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I can Describe the causes of World War I Nationalism Definition – pride in your country Resulted in revolutions for independence Causes of Nationalism French Revolution Germany proud of new empire France wanted to regain its prestige Humiliated by loss of Alasace and Lorraine to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War Russian Nationalism, Pan-Slavism All Slavic people shared a common nationality Defend all Slavs Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires feared nationalism which threatened their rule Summery Causes of World War I Please cross out and enter instead of Balkan Nationalism 4 Ethnic Groups Nationalism Imperialism Secret Alliances Militarism Economic Conflict Economic Causes Britain strong imperial economy Germany became the strongest economy Britain gained a reason to oppose Germany in any conflict Imperial Causes Scramble for Africa 1905 and 1911 competition over colonies in Africa almost causes a war between France and Germany Britain and France begin to form alliance to protect against German Military Causes Causes of Arms Race Militarism glorification of the military Grew in Europe War was given a romantic image Great Powers expanded their armies and navies Secret Alliances Germany allied Austria-Hungary France allied Russia Russia allied Serbia Italy allied AustriaHungary Great Britain allied France Great Britain allied Russia Nationalism Caused Revolution Independent countries began to be formed Fall of the empires Balkans were the “powder keg of Europe” Balkan Wars June 28,1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand visited Sarajevo which was under the control of the Austria-Hungarian Empire Assassination attempt 1, bomb thrown at the Archduke’s car during the parade injured an officer in another car Assassinated with his wife Sophie by Gavrilo Princip, Princip Serbian Nationalist, member of Serbian Terrorist Group Unity or Death AKA Black Hand Assassinated when the Archduke went to visit the wounded officer in the hospital Declarations of War German Kaiser William II was horrified at the assassination and wrote Francis Joseph Advising Joseph to be stern that he had Germany’s full support Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Francis Joseph issued an ultimatum to Serbia Serbia must end all anti-Austrian activities Hold all Serbian officials involved accountable Let Austria join in the investigation Serbia agreed to most but not all the terms July 28, 1914 partial refusal gave Francis Joseph the opportunity to declare war Declarations of War Russian Czar Nicholas II telegraphed William II asking to soften his demands Plea failed and Russia began to mobilize its military Germany responded by declaring war on Russia Russia appealed to its ally France who wanted to avenge its loss in the Franco-Prussian War Germany demanded that France stay out of the conflict France refused Germany declared war on France I can Describe the major battles of World War I and why the United States wanted to stay out of the war Taking Sides Allied Powers Britain France Russia Italy (joined 1915) US (joined 1917) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria War would eventually involve 30 countries and would be called the Great War. German Plan Win Fast Take France fast with massive strike, which would strand the British on the other side of the English Channel Then take Russia Schlieffen Plan Germany would invade France through neutral Belgium to avoid the fortified French-German Border Britain outraged by the invasion of neutral Belgium declared war on Germany After taking over France, Germany would attack the large slow moving Russian Army Germany Invades Belgium August 3, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium Neutral Belgium fought hard and served as a speed bump Result England joined the war France had time to organize a defense Germany Offensive February 1916 French City Verdum Over 1 million artillery shells fired in 21 hours 1 million German Soldiers attacked 200,000 French Battle of Verdum lasted months, longest battle of the war both sides suffered almost 1 million KIA, WIA Ended in a stalemate resulting in the beginning of trench warfare Trench video Allied Offensive 1916 Somme River, Northern France British first used tanks in the battle of the Somme had little affect Lasted 4 months More than 1 million KIA, WIA War Technology Tank Airplane Zeppelin, air-balloon used by Germans for surveillance and to bomb Britain Fighter Planes German “Red Barron” Manfred von Richthofen 80 kills US Edward Rickenbacker “Ace” 26 kills Artillery Machine Gun Poison Gas Submarine Please change to 6 numbers Other Main Battles and Events Tannenberg August 1914 Russians suffered the worst defeat of the war forcing a retreat 300 miles into Russia 1914 Ottoman Empire joined the central powers 1915 Bulgaria joined Central Powers to crush Balkan rival Serbia 1915 Italy joined the war for the allies to gain Austrian ruled land inhabited by Italians Russia Revolution Causes People unable to buy food and bad working conditions Political corruption Incompetent Generals Description Bolsheviks (communist