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School District 27j’s Social Studies The Social Studies program is about informed inquiry because when we think like a historian, political scientist, economist and geographer . . . In each of the four social studies disciplines, we think through the lenses of the following overarching big ideas: History Context, continuity, and change Causation and Argumentation Unity and Division The Significance of Ideas as Powerful Forces through History Geography Spatial Representation Human Environment Interaction Patterns and Movements Global Interconnectedness Economics Decision Making National Economy Markets and Exchanges Global Economy Civics Civil Institutions Processes, Policies, Rules, Laws Participation and Deliberation Definitions of big ideas are at the end of the frames Transfer: Because . . . historians, on their own, every day, are developing questions and planning inquiries, applying disciplinary concepts and tools, evaluating sources and using evidence, communicating conclusions and taking informed action Overarching Transfer Skills: Use the historical method of inquiry to ask questions, evaluate primary and secondary sources, critically analyze and interpret data, and develop interpretations defended by evidence. The purposes of history are to: The purposes of economics are to: Analyze key historical periods and patterns of change over time within and across nations and cultures Understand the allocation of scarce resources in societies through analysis of individual choice, market interaction, and public policy Develop an understanding of how people view, construct, and interpret history Acquire the knowledge and economic reasoning skills to make sound financial decisions (PFL) The purposes of geography are to: The purposes of civics are to : Develop spatial understanding, perspectives, and personal connections to the world Compare how various nations define the rights, responsibilities, and roles of citizens Examine places and regions and the connections among them Understand different forms of government and international organizations and their influence in the world community 1 Civilizations of the Western Hemisphere Major concepts: Geography: Human and environment interaction (HEI) HEI are essential aspects of human life in all societies and they occur at local-to-global scales. HEI happen both in specific places and across broad regions. Culture influences the locations and the types of interactions that occur. Earth’s human systems and physical systems are in constant interaction and have reciprocal influences flowing among them. These interactions result in a variety of spatial patterns that require careful observation, investigation, analysis and explanation. Major concept: Unity and Division The concept of Unity and Division is complex and asks students to view history through multiple perspectives, issues and events that either unified or divided people. Students may choose to focus on a conflict or a compromise, but if the topic includes one as well as the other, the student needs to address both sides of the theme to understand how individuals, groups or nations became unified or divided. Major Concept: Markets & Exchanges When people voluntarily exchange goods and services, both parties expect to gain as a result of the trade. Markets exist to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. When buyers and sellers interact in well-functioning, competitive markets, prices are determined that reflect the relative scarcity of the goods and services in the market. The principles of markets apply to markets for goods and services, labor, credit, foreign exchange, and others. Supporting concepts: History: Causation and argumentation Historical thinking involves using evidence and reasoning to draw conclusions about probable causes and effects, recognizing that these are multiple and complex. Along with claims about causes and effects, historical arguments can also address issues of change over time, the relevance of sources, the perspectives of those involved, and many other topics, but must be based on evidence that is used in a critical, coherent, and logical manner. 2 Geography: Spatial representation This is a skill-driven concept of creating maps and other geographical representation, which requires a process of answering geographic questions; gather relevant information, and using effective ways to communicate the findings. Once a map or other representation is created, it prompts new questions concerning the locations, spaces, and patterns portrayed. Creating maps and other geographic representations is an essential and enduring part of seeking new geographic knowledge that is personally and socially useful and that can be applied in making decisions and solving problems. Understandings Students will understand that certain characteristics are necessary for civilizations to function properly Students will understand that great civilizations leave a legacy Students will understand that humans utilize, adapt to, and adapt their environment in order to survive. Essential/Compelling/Guiding questions: How has the changing relationship between human beings and the physical and natural environment affected human life from early times to the present? Why have relations among humans become so complex since early times? How have human views of the world, nature, and the cosmos changed? What are the major characteristics of civilizations? How do civilizations cause people to unify? How do civilizations cause people to divide? Why have civilizations succeeded and failed? What factors influence the development of civilizations and nations? Why are the characteristics of civilizations necessary? How were the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations organized? How were the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca economies similar/different? How do different economies control the means of production and distribution of goods and services? Why did the early Native American cultures of North America settle where they did? Are the early Native American cultures of North America civilizations? What characteristics can be found across civilizations? How does environment help shape the culture of a civilization? 