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The Cardiovascular System Heart-------Blood Vessels------Blood Cells Medical Terminology Anatomy of the Heart • 4 chambers – 2 upper = right & left atria separated by interatrial septum – 2 lower = right & left ventricles separated by interventricular septum – lining = 3 layers 1. Pericardium --- 2 layers: a. parietal pericardium = pericardium b. visceral pericardium = epicardium peri = surrounding; epi = upon; endo = inner 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium • Heart Valves – Tricuspid = between right atrium & ventricle – Bicuspid (Mitral) = between left atrium & ventricle – Pulmonary semilunar = between R. ventricle & Pulmonary artery – Aortic semilunar = between L. ventricle & aorta • Blood Flow Through the Heart – combines 2 circulatory systems • Pulmonary circulation – primarily right side of heart – key = getting blood to lungs • Systemic circulation – primarily left side of heart – key = getting blood to all other parts of body • Coronary Circulation • 2 coronary arteries ---right coronary & left coronary » first two branches off ascending aorta • supplies oxygen & nutrients for heart, especially myocardium • Conduction System of the Heart – Impulse route through the heart • SA node (sinoatrial) = “pacemaker” » located in upper right corner of R. atrium near opening of superior vena cava » stimulates depolarization of both atria • AV node (atrioventricular) » located in inferior wall of R. atrium near a-v septum » stimulates the initiation of depolarization of both ventricles » slowing of impulses through this node allows time for the ventricles to fill with blood from the contracting atria • Bundle of His » located at top of interventricular septum • Right Bundle Branch • Purkinje’s Fibers & Left Bundle Branch Electrocardiogram • The electrical impulses traveling through the heart are picked up at the patient’s skin surface by a machine (electrocardiograph) • 5 basic parts 1. P wave = atrial depolarization & contraction 2. P-R interval = time it takes from beginning of atrial contraction to beginning of ventricular contraction 3. QRS wave = ventricular depolarization & contraction 4. S-T segment = time it takes from end of ventricular contraction to the beginning of ventricular recovery 5. T wave = repolarization of the ventricles Blood Vessels vascular system --- vas = vessel (Latin) • Structure – Both arteries & veins have 3 layers of tissue » Phleb/o- = combining form means vein • outer layer = tunica externa (adventitia) » composed of connective tissue • middle layer = tunica media » composed of muscle & elastic tissue • inner layer = tunica intima » composed of endothelium » Veins have one-way flow valves from the endothelium – Capillaries: only one (1) layer of endothelial cells – Arterioles = small arteries – Venules = small veins • Vessels – Arteries carry blood away from heart – Capillaries join arteries and vein • Microscopic • Nutrients and oxygen exchanged at cellular level – Veins carry blood to the heart • Functions of Blood Vessels • Arteries – distribution of nutrients – maintenance of blood pressure • Veins – takes waste products back to heart for circulation & disposal – valves keep flow going in one direction • Capillaries – where internal respiration occurs » i.e. the exchange of O2 & CO2 between vessel & cell – where exchanges occur for nutrients, wastes, and fluids Blood Composition • Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed Elements (45%) – Plasma = the liquid faction of blood; blood minus its formed element – Serum = plasma minus clotting factors – Formed Elements ---------- “The Cells” • Red Blood Cells------------erythrocytes------------- 5 million/mm3 • White Blood Cells ------------leukocytes---------------5000/mm3 • Platelets -------------------- thrombocytes------------250,000/mm3 • Types of WBC’s – granular: » neutrophils (60%) ---------- phagocytes; first line of defense » eosinophils (3%) ------------seen in allergies & parasitic diseases » basophils (1%) -------------- release heparin & histamine – nongranular: » lymphocytes (30%) * B lymphocytes * T lymphocytes » monocytes (5%) ---------------------- become macrophages Blood Diseases • Essentially one gets Too Much or Too Little • RBC ---------------- polycythemia ---------------- anemia • Platelets ---------- thrombocytosis ------------ thrombocytopenia • WBC---------------- leukocytosis ------------------leukopenia (-penia = poverty) • Cancer of WBC’s = Too Much = leukemia Cardiovascular Pathology • Coronary artery disease – Ischemia (partial O2 block) • Angina pectoris – Infarct (complete O2 block) • Myocardial infarction • Congestive heart failure • Carditis – Pericarditis – Myocarditis – Endocarditis • Heart murmur • Cardiac arrhythmia – Tachycardia (2X) – Flutter (3X) – Fibrillation (4X) • Aneurysm • Raynaud’s phenomenon • Thrombosis • Phlebitis • Varicose veins • Thrombophlebitis • Embolus • Hypertension – Essential hypertension • Essential = idiopathic – Secondary hypertension – Malignant hypertension Cardiovascular Procedures & Treatments • Cardiac catheterization • Stress test – Thallium stress test • Echocardiography • Angioplasty • Endarterecomy (endo-; arter/o; -ectomy) • • • • CABG Valvuloplasty Pacemaker Defibrillation Arteriolar disease • Arteriosclerosis • Atherosclerosis • Thrombosis • Embolus • CVA = stroke = cerebrovascular accident