing the code 2. Writing a service description 3. Publishing the service 4. Finding the service, and 5. Invoking a Web Service BEKINS Case Example – Web Services Moving company which is using Web Services in its HomeDirectUSA business Delivers large household appliances Uses some 1,000 independent agents Formerly = faxed or phoned these agents to arrange delivery Slow and not equitable to all agents Created an online broking system (TBE) Used to tender jobs to all agents Once accepted = unavailable to others BEKINS Case Example – Web Services Results Lower tendering costs Faster customer service Better utilization of agents’ trucks So efficient = offer lower margin jobs to agents Increases shipping volume and revenues Bekins’ E-Commerce Platform Building the system Required commitment from several moving partners = an interorganizational system Involvement = important but equally important was their comfort with Web Services BUILDING A WEB SERVICE Preparing for On-The-Fly Web Services Development Whilst these can help enterprises develop systems faster, the technology might have other ramifications CIOs would do well to prepare for Possibly another round of even more powerful, on-the-fly end user development BUILDING A WEB SERVICE Preparing for On-The-Fly Web Services Development History repeating itself Spreadsheets 4GLs Web sites Personal IS silos of data and apps management can address ‘in advance’ this time! Else = Users will take development into their own hands as they have done so eagerly in the past Summary Traditional approach from the 1960s evolved to give more discipline, control, and efficiency. Moved programming from an “art” to a “craft.” Problems: Development times Low user involvement Lack of flexibility 1970s and 1980s: data-driven development, stressed improving early phases in development: 4GL and software prototyping permitted more rapid development CASE and object oriented (software re-use) Summary 1990s: Client-server Internet-based systems Integration of components and packages The 1990s brought the need for integrated enterprise systems and Internet-based systems Development now focuses on the Internet, interorganizational development, and ecosystem applications Systems where project management skills are even more important due to the complexity of the systems