Download Motivation and Emotions Unit 8

Motivation and Emotions Unit 8
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. A drive refers to
a. a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
b. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating
behavior.
c. an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
d. the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
e. an unconscious, repressed desire for pleasure.
____
2. The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen
____
3.
____
4.
____
5.
____
6.
in the influence of ________ on motivation.
a. instincts
b. homeostasis
c. incentives
d. set points
e. needs
Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their
constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of
a. arousal theory.
b. instinct theory.
c. drive-reduction theory.
d. incentive theory.
e. set point.
Shawn loves to snowboard. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The
higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Shawn's
motivation to snowboard?
a. instinct
b. drive-reduction
c. incentive
d. optimum arousal
e. hierarchy of needs
Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be
motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example
of
a. set points.
b. a hierarchy of motives.
c. homeostasis.
d. erotic plasticity.
e. instincts.
Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet
a. became apathetic and lost interest in food.
b. remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
c. lost interest in sex and social activities.
d. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.
e. shifted cognitive focus away from food toward more accessible goals.
____
7. A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from
a. high testosterone levels.
b. a semistarvation diet.
c. erotic plasticity.
d. excess leptin.
e. decreased testosterone.
____
8. Which of the following is the best example of set point?
a. Ashlena loves to try spicy and exotic foods.
b. The smell of freshly baked bread compelled Sydnee to head for the kitchen.
c. While on a diet Lillie could think only about her next meal.
d. After losing 25 pounds, Shelby found that he began to put the weight back on.
e. Melanie is a natural nurturer and loving mother to her 2-year-old twins.
____
9. Studies show that people tend to eat much more in social situations, such as parties and celebrations.
____ 10.
____ 11.
____ 12.
____ 13.
Which psychological principle best explains why we overeat in these situations?
a. social facilitation
b. set point
c. homeostasis
d. drive reduction
e. basal metabolic rate
The ecology of eating is best illustrated by
a. the set point.
b. unit bias.
c. homeostasis.
d. refractory periods.
e. basal metabolic rate.
Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half
rather than whole. This best illustrates
a. refractory period.
b. the settling point.
c. unit bias.
d. social facilitation.
e. homeostasis.
Chiara, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weighs only 80 pounds. She has lost 30 pounds over
the last six months by eating very little and running five miles a day. She is determined not to
become overweight and ignores her parents' suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals.
Chiara suffers from
a. bulimia nervosa.
b. obesity.
c. an abnormally low set point.
d. anorexia nervosa.
e. hypermetabolism.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
____ 14.
____ 15.
____ 16.
____ 17.
____ 18.
____ 19.
losses of 25 percent or more of normal weight.
episodes of overeating followed by vomiting.
the loss of regular menstrual periods.
lifelong obesity.
periods of unhealthy eating habits followed by starvation.
Professor Lindstrom emphasizes that eating disorders involve the interactive influence of mood,
basal metabolic rates, and cultural standards of beauty. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
a. instinct theory.
b. a biopsychosocial approach.
c. drive-reduction theory.
d. the evolutionary perspective.
e. a humanistic approach.
A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing
a. low blood pressure.
b. stored energy.
c. a low set point.
d. reduced levels of serotonin.
e. high refractory period.
The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.
a. anorexia
b. high cholesterol
c. obesity
d. hypertension
e. bulimia
“Fat is stored energy to carry us through periods of famine. ” Which of the following psychological
perspectives is most likely to emphasize this argument?
a. biological
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. evolutionary
e. social-cultural
Research on obesity and weight control indicates that
a. one pound is always lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet.
b. fat cells are lost when sustained dieting is combined with exercise.
c. once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to
attain it.
d. it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than
on the first try.
e. obesity is related to learned patterns of behavior, not biological influences.
A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our
psychological need for
a. autonomy.
b. homeostasis.
c. refractory periods.
d. incentives.
e. conditioning.