3 How can communities create and sustain a healthy environment? How are the civilizations of Aztecs, Maya and Inca civilizations similar and different? Foundational knowledge Aztec, Maya, Inca civilizations Early Native American cultures of North America Foundational Skills Identify ways different cultures record history (DOK 1) Give examples of how people have adapted to their physical environment (DOK 1) Economic systems of Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas Interactions of physical and human systems in the Western Hemisphere Physical features of the Western Hemisphere 7 Characteristics of Civilizations Types of maps Primary and secondary sources Agrarian Revolution Fab 5 (water, resources, geography, arable land, climate) Use longitude, latitude, and scale on maps and globes to solve problems (DOK 1-2) Collect and analyze data to interpret regions in the Western Hemisphere (DOK 1-3) Ask multiple types of questions after examining geographic sources (DOK 2-3) Identify physical features and explain their effects on people in the Western Hemisphere (DOK 12) Interpret documents and data from multiple primary and secondary sources while formulating historical questions. Sources to include but not limited to art, artifacts, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams and written texts (DOK 1-3) Identify and analyze different economic systems 4 Exploration and Exchange Major Concept: Context, continuity and change Chronological reasoning requires understanding processes of change and continuity over time. It also involves coming to understand how a change in one area of life relates to a change in other areas, thus bringing together political, economic, intellectual, social, cultural, and other factors. Understanding the interrelation of pattern of change requires evaluating the context within which events unfolded in order not to view events in isolation, and to be able to assess the significance of specific individuals, groups, and developments. In addition, historical understanding requires recognizing this multiplicity of points of view in the past, which makes it important to seek out a range of sources on any historical question, rather than simply use those that are easiest to find. Major Concept: Patterns and movements Humans have spread across the planet, along with their cultural practices, artifacts, languages, diseases, and other attributes. All of these interconnections create complex spatial patterns at multiple scales that continue to change over time. Global-scale issues and problems cannot be resolved without extensive collaboration among the world’s peoples, nations, and economic organizations. Asking and answering questions about global interconnections and spatial patterns and movements are a necessary part of geographic reasoning. Major Concept: Markets & Exchanges When people voluntarily exchange goods and services, both parties expect to gain as a result of the trade. Markets exist to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. When buyers and sellers interact in well-functioning, competitive markets, prices are determined that reflect the relative scarcity of the goods and services in the market. The principles of markets apply to markets for goods and services, labor, credit, foreign exchange, and others. 5 Supporting Concepts History: Causation and argumentation Geography: Spatial representation Understandings: Students will understand that cultures are often a mix of multiple cultures Students will understand that stronger nations want to control weaker nations. Students will understand that people move to improve their lives. Essential/Compelling/Guiding Questions How did the Columbian Exchange impact the cultural and social make-up of Western Hemisphere countries? What were the goals of European explorers? How can a culture keep their customs and traditions? Foundational Knowledge Major European explorers of the Western Hemisphere Columbian Exchange Foundational Skills Interpret documents and data from multiple primary and secondary sources while formulating historical questions. Sources to include but not limited to art, artifacts, eyewitness accounts, letters and diaries, artifacts, real or simulated historical sites, charts, graphs, diagrams and written texts (DOK 1-3) Explain how people, products, cultures, and ideas interacted and are interconnected over key eras in the Western Hemisphere (DOK 1-2) Determine and explain the historical context of key people, events, and ideas over time including the examination of different perspectives from people involved. Understand the allocation of scarce resources in societies through analysis of individual choice, market interaction, and public policy Interpret and communicate geographic data to justify potential solutions to 6 problems (DOK 1-3) Distinguish different types of maps and use them in analyzing an issue (DOK 1-3) Use longitude, latitude, and scale on maps and globes to solve problems (DOK 1-2) 7 Relationships among Western Hemisphere Countries Major concept: Global Interconnectedness Earth is a set of interconnected ecosystems of which humans are an influential part. Many natural phenomena have no perceptible boundaries. For example, the oceans are one dynamic system. The atmosphere covers the entire planet. Land and water forms shift over geological eons. Many life forms diffuse from place to place and bring environmental changes with them. Humans have spread across the planet, along with their cultural practices, artifacts, languages, diseases, and other attributes. All of these interconnections create complex spatial patterns at multiple scales that continue to change over time. Therefore, global-scale issues and problems cannot be resolved without extensive collaboration among the world’s peoples, nations and economic organizations. Finally, asking and answering questions about global interconnections and spatial patterns are a necessary part of geographic reasoning. Major Concept: Process, Policies, Rules, and Laws Civics is the discipline of the social studies most directly concerned with the processes and rules by which groups of people make decisions, govern themselves, and address public problems. From the classroom to agreements among nations, people address problems at all scales. Public policies are among the tools that governments use to address public problems. Students must learn how various rules, processes, policies and laws actually work, which requires factual understanding of political systems and is the focus of this section. They must also obtain experience in defining and addressing public’s