revolution) led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the government Lenin pulled Russia out of World War I signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany surrendering 1/3 of their territory and millions of people Results Germany could focus on the western front Other Major Battles and Events Caporetto October 1917 Italy suffered huge loss to Germany and Austria Japan allied with Britain Japan attacked and sized German outposts in China and in the Pacific 1916 Arab nationalist Husayn ibn Ali started a revolt against Ottoman rule British sent COL T.E. Lawrence “Lawrence of Arabia” to support the guerilla rebellion Won significant amounts of territory including Baghdad Video I can Explain how the United States becomes involved in World War I Analyze the effect the United States had on World War I President Wilson Academic, ideological Wanted America to be isolationist Urged Americans to be “neutral in fact as well as in name… impartial in thought as well as action” United States 1914 British navy blockaded Germany Placed mines in the North Sea Searched all ships including US ships 1915 Germany responded by establishing a “War Zone” around Britain Any ships entering this area would be sunk March 28, 1915 U-Boat sank British passenger ship killing 100 British 1 American United States abandons neutrality May 7, 1915 U-Boat sank Lusitanian, British passenger ship killing 1,198 people, 128 Americans President Wilson demanded that Germany apologize Germany claimed that the boat was carrying weapons August 1915 U-Boat sank Arabic, British passenger ship, 2 Americans killed March 1916 U-Boat sank Sussex, French passenger ship several American injured President Wilson delivers a stern message to Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare German responds with the Sussex Pledge Germany pledged to sink any ship anywhere America abandons neutrality United States abandons neutrality Large American banks begin to lend money to Britain and France Secretary of State Lansings encourages trade of war materials to allies 1916 US sells $500 million in arms to the allies 1916 US launches military preparedness program Increased the size of the military from 90,000 to 175,000 with a goal of 223,000 Soldiers Increased National Guard to 450,000 Soldiers Appropriated $313 million to build a larger Navy Tensions reduce during the 1917 election February 1, 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted U-Boat warfare United States goes to War Wilson brakes off diplomatic relations with Germany, and orders the arming of merchant ships Germany responded by sinking 5 American ships March 1, 1917 Zimmerman Note was intercepted by the British Communication between German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann and the German Minister in Mexico Germany promised to help Mexico, “re-conquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona” America goes to war United States Declares War April 2, 1917 President Wilson asks Congress for a Declaration of War “We are glad… to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples,… for the rights of nations - great and small - and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life… The world must be made safe for democracy” United States Declares War Congress applauded and President Wilson responded saying, “My message today was a message of death for our young men. How strange it seems to applaud that”. April 4, 1917 Senate votes to go to war 6 Senators oppose April 6, 1917 House of Representatives declares war 50 Congressman oppose video United States goes to war May 18, 1917 Selective Service Act Draft men between ages 21 and 30 Later expanded to men between 18 and 45 2.8 million drafted, 4.8 million would serve 10,000 American Indians served 370,000 African Americans served Summer 1917 began to build bases and train the Army June 1917 First Troops arrive in France Convoy System US warships surround merchant ships to protect them from U-Boats 2 million Soldiers cross the Atlantic without a single U-Boat kill video General John J. Pershing takes command of the US Expeditionary Force in Europe video Final German Offensive March 21, 1918 German Offensive 1 million Soldiers, 6,000 Artillery Guns Pushed the allies back to the Marne River and General Pershing and General Ferdinand Foch of France stopped the German advance at ChateauThierry US Marines went on the offensive and captured Belleau Wood June 15, 1918 Final German Assault Reims, US again pushed the Germans back Allied Offensive US Offensive 1918 pushed the Germans back to Meuse River November 4, 1918 German Kaiser William II fled to the Netherlands November 6, German government declared an armistice November 8, Germans surrendered at Compiegne evacuating Alasace-Lorraine and surrendering enormous amounts of military equipment November 11, 11AM Cease-Fire went into affect Peace Conference set for Paris January 1919 I can Students will be able to analyze how World War I effected domestic life in the United States Total War Woman became the labor force Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds were sold to raise money to finance the war Increase taxes Food and Fuel Conservation Heatless Mondays Wheatless and meatless days