____ 20. The anterior cingulate cortex shows increased activity in response to both physical pain and
a. ostracism.
b. refractory periods.
c. social facilitation.
d. pleasure.
e. the sexual response cycle.
____ 21. Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
____ 25.
____ 26.
own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?
a. Cannon-Bard theory
b. catharsis hypothesis
c. James-Lange theory
d. adaptation-level phenomenon
e. relative deprivation principle
According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic
nervous system arousal.
a. Cannon-Bard theory
b. James-Lange theory
c. two-factor theory
d. catharsis hypothesis
e. adaptation-level principle
The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
a. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
b. Robert Zajonc and Richard Lazarus.
c. William James and Carl Lange.
d. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.
e. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.
An inexperienced pilot prepares for an emergency landing after her single-engine plane loses power.
Her emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
a. decreased respiration.
b. pupil constriction.
c. increased blood sugar levels.
d. increased salivation.
e. decreased perspiration.
Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching
angry faces.
a. cerebellum
b. thalamus
c. amygdala
d. hippocampus
e. medulla
Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they
a. are more accurate for men than women.
b. are accurate only 50 percent of the time, even when administered by experts.
c. are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent.
d. are more likely to declare the guilty innocent than to declare the innocent guilty.
e. are most accurate when used by researchers than by law enforcement officials.
____ 27. Which of the following brain areas became especially active when a research participant lied about
____ 28.
____ 29.
____ 30.
____ 31.
____ 32.
____ 33.
holding a five of clubs?
a. anterior cingulate cortex
b. hypothalamus
c. hippocampus
d. cerebellum
e. amygdala
After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger
resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses
him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the
a. two-factor theory.
b. James-Lange theory.
c. Cannon-Bard theory.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. adaptation-level principle.
Researchers who explore emotion from a social-cultural level of analysis are especially likely to
emphasize cultural differences in
a. autonomic nervous system arousal.
b. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
c. emotional expressiveness.
d. the spillover effect.
e. relative deprivation.
When Laura acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates
a. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
b. the diminishing returns phenomenon.
c. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
d. the behavior feedback phenomenon.
e. the two-factor phenomenon.
Carroll Izard has suggested that love is a mixture of interest-excitement and
a. pride.
b. surprise.
c. fear.
d. joy.
e. curiosity.
Fear is an alarm system that prepares our bodies to flee from danger, binds us together as families,
and protects us from harm. These examples illustrate that
a. fear should be avoided.
b. the expression of fear is governed by display rules.
c. fears disrupt our ability to cope.
d. fear is adaptive.
e. biology is unimportant is shaping fearfulness.
Rosaria is upset with her husband for not putting his dirty clothes in the laundry basket. Anger
experts would most likely recommend that she deal with her frustration by saying to him
“Why do you expect me to do all the work around here?”
“I'm not your mother. Take some responsibility.”
“From now on I'm going to leave my dirty clothes around for you to pick up.”
“It annoys me that you leave your dirty clothes for me to pick up.”
“I refuse to make dinner until you do the laundry.”
As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the
causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney
is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. educational
b. behavioral
c. forensic
d. health
e. humanistic
The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by
a. resistance.
b. exhaustion.
c. an alarm reaction.
d. a tend-and-befriend response.
e. resolution.
Which of the following is considered the most significant source of stress for most people?
a. large-scale catastrophes
b. significant life changes
c. personality characteristics
d. psychosomatic symptoms
e. daily hassles
The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by
a. biofeedback.
b. a Type B personality.
c. high blood pressure.
d. relative deprivation.
e. adaptation level.
The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is
their feelings of
a. urgency.
b. competitiveness.
c. ambition.
d. anger.
e. fear.
Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had
previously been exposed to
a. natural killer cells.
b. T lymphocytes.
c. macrophages.
d. carcinogens.
e. serotonin.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
____ 34.
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40. When experimenters implanted tumor cells into rodents, those exposed to ________ were more
prone to cancer.
a. telomeres
b. T lymphocytes
c. inescapable shocks
d. biofeedback
e. abundant food