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Chapter 9 Sponges, Cnidarians, and Worms 7th Grade Life Science Structure of Animals • ______ - basic unit of structure and function Cell in living things tissue • ________ - a group of cells that perform a specific function organ • _________ - tissues combine to form an organ which performs a more complex function than the tissues alone • ______ systems - groups of organs that perform the broadest functions in animals Functions of Animals • Animals vary in the following ways: size – _________ Body structure – ____________ Outward appearance – _________________ – ________________________ Environment that they inhabit diversity animals carry out the same basic Despite _________ functions of life such as: ____________________ Obtain food and oxygen ____________________________ Keep internal conditions stable _____________ move ______________ reproduce Adaptations • ___________ - structures or behaviors that allow adaptations animals to perform the basic functions of life • ________________ Obtain food and oxygen - some animals have fangs or claws that allows them to obtain food. Food is digested and used for energy. Oxygen is either obtained from air or water Keep internal conditions stable • ______________________animals must maintain a stable environment within their bodies to survive. Ex. Animals in hot environments have adaptations to keep their bodies cool. Movement and Reproduction • __________ movement - related to meeting the basic needs of survival and reproduction. Most animals move freely from place to place throughout their lives. Others move during different stages of their lives. • ___________ reproduction - animals must reproduce to prevent the species from extinction Sexual reproduction - new organism develops from – _________________ the joining of an egg and sperm cell during __________ fertilization – __________________ Asexual reproduction - a single organism produces a new organism identical to itself. Ex. Sea Anemones Classification of Animals • __________ species of animals have been 1.5 million identified classifying - sorting animals into categories • ________ diversity helps biologists make sense of ________ phylum • _______ - major groups of animals – there are about __________ currently 35 groups • ________ - are arranged like branches on a phyla tree – this shows the relationships between the major groups Classification continued • Animals are classified according to how they are _____ related to other animals • These relationships are determined by: The animals body structure – ______________________ – ______________________ The way the animal develops - its life cycle The animal’s DNA – _________________ Vertebrates / Invertebrates Vertebrates • ___________ - animals with a backbone • ALL VERTEBRATES ARE CLASSIFIED IN ONLY 1 PHYLUM Invertebrates - animals without a backbone • __________ • ALL INVERTEBRATES ARE IN DIFFERENT PHYLA 97 percent • _________ of all animals are invertebrates Section 1 Assessment Writing In Science Animal Symmetry Symmetry • _________ - the balanced arrangement of parts Bilateral symmetry - one line that divides the • ____________ object into halves that are mirror images Radial symmetry • ______________ - many lines of symmetry that all go through a central point sponges • _________ - have no symmetry Symmetry and Daily Life simple • Animals without symmetry have _______ body plans. • Animals with bilateral symmetry or radial symmetry have ________ body plans. complex • Animals with the same ________ symmetry share general characteristics • Animals with ___________ Radial symmetry do not have distinct front or back ends Animals with Radial Symmetry Sea stars Sea urchins • Examples: ________, _________, and _______ jellyfishes back • No distinct Front _______ or _______ Live in water • All _______________ • Do not ____________ Move very fast • Movement = ___________, ______________, Stay in one spot Creep along the bottom or ___________________ Are moved by water currents Animals with Bilateral Symmetry • • • • • • _______ humans have bilateral symmetry ________ and ____________ larger More complex ________ Front end which typically goes first as it moves Movement is quicker _______ and ____________ More efficient ___________ body Streamlined ___________ Sense Organs in the front end that pick up information about what is in front of them • ____________ Swift movement and __________ Sense organs help animals with bilateral symmetry obtain food and avoid predators Assessment Questions Sponges • Live all over the world, mostly in _______ but oceans also in ______________ and ________. Freshwater rivers lakes Water currentsFront carry food and oxygen to the • _____________ sponges and take away waste products • Water currents also play a role in __________ reproduction and _________ young to new places. transport • Sponges are __________ invertebrates with _____________ No body symmetry or _____________ Tissues or organs Sponges continued • Sponges have _____ and _________ that cells structures perform different functions such as ______ spikes pores and _______ • ________ allow the sponge to remain upright spikes and defend itself against predators • ________ - help move oxygen and nutrients pores into the sponge • Sponges reproduce both _______ ______ asexually and sexually Obtaining Food and Reproduction Single celled organisms by • A sponge eats tiny _______________ filtering them out of the water. • _____ in the sponges body trap the food and cells digest it • _________ moves through the sponges oxygen _______ and into its ______. pores cells • _______ budding is one form of asexual reproduction Sperm Egg cells • Sponges produce both ______ and _________ Cnidarians • ____________ - jellyfish, sea anemones, and Cnidarians corals Stinging cells • Cnidarians use ___________ to capture food and defend themselves Body plans • Cnidarians have two different _________ • _______ - vase shaped body plan – sea polyp anemone medusa • ________ - bowl shaped body plan jellyfish Obtaining food and Movement Stinging cells • ____________ are released from the cnidarians into their prey – some have venom • Once the prey has been stung, the cnidarians use their _______ tentacles to pull the prey into its mouth • Cnidarians can move to __________ Escape danger and _________ Obtain food - muscle-like tissues allow movement such as swimming and stretching Reproduction • Cnidarians reproduce both _________ and sexually asexually __________ budding • _________ - most common form of asexual reproduction sexes • Some species have both _______ in one individual • Some species such as the jellyfish have __________ that include both sexual and Life cycles asexual reproduction Colony • _________ - a group of many individual colony cnidarians Coral reef • ____________ - built by cnidarians when a coral polyp attaches itself to a solid surface such as a broken shell, sunken ship, or rock. • The _________ Coral polyp reproduces asexually and then the offspring reproduce asexually. • Coral reefs are home to more __________ invertebrates species than any other environment on Earth Section Assessment • Page 311 (1-3 ALL) Classification of Worms • Biologists classify worms into three major_____ phyla 1. ____________ - Platyhelminthes phylum – long flatworms flat bodies 2. _____________ - Nematoda phylum – long, roundworms round bpdy Segmented worms - Annelida phylum – long, 3. _______________ round body made up of linked segments Refer to the phylogenetic tree on page 298 Characteristics of Worms Body Structure - all worms are ____________ invertebrates 1. ___________ • All worms have ______________ - head and Bilateral symmetry tail ends with organs, tissues, and body systems 2. ____________ - worms are the simplest Nervous system organism with a brain • Worms have __________ Sense organs that enable them to detect objects and food and respond quickly Reproduction 3. __________ Reproduction - both asexual and sexual reproduction are found in the worm phyla. • Some species of worms have both Male and female sex organs ___________________ • Asexual reproduction occurs when worms break into pieces and new worms grow out of each piece • Other species of worms have Male and female individuals __________________ Flatworms • Flatworms include : tapeworms – ____________ - parasitic and free living varieties – _____________ - free-living, scavengers planarians – ____________ - parasitic flukes Many flatworms are _________ - an organism that parasites lives on or inside another organism Parasites take food from their _____ host The host becomes weak and injured but rarely killed by the parasite Flatworms continued • Flatworms that are not parasites are _______________ Free-living organisms - they do not live on or in another organism • Free-living flatworms are found in wet environments such as ___________________ Ponds, streams, and oceans • __________are free-living flatworms planarians • Planarians are _________ - feed on dead or scavengers decaying material Planarians • Planarians are also _________ to smaller predators animals than themselves • Planarians feed like a ________________ “vacuum cleaner” • Planarians glide onto their prey and insert a __________ - digestive juices flow out of the Feeding tube planarian through the feeding tube into the food. • The digestive juices break down the food ________ of the worms body outside Planarians continued The food is sucked into the feeding tube and digestion is completed inside the worm’s body in a _________ cavity Undigested food exists the worms body through the _________ Feeding tube • ___________ - located in the head of the eyespots planarian • Eyespots can detect ______ but cannot see a light detailed image Tapeworms tapeworms • _____________ body is adapted to ___________ food from the _______ digestive absorbing hosts system • Many tapeworms live _______________ In more than one host in their lifetime • Life cycle of a tapeworm page 317 – Figure 22 Roundworms • Live in any ________ environment moist • May be the most _________ animals on earth abundant • Some species are _________ and others are Free-living parasitic _________ • ___________ bodies cylindric • Digestive system is _____________ Open at both ends - food enters through the mouth and exists through the anus Roundworms continued One way digestive system • __________________ is efficient • Food enters and is digested in an orderly fashion • Food is broken down by ___________ Digestive juices • Food is then __________ into the animals absorbed body • ________ are eliminated through the anus wastes • A large amount of nutrients can be absorbed Segmented Worms Body Structure • ______________ • _______________ Circulatory System Segmented Worms continued Earthworms • ____________ • __________________ Structure of an earthworm Section 4 Assessment