problems. Supporting Concepts History: Causation and argumentation Geography: Spatial representation 8 Understandings: Students will understand that government systems vary Students will understand that the rights, roles, and responsibilities of a citizen are dependent upon the type of government in which they live Students will understand that government systems and economic systems are interconnected and influence one another. Students will understand that neighboring nations influence each other in both positive and negative ways. Students will understand that different governments’ public policies impact other nations Essential/Compelling/Guidance Questions How important are the relationships among Western Hemisphere nations? What is the relationship among major governments of the Western Hemisphere? What has been America’s role in the Western Hemisphere? What does it mean to live in an interconnected world? How can you be a productive member of the global community and a contributing citizen of the United States? Why are there greater challenges and opportunities when multiple groups interact? Why are national and global viewpoints sometimes different? How do different government’s concepts of citizenship impact their relationships with other nations? Foundational Knowledge Citizenship over time Current government systems of North America, Central America and South America Americans influence in the Western Hemisphere Historical relationships among governments of the Western Hemisphere Foundational Skills Analyze the interconnectedness of America and other nations Discuss advantages and disadvantages of living in an interconnected world (DOK 1-2) Examine changes and connections in ideas about citizenship in different times and places (DOK 1-3) Describe how groups and individuals influence the government and other nations (DOK 1-2) Explain how political ideas and significant people have interacted, are interconnected, and have influenced nations (DOK 1-3) Analyze political issues from both a national and global perspective over time (DOK 14) Identify historical examples illustrating how Americans from diverse backgrounds perceived and reacted to various global issues (DOK 1-3) Interpret and communicate geographic data to justify potential solutions to problems (DOK 1-3) 9 Distinguish different types of maps and use them in analyzing an issue (DOK 1-3) Use longitude, latitude, and scale on maps and globes to solve problems (DOK 1-2) 10 Economic Systems of Western Hemisphere Countries Major Concept: National Economy What does this mean? Changes in the amounts and qualities of human capital, physical capital, and natural resources influence current and future economic conditions and standards of living. All markets working together influence economic growth and fluctuations in well-being. Monetary and fiscal policies are often designed and used in attempts to moderate fluctuations and encourage growth under a wide variety of circumstances. Policies changing the growth in the money supply and overall levels of spending in the economy are aimed at reducing inflationary or deflationary pressures; increasing employment or decreasing unemployment levels; and increasing economic growth over time. Policies designed to achieve alternative goals often have unintended effects on levels of inflation, employment, and growth. Major concept Global Economy What does this mean? Economic globalization occurs with cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, information, and human, physical, financial capital. Understanding why people specialize and trade, and how that leads to increased economic interdependence, are fundamental steps in understanding how the world economy functions. While providing significant benefits, it is not without costs. Comparing those benefits and costs is essential in evaluating policies to influence trade among individuals and businesses in different countries. Major concept: Human and environment interaction HEI are essential aspects of human life in all societies and they occur at local-to-global scales. HEI happen both in specific places and across broad regions. Culture influences the locations and the types of interactions that occur. Earth’s human systems and physical systems are in constant interaction and have reciprocal influences flowing among them. These interactions result in a variety of spatial patterns that require careful observation, investigation, analysis and explanation. 11 Supporting concepts History: Causation and argumentation Geography: Spatial representation Understandings: Students will understand that the differences among economic systems of impacts their relationships with other countries Students will understand that changes in the amounts and qualities of human capital, physical capital, and natural resources influence current and future economic conditions and standards of living. Essential/Compelling/Guiding Questions How do different systems address the production of goods? How are scarce resources distributed in different types of economic systems? How do different economies control the means of production and distribution of goods and services? How do the resources of different Western Hemisphere countries affect their economies? How do the different Western Hemisphere nations’ governments shape their economies? How does economic development across Western Hemisphere countries differ, based on individual income and education? Why do Western Hemisphere countries have different levels of economic development? Foundational Knowledge Different types of economic systems Western Hemisphere countries’ major careers Physical features of the Western Hemisphere, as they relate to different countries’ economic systems Foundational Skills Describe the characteristics of traditional, command, market, and mixed economic systems (DOK 1-2) Explore how different economic systems affect job and career options and the population’s standards of living (DOK 1-2) Use economic reasoning to explain why certain careers are more common in one region than in another and how specialization results in more interdependence (DOK 2-Classify and analyze the types of connections between places (DOK 2-3) Identify physical features and explain their effects on people in the 12 Western Hemisphere (DOK 1-2) Give examples of how people have adapted to their physical environment (DOK 1) Analyze positive and negative interactions of human and physical systems