Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Isolation & Exploration Encouraging Exploration Renaissance encouraged adventure & curiosity Europeans seek greater wealth • Looked for spices & luxury goods Nutmeg Cinnamon Ginger Pepper • Add spices to bland food • Charged merchants high prices Encouraging Exploration Spread of Christianity Crusades (1096-1270) left hostility between Christians & Muslims • Christians wanted to continue the fight to convert non-Christians Bartolomeu Dias • Portuguese explorer • “Serve God, His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness…and to grow rich” Technological Advances Newly designed ships for longer voyages • Caravel • Triangular sails • Worked against the wind Astrolabe • Brass ring with marked degrees • Use the ring & stars to mark distances from the equator Magnetic compass • Invented by the Chinese Competition for Trade Portugal Leads the Way Prince Henry supported trade • Helped conquer north African cities • Saw the wealth that lay beyond Europe Portugal had trade ports in West Africa • Traded goods for gold and ivory Portuguese sailors reach Asia (India) • Captain Bartolomeu Dias (1487) sailed to the tip of Africa • Storms blew the ships around the tip Tried to reach India but supplies were low 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut (India) • 27,000 Miles Spain Competes with Portugal Spanish were jealous of Portuguese Christopher Columbus • Believed he could reach India faster by sailing west • Reached the Caribbean islands in October, 1492 Spain believed they reached India first • Upset Portugal and created competition Treaty of Tordesillas Spain & Portugal prepared for war as competition grew Pope Alexander VI • Met with both nations to calm behaviors Developed a Line of Demarcation • A line directly down the center of the Atlantic Ocean All lands west of the line belonged to Spain All land east of the line belonged to Portugal • The treaty showed agreement to obey the line New Trading Empires Trading in the Indian Ocean Da Gama’s voyage opens sea trading with Asia Violence erupts • Countries battle for possession of Asian ports • Asian people battle new explorers Portugal’s Trading Empire Established circa 1500 Built relationships throughout the Indian Ocean area Took