Download UNIT 15 and 16 Themes – Post WWII, Cold War, and Post Cold War

UNIT 15 and 16 Themes – Post WWII, Cold War, and Post Cold War (BASICALLY THE REST OF THE YEAR!!)
1. As WWII ended a cold war between the liberal democratic West and the Communist East began, lasting nearly
half a century
a. Despite efforts to maintain international cooperation through the newly created United Nations (UN),
deep seeded tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe, which was referred
to in the West as the IRON CURTAIN
b. The Cold War played out on a global stage and involved propaganda campaigns, covert actions, limited
“hot wars” in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and an arms race with the threat of nuclear
war
c. The US exerted a strong military, political, and economic influence in W. Europe, leading to the creation
of world monetary and trade systems and geopolitical alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
d. Countries East of the Iron Curtain came under the military, political, and economic domination of the
Soviet Union within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and the Warsaw Pact
e. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War and led to the establishment of capitalist
economies throughout Eastern Europe. Germany was reunited, the Czechs and the Slovaks parted,
Yugoslavia dissolved, and the European Union was enlarged through admission of former Eastern Bloc
countries.
2. In response to the destructive impact of two World Wars, European nations began to set aside nationalism in
favor of economic and political integration, forming a series of transnational unions that grew in size and scope
over the second half of the twentieth century
a. ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) becomes EEC (Common Market) becomes EU (European
Union). Increased economic and political unity and helps create a shared European identity.
b. One of the major continuing challenges to countries in the EU is balancing national sovereignty with the
responsibilities of membership in an economic and political union
3. Nationalist and separatist movements, along with ethnic conflict and ethnic cleansing, periodically disrupted the
post-WWII peace
a. Nationalist – Ireland, Chechnya
b. Separatist – Basque, Flemish
c. Ethnic Cleansing – Bosnian Muslims, Albanian Muslims of Kosovo
4. The process of Decolonization occurred over the course of the twentieth century with varying degrees of
cooperation, interference, or resistance from European imperialist states
a. Despite indigenous nationalist movements, independence for many African and Asian territories was
delayed until the mid and even late 20th century by the imperial powers reluctance to relinquish control,
threats of interference from other nations, unstable economic and political systems, and Cold War
strategic alignments
5. Post war economic growth supported an increase in welfare benefits; however, subsequent economic
stagnation led to criticism and limitation of the welfare state
a. Marshall Plan funds from the US financed an extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and
stimulated and extended period of growth in Western and Central Europe, often referred to as an
“economic miracle” which increased the economic and cultural importance of consumerism
b. The expansion of cradle-to-grave welfare programs in the aftermath of WWII, accompanied by high
taxes, became a contentious domestic political issue as the budgets of European nations came under
pressure by the late 20th century
6. Eastern European nations were defined by their relationship with the Soviet Union, which oscillated between
repression and limited reform, until Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies led to the collapse of communist governments
in Eastern Europe and the fall of the Soviet Union
a. Central and Eastern European nations within the Soviet Bloc followed an economic model based on
central planning, extensive social welfare, and specialized production among bloc members
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b. After 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies failed to meet their economic
goals within the Soviet Union and prompted revolts in Eastern Europe
c. Following a long period of economic stagnation, Mikhail Gorbachev’s internal reforms of PERESTROIKA
and GLASNOST, designed to make the Soviet system more flexible, failed to stave off the collapse of the
Soviet Union and the end of its hegemonic control over Eastern and Central European satellites.
d. The rise of new nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe brought peaceful revolution in most
countries but resulted in war and genocide in the Balkans and instability in some former Soviet republics
Organized religion continued to play a role in European social and cultural life despite the challenge of military
and ideological conflict, modern secularism, and rapid social changes
a. Reform in the Catholic Church found expression in the Second Vatican Council, which redefined the
Church’s dogma and practices and started to redefine its relations with other religious communities
b. Increased immigration into Europe altered Europe’s religious makeup, causing debate and conflict over
the role of religion in social and political life.