in the Western Hemisphere (DOK 1-2) 13 Building Personal Wealth Major Concept: Decision Making What does this mean? Economic decision making involves setting goals and identifying the resources available to achieve those goals. Alternative ways to use the resources are investigated in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Personal financial decision making involves managing our wants and needs, as we set our financial goals. Savings and investing are introduced as different ways to achieve our short- and medium-term goals. Understandings Student will understand that saving and investing are key contributors to financial well-being Students will understand personal financial decisions affect the well-being of individuals, businesses, and societies. Foundational Knowledge Methods of Savings Methods of Investing Risk vs. Reward Different types of interest Financial well-being Foundational Skills Differentiate between saving and investing (DOK 1-2) Give examples of how saving and investing can improve financial wellbeing (DOK 1-2) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of saving for short- and medium-term goals (DOK 1-2) Explain the importance of an emergency fund (DOK 1) Explain why saving is a prerequisite to investing (DOK 1) Explain how saving and investing income can improve financial well-being (DOK 1-2) 14 Definitions of the Big Ideas History: Causation and Argumentation What does this mean? No historical event or development occurs in a vacuum; each one has prior conditions and causes, and each one has consequences. Historical thinking involves using evidence and reasoning to draw conclusions about probable causes and effects, recognizing that these are multiple and complex. Historical thinking requires understanding that the outcome of any historical event may not be what those engaged in intended or predicted, so that chains of cause and effect in the past are unexpected and contingent, predetermined. Along with claims about causes and effects, historical arguments can also address issues of change over time, the relevance of sources, the perspectives of those involved, and many other topics, but must be based on evidence that is used in a critical, coherent, and logical manner. History: Context, Continuity & Change What does this mean? Chronological reasoning requires understanding processes of change and continuity over time. It also involves coming to understand how a change in one area of life relates to a change in other areas, thus bringing together political, economic, intellectual, social, cultural, and other factors. Understanding the interrelation of pattern of change requires evaluating the context within which events unfolded in order not to view events in isolation, and to be able to assess the significance of specific individuals, groups, and developments. In addition, historical understanding requires recognizing this multiplicity of points of view in the past, which makes it important to seek out a range of sources on any historical question, rather than simply use those that are easiest to find. Finally, students must understand that perspectives change over time, so that historical understanding requires developing a sense of empathy with people in the past whose perspectives might be very different from those of today. History: Significance of Ideas as Powerful Forces throughout History: What does this mean? The world is interconnected through the exchange of ideas as evident in science, technology, and economies. Examples include the printing press, trade routes, spread of information through the Internet, scientists working collaboratively but living in different countries, and instant reporting on the Internet. 15 Philosophies, religions, and other powerful ideas have developed over time and across the world. Examples include the spread of religions around the globe, minority rights over time, exploration of space and the oceans, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Literature, art (drama, music, dance) reflect and express powerful ideas over time, such as equal rights, civil disobedience, religious thought and expression, government issues) Historical thinkers study and analyze the impacts that arise from the interaction of political, philosophical, technological, artistic, and scientific thought. History: Unity and Division: What does this mean? The concept of Unity and Division is complex and asks students to view history through multiple perspectives, issues and events that either unified or divided people. The processes of conflict, compromise and cooperation are studied to determine how people became united or divided. For example, divisions between groups existed without compromise. In others, compromise was reached before major conflicts ensued. In the end some divisions were averted with compromises, like treaties. However, more often, the unity and/or division of people in history reflect both conflict and compromise. Students may choose to focus on a conflict or a compromise, but if the topic includes one as well as the other, the student needs to address both sides of the theme to understand how individuals, groups or nations became unified or divided. To understand the historical importance of these unions or divisions, students must ask questions of time and place, cause and effect, change over time, and impact and significance. They must ask not only when did events happen, but why did they happen? What factors contributed to their development? What was the lasting influence in history? How did this topic change the course of events? What effect did the event have on the community, society, nation and world? 