Victory gardens German food renamed Sauerkraut became Liberty Cabbage Hamburger became Salisbury Steak President Wilson wanted to ensure support for the war No civilian products, the economy focused on the war effort German books removed from libraries Movies to support the war Claws of the Hun The Kaiser Beast of Berlin Patriotic societies developed American Defense Society American Protection League Spied on German Americans Opened people mail Boy and Girl Scouts of America Restriction on Rights Espionage Act and Sedition Act 1917 Illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal… or abusive language” People could not criticize the government flag or military More that 1,000 people arrested Eugene Debs put in jail for 10 years for making a speech against the war Restrictions on Rights Schenck v. United States Supreme Court Case decision written by Oliver Wendell Holmes Espionage Act and Sedition Act do not violate the Constitution, clear and present danger “The question… is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger… When a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace… will not be endured and no court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right” Restrictions on Rights Do you agree with the clear and present danger cause? Do you think Al Qaeda should be able to make a TV commercial? What do you value more your security or your rights? I can List the big 3 Describe the 14 Points Analyze the Treaty of Versailles President Wilson 14 Points President Wilson Idealistic Peace without victory Self-Determination (right of people to pick their government) League of Nations Place to talk Enforcer End arms race Free international waters Believed in “Peace without Victory” All nations needed to be equals Germany should not be taken advantage of Big 4 really the Big 3 US - President Wilson UK - Prime Minister David Lloyd George France - Premier George Clemenceau Italy - Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando United States and Treaty of Versailles President Wilson League of Nations 40 nations would join US never ratified treaty Peace without victory was never accepted England and France wanted Germany to pay Treaty of Versailles – Germany Had to admit full responsibility for causing the war Huge reparations $30 billion Limited the size of military Had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France and lost hundreds of square miles of territory, including Saar which was given to France Lost its overseas empire Treaty of Versailles - Allies New Nations Created Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Re-established as independent Estonia Finland Latvia Lithuania Poland France Alsace and Lorraine returned Saar Created League of Nations Britain and France gained control of German colonies in Africa and Middle East X through Germany section President Wilson appeals to the People US Congress did not support the treaty because they were afraid it would drag the US into another European war September 4, 1919 September, 25 1919 Wilson begins a 9,500 mile train speaking tour in support of the treaty Supported by the majority of the country, huge crowds After speech in Pueblo, Colorado Wilson complains of headache Suffered a Stroke Doctor recommends he return to Washington September 27, 1919 President Wilson collapsed Spent the rest of time in office alone with wife in White House Treaty of Versailles – Wilson v. Lodge Senator Lodge sent modified treaty to Senate Wilson told Democrats to vote it down Treaty defeated Senator Lodge tries modified treaty to Senate Floor again Wilson tell Democrats to vote it down Treaty defeated Result US never ratifies treaty Treaty of Versailles Complaints Germany became a second class nation Italy did not get all of the Austrian lands it was promised in the secret treaty that brought it into the war Japan protested the refusal of western nations to recognize its claims in China Russia resented the reestablishment of a Polish nation and three independent Baltic states on lands that had been part of its empire US will not sign treaty despite President Wilson’s best efforts Over 40 nations will eventually join the League of Nations but it will prove powerless in preventing World War II Middle East and African nations hopes of self-determination are lost to British and French imperialism War impact on Europe 8.5 million killed 21 million wounded Industry destroyed Agriculture destroyed Rapid inflation Not enough food War impact on the US Economy boomed Women gained right to vote Became isolationist again Impact on the Middle East Arab nations had hoped for their independence but instead were taken over by Britain and France Balfour Declaration 1917 Britain established the State of Israel in Palestine Final Facts 8.5 million killed US 50,585 21 million wounded European industries and agriculture destroyed Europe mass starvation Europe rapid inflation Europe 20 million will die after the war from influenza due to lack of medical care Europe massive debt from the war US only major nation with economy still intact US tries to become isolationist again Ottoman Empire, Austrian-Hungarian Empire destroyed European nations gain colonies becoming the new empires