During the 20th century, the arts were defined by experimentation, self-expression, subjectivity, and the
increasing influence of the United States in both elite and popular culture
a. New movements in the visual arts, architecture, and music demolished existing aesthetic standards,
explored subconscious and subjective states, and satirized Western society and its values
b. Throughout the century, a number of writers challenged traditional literary conventions, questioned
Western values, and addressed controversial social and political issues
c. Increased imports of United States technology and popular culture after World War II generated both
enthusiasm and criticism
The 20th century was characterized by large-scale suffering brought on by warfare and genocide, as well as
tremendous improvements in the standard of living
a. Mass production, new food technologies, and industrial efficiency increased disposable income and
created a consumer culture in which greater domestic comforts such as electricity, indoor plumbing,
plastics, and synthetic fibers became available
b. New communication and transportation technologies multiplied the connections across space and time,
transforming daily life and contributing to the proliferation of ideas and to globalization
The lives of women were defined by family and work responsibilities, economic changes, and feminism
a. In Western Europe through the efforts of feminists, and in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union through
government policy, women finally gained the vote, greater educational opportunities, and access to
professional careers, even while continuing to face social inequalities
b. With economic recovery after World War II, the birth rate increased dramatically (the Baby Boom), often
promoted by government policies
c. New modes of marriage, partnership, motherhood, divorce, and reproduction gave women more
options in their personal lives
d. Women attained high political office and increased their representation in legislative bodies in many
nations
New voices gained prominence in political, intellectual, and social discourse
a. Green parties in Western and Central Europe challenged consumerism, urged sustainable development,
and, by the late 20th century, cautioned against globalization
b. Gay and lesbian movements worked for expanded civil rights, obtaining in some nations the right to
form civil partnerships with full legal benefits or to marry
c. Intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence, most
significantly with the revolts of 1968
d. Because of the economic growth of the 1950s and 1960s, numerous guest workers from southern
Europe, Asia, and Africa immigrated to Western and Central Europe; however, after the economic
downfall of the 1970s, these workers and their families often became targets of anti-immigrant agitation
and extreme nationalist political parties.
Origins of the Cold War 1945-1949
A. Events From WWII
1. Yalta Conference
a. Big 3 divide, occupy ___________________________
b. Stalin promises free elections in _________________________
2. Potsdam Conference
a. __________________ = sole nuclear power
b. Stalin “_________________________________________”
3. Creation of United Nations
a. More ________________________ & authority
b. Security council has __________________ power
B. Aftermath of WWII
1. More _____________________, _____________________ than WWI
2. __________________________, postwar ___________________ & reparations
3. _____________________________ lingers
4. Division into _______________________________ world countries
C. Superpowers Emerge
1. US
a. ________________________ nation, global leader
b. 1950’s = _____________ times
2. Soviet Union (SU)
a. Want ___________________ …. Defeated Hitler!
b. _____________________ after war (politics intensify)
3. Cold War = ________________, _________________ and hatred
D. CW Begins (1945-1991)
1. Competing ideologies (_____________________________________)
2. “__________________” in WWII, hate when war ends
1st Notes
3. 1945/46 – Communism spread in ___________________
a. Creation of “________________________”
b. Only hold out is ___________________________________ (TITO)
4. 1947 – Communism threatens __________________, __________________
E. US CW Policies
1. Truman Doctrine (1947)
a. _____________________________ communism
b. __________________ / _________________________ aid
2. Marshall Plan (1947)
a. Massive ______________________ aid to Europe
b. Good conditions = _____________________________
F. Germany = CW Hotspot
1. Divided in 4 zones, ____________________ divided as well
2. W. German state created when ____________________________ merge
3. Stalin’s reaction = ______________________________ ‘48
a. Try to _________________, then take Berlin
4. US response = _______________________________ ’48-‘49
a. ________________ / _______________________ drops to Berlin
G. Tension Increases
1. ___________________________ formed 1949
a. ____________________________alliance US & allies
2. Warsaw Pact 1955
a. Response to __________________________ – SU & allies
3. Arms Race begins
a. 1949 SU detonates __________________________
b. US detonates _____________________ 1952
c. Intense buildup of ___________________________
Recovery in E & W Europe
2nd Notes
A. Denazification
B.