16 Geography: Spatial Representation: What Does This Mean? This is a skill-driven concept of creating maps and other geographical representation, which requires a process of answering geographic questions; gather relevant information, and using effective ways to communicate the findings. Once a map or other representation is created, it prompts new questions concerning the locations, spaces, and patterns portrayed. Creating maps and other geographic representations is an essential and enduring part of seeking new geographic knowledge that is personally and socially useful and that can be applied in making decisions and solving problems. Geography: Human Environment Interaction: What Does This Concept Mean? HEI are essential aspects of human life in all societies and they occur at local-to-global scales. HEI happen both in specific places and across broad regions. Culture influences the locations and the types of interactions that occur. Earth’s human systems and physical systems are in constant interaction and have reciprocal influences flowing among them. These interactions result in a variety of spatial patterns that require careful observation, investigation, analysis and explanation. Geography: Patterns and Movements: What Does This Concept Mean? Humans have spread across the planet, along with their cultural practices, artifacts, languages, diseases, and other attributes. All of these interconnections create complex spatial patterns at multiple scales that continue to change over time. Global-scale issues and problems cannot be resolved without extensive collaboration among the world’s peoples, nations, and economic organizations. Asking and answering questions about global interconnections and spatial patterns and movements are a necessary part of geographic reasoning. Geography: Global Interconnectedness: What Does This Mean? Earth is a set of interconnected ecosystems of which humans are an influential part. Many natural phenomena have no perceptible boundaries. For example, the oceans are one dynamic system. The atmosphere covers the entire planet. Land and water forms shift over geological eons. Many life forms diffuse from place to place and bring environmental changes with them. Humans have spread across the planet, along with their cultural practices, artifacts, languages, diseases, and other attributes. All of these interconnections create complex spatial patterns at multiple scales that continue to change over time. Therefore, global-scale issues and problems cannot be resolved without extensive collaboration among the world’s peoples, nations and economic organizations. Finally, asking and answering questions about global interconnections and spatial patterns are a necessary part of geographic reasoning. 17 Economics : Decision Making: What Does This Concept Mean? Economic decision making involves setting goals and identifying the resources available to achieve those goals. Alternative ways to use the resources are investigated in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Personal financial decision making involves managing our wants and needs, as we set our financial goals. Savings and investing are introduced as different ways to achieve our short- and medium-term goals. Finally, economic and personal financial decisions affect the wellbeing of individuals, businesses, and society. Economics: Markets and Exchanges: What Does This Concept Mean? When people voluntarily exchange goods and services, both parties expect to gain as a result of the trade. Markets exist to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. When buyers and sellers interact in well-functioning, competitive markets, prices are determined that reflect the relative scarcity of the goods and services in the market. The principles of markets apply to markets for goods and services, labor, credit, foreign exchange, and others. Economics: National Economy: What Does This Concept Mean? Changes in the amounts and qualities of human capital, physical capital, and natural resources influence current and future economic conditions and standards of living. All markets working together influence economic growth and fluctuations in well-being. Monetary and fiscal policies are often designed and used in attempts to moderate fluctuations and encourage growth under a wide variety of circumstances. Policies changing the growth in the money supply and overall levels of spending in the economy are aimed at reducing inflationary or deflationary pressures; increasing employment or decreasing unemployment levels; and increasing economic growth over time. Policies designed to achieve alternative goals often have unintended effects on levels of inflation, employment, and growth. Economics: Global Economy: What does this concept mean? Economic globalization occurs with cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, information, and human, physical, financial capital. Understanding why people specialize and trade, and how that leads to increased economic interdependence, are fundamental steps in understanding how the world economy functions. While providing significant benefits, it is not without costs. Comparing those benefits and costs is essential in evaluating policies to influence trade among individuals and businesses in different countries. 18 Civics: Civic and Political Institutions: What Does This Concept Mean? In order to act responsible and effectively, citizens must understand the important institutions of their society and the principles that these institutions are intended to promote. Thus, we must move our students toward a mastery of a body of knowledge about law, politics, and government. Civics: Process, Policies, Rules, and Laws: What Does This Concept Mean? Civics is the discipline of the social studies most directly concerned with the processes and rules by which groups of people make decisions, govern themselves, and address public problems. From the classroom to agreements among nations, people address problems at all scales. Public policies are among the tools that governments use to address public problems. Students must learn how various rules, processes, policies and laws actually work, which requires factual understanding of political systems and is the focus of this section. They must also obtain experience in defining and addressing public’s problems. Civics: Participation and Deliberation: What Does This Concept Mean? Civics teaches the principles—such as adherence to the social contract, consent of the governed, limited government, legitimate authority, federalism, and separation of power—that are means to guide official institutions such as legislatures, courts, and government agencies. It also teaches the virtues—such as honesty, mutual respect, cooperation, and attentiveness to multiple perspectives—that citizens should use when they interact with each other on public matters. Principles such as equality, freedom, liberty, respect for individual rights, and deliberation apply to both official institutions and informal interactions among citizens. Therefore, students need to understand virtues and principles by applying and reflecting on them through actual civic engagement—their own and that of other people from the past and present. 19