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PDN Enduring Understanding: American trade, American propaganda, Zimmermann telegram, and Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare were the reasons America entered the war. Essential Questions: 1. What were the reasons the United States entered the war? 2. When was the armistice signed? OBJECTIVES • Describe how World War I became a total war • Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied Victory THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR 1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Germany’s policy of attacking any ship that tried to get through its U-boat blockade of Great Britain • Effective way to keep Britain low on supplies and other necessary items • German U-boats sink The Lusitania, a British passenger liner, killing 1,200 people • Made trade with any nation difficult THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR 2. Zimmerman Telegram • Telegram sent from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to Ambassador in Mexico City • Intercepted by the British • Promised Mexico that Germany would help recover land from the United States if they would join in war • Mexico was a bigger threat to U.S. than Germany due to proximity THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR 3. American Propaganda • Information designed to influence people’s opinions published by the government • Portrayed Germans as bad, barbaric, dangerous, wicked, ape/gorilla, abuse of women, etc • Caused Americans to become enraged at the Germans and ready to go to war THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR 4. American Trade • Traded with Great Britain and France during war • Britain’s blockade made the U.S. unable to trade with Germany • U.S. wanted to continue trading with Britain, but refused to trade with British because it blockaded Germany – technically taking an act of war with Britain The End of the Fighting • April 1917 United States entered war • Germany had to win before United States was able to fight A New German Offensive • Germany refocused efforts at Western Front – no longer fighting with Russia in east • March 1918 Germany led major assault – made progress: gained around 40 miles A New German Offensive • June 1918 American soldiers helped in Europe & gave Allies hope – 800,000 German soldiers died German Collapse • Second Battle of the Marne – Allies stopped Germans (had done so in 1914, as well) • Allies used tanks & aircraft to gain ground – many Germans simply gave up – they knew Germany was defeated German Collapse • October 1918 Allied forces broke through heavily defended Hindenburg Line • German leaders approached Allies for truce • November 11, 1918 armistice agreed to – Veteran’s Day Closure Enduring Understanding: American trade, American propaganda, Zimmermann telegram, and Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare were the reasons America entered the war. Essential Questions: 1. What were the reasons the United States entered the war? 2. When was the armistice signed? PDN Enduring Understanding: The war resulted in high human and economic costs and political changes while Allied leaders had different goals Essential Questions: 1. How many new nations were created as a result of the war? 2. What was Wilson’s plan for avoiding future wars? OBJECTIVES • List the effects of the war in terms of financial cost, high casualty rates, and political impact • Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Wilson’s 14 Points The Costs of War • Human Costs -9 million soldiers died -21 million soldiers wounded -13 million civilians died -70 million people died from Spanish Flu Pandemic The Costs of War • Economic Costs -France, Belgium, & Russia -farmland & cities were destroyed -countries started importing from different sources or develop own products -American & Japanese economies prospered -$332 billion = total “cost of war” The Costs of War • Political Changes -communist revolution in Russia -monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Germany, & Ottoman Empire overthrown • Unrest in Colonies -colonists expected democracies because the Allied Powers had fought a war to spread democratic ideals The Costs of War • Fifteen new nations/mandates formed before 1921 Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania East Prussia Poland Lebanon Transjordan Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Yugoslavia Syria Iraq Palestine Differing Allied Goals • America, Woodrow Wilson - Fourteen Points: President Wilson’s plan for organizing post-World War I Europe & for avoiding future wars - within Fourteen Points -reduction of weapons -right of all people to choose their own governments (democracies) -organization for world’s nations to join, to protect from future aggression Differing Allied Goals • France, Georges Clemenceau – punish Germany – make Germany pay for costs of war • Great Britain, David Lloyd George – punish Germany – don’t weaken Germany • wanted Germany to stop communism from spreading out of Russia Differing Allied Goals • Italy, Vittorio Orlando – wanted to gain territory -Italy was essentially ignored Closure Enduring Understanding: The war resulted in high human and economic costs and political changes while Allied leaders had different goals Essential Questions: 1. How many new nations were created as a result of the war? 2. What was Wilson’s plan for avoiding future wars? PDN Enduring Understanding: The Treaty of Versailles forced harsh punishments on Germany Essential Questions: 1. What was Germany forced to do as a result of the Treaty of Versailles? 2. What was the purpose of the League of Nations? OBJECTIVES • Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles • Respond to the Treaty in a writing prompt Treaty of Versailles • Allies finally compromised on goals • Treaty of Versailles was closer to Clemenceau’s goals than Wilson’s • Germany had to accept the terms of the treaty Treaty of Versailles • Germany was forced to: - pay reparations: compensation in money, payable by a defeated country to another for loss suffered during war -take responsibility for conflict -return conquered land to France & Russia -give land for formation of new country of Poland -give colonies around world to various world powers -limit size of military Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 signed by Germany • Wilson did get one thing he asked for: – League of Nations: international body of nations formed after World War I to prevent future wars -Germany was excluded from the League -United States did not join League Other Treaties • treaties between Allied & Central Powers • Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire were broken apart to form other countries – mandates: territories once part of the Ottoman Empire that the League of Nations gave to other European powers to rule after World War I Other Treaties • mandates – France controlled Syria & Lebanon – Great Britain controlled Palestine & Iraq • Balfour Declaration – statement issued by the British foreign secretary in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine -Transjordan from Palestine Closure Enduring Understanding: The Treaty of Versailles forced harsh punishments on Germany Essential Questions: 1. What was Germany forced to do as a result of the Treaty of Versailles? 2. What was the purpose of the League of Nations?