1.
__________________________________________________________________
2.
Nuremberg Trials
a.
__________________________________________ Nazis tried
b.
12/24 = ___________________________________
Rebirth of the West
1.
2.
Restore democracies
a.
France = ____________________________& 4th Republic
b.
_______________________________________________
Christian Democrats
a.
3.
C.
_______________________________________________ reforms popular
GB – ____________________ Party prominence
West Germany Recovers
1.
1949 – ______________________________________________________________
a.
2.
Constitution prevents _______________________, protects _____________________________
_____________________________________________________ = 1st Chancellor
D. US “Recovers”
E.
1.
Communist ____________________________ takes over
2.
1949 – SU A-Bomb, China “Falls” (____________________________________)
3.
Red Scare _________________________
a.
Senator _______________________________________ & communist witch hunts
b.
______________________________, arrests, accusations
Economic Revival
1.
__________________________________________ = quick recovery in Europe
2.
Modern economies, synthetic materials
3.
1951 – _____________________________________________________________________________ (ECSC)
a.
________________________________________________________________
b.
Prevent future wars
F.
Common Market
1.
Aka _____________________________________________________ (EEC)
2.
Est. with __________________________________________ 1957
3.
Goals – reduce tariffs & ________________________________; common trade policies
4.
____________________ too proud to join
G. Welfare State Developing
1.
Gov’t responsible for ______________________________________ of citizens
a.
Want good health, ________________________________________
b.
Give – medical benefits, pensions, day care, energy, housing…etc
H. Recovery in E. Europe
I.
1.
______________________________________ – collectives, 5 year plans
2.
______________________________ created
a.
Economic cooperation in ______________________________________________
b.
SU rips off _________________________________________, delays development
Nikita Khrushchev
1.
Stalin dies __________________
2.
Khrushchev comes to power ________________
a.
Denounce______________________________________
3.
De-Stalinize SU (_________________________)
4.
1st issue faced = anti ___________________________________________________________
a.
Hungary – ________________________________ – “leave
_____________________________________________”
b.
J.
Khrushchev crushes uprising, _______________ Nagy
Space Race Begins
1.
SU v US
2.
1957 – SU launches ____________________________________________
3.
1961 – _____________________________________________ becomes 1st man in space
4.
US MUST COMPETE
a.
____________ created & heavily funded
3rd Notes
Decolonization
A. Overview
1. Independence movements after ______________
a. “undoing” _______________________________
2. Problems ensue
a. Fighting for _______________________________________
b. Religion, language, power =__________________________
B. India
1. Free of _________________________ in 1947
2. Muslim / Hindu tension in _____________________________________
3. Indian___________________
a. India = ___________________, Pakistan = _________________________
b. Population shift, violence (Gandhi Killed 1948)
C. China
1. 1949 – ___________________________ take over
2. Mao Zedong
a. Welfare of peasants, ____________________________
D. Korean War (1950-53)
1. Split at ___________________________ parallel after WWII
2. North (_________________________) invades South to unify
a. S pushed back to________________________________
3. US/UN “-_____________________________________” aids South
a. Invasion at __________________________________
b. Push N all the way to __________________________________________
4. Chinese army joins _______________________________________
5. _____________________________, armistice, __________________________________________
E. Indochina (________________________________________)
1. French colony,_________________________________________ occupies WWII
2. _________________________________________ 1945
3. __________________________________ (Socialist, Nationalist)
a. Creates __________________________________ to fight France
b. 1954 _______________________________________falls
4. Vietnam divided at ____________________________________ parallel
a. Ho Chi Minh in North (___________________ backs)
b. Ngo Din Diem in South (__________________ backs)
F. Middle East
1. World needs ___________________, small countries play _______________________ against each other
2. Controversy over ________________________
a. _____________________________ promises a Jewish state - Arabs angered
b. GB cedes ___________________________________ to UN (partition of land)
c. May 14, 1948 – _________________________ founded
G. Egypt
1. Free of GB, but GB company owns _________________________________
2. Gamal Abdel Nasser
a. ________________________________________ Suez Canal
b. Looks to _________________________ for $
3. GB/FR attack
a. US forces them to stop (fear of _____________________________________________)
H. Africa
1. Countries gaining independence
2. European Legacy = _____________________________________
a. Who rules new nations
b. Boundaries don’t reflect ______________________________________________________…etc
c. Rival groups form & commit atrocities
3. _________________________________________________ (nonaligned nations)
a. How to modernize _____________________________________________
b. How to ______________________________________________________
I.
Immigration to _________________________________________
1. __________________________________________ at first
a. No __________________________________ benefits
b. Do ___________________________ jobs
2. Many stay and apply for _____________________________________________
CULTURE – 1940s & 1950s
4th Notes
A. Post War Changes
1. Restore “________________________”
2. Self-scrutiny
B. Spirituality / Secularism
1. Pope John XXIII – “_______________________”
a. Affluence & ____________________________
2. Convenes ____________________________________
a. Modern ________________________, mutual cooperation among religions
C. Resistance Literature
1. Memoirs of camps, __________________________, fighting
2. _______________________________________
3. Show Western values surviving _________________________________
D. Existentialism (____________________________)
1. Idea – question of _____________. Individual development is determined by individual actions (free will)
a. Explains _______________, absence of ___________, breakdown of morality
E. Existentialists
1. _____________________ – The Stranger, The Plague
a. Living under corruption (___________________)
2. ___________________________________ – political action
a. How do we explain “_____________”
b. “being” created by __________________
3. _____________________ – The Second Sex
a. Women allowed themselves to become “____________________”
b. Need to take ____________________ for meaningful lives
F. Civil Rights in America
1.
Segregation legal (________________________________ 1896)
2. Nazi’s “racial superiority” fought for in WWII
3. _________________________ fights for equality in US
4. MLK Jr & “_________________________”
5. Early victories
a. _______________________________________, Montgomery Bus Boycott
G. Pop Culture
1. ___________________________
a. Rock n Roll, ___________________ Movement
2. Gender Roles Shift
a. Men – not ____________________, wild
b. Women – inferior – ex ___________________________ dresses
3. __________________________
a. Spending / _________________________ boom
COLD WAR CONFLICTS – 1960s
A. Cold War Affects Art
1. Novels
a. ___________________, Fahrenheit 451, Casino Royale
2. Abstract Expressionism
a. _________________________
B. The Atomic Brink
1. _______________________________ = US policy 1950s
a. Go to edge of all out _______________________________
2. 1957 – _______________________ developed
a. Cover long ____________________________
b. Leads to Mutually Assured Destruction (______________)
C. 1960
1. Election of JFK
a. New policy = ______________________________
b. Not just ___________________________________
2. U-2 Incident
a. ______________________ shot down over SU ____________________
D. 1961
1. Berlin Wall constructed
a. ________________________________ surrounded
b. Keep E. Berliners _________!
st
2. 1 troops sent to ___________________________
E. Cuba
1. _______________________ Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista
2. Aligns with ________________________________
3. 1961 – ____________________________________ (US)
a. Goal – overthrow ______________
b. Result – __________________, embarrassment, failed relations
F. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
1. US spy planes find ________________________ in Cuba
2. US ___________________________________ of Cuba
3. ____________________________________ – 6 days
a. Fear / tension at __________________________
4. Resolution (Secret Deal)
a. US remove missiles in __________________
b. SU remove missiles in __________________
c. ____________________ established
G. Kennedy Assassination
1. ____________________ – Dallas, Texas
2. Country shocked, leadership _____________________
3. ________________________________ escalates under LBJ
a. ___________________________ Resolution
5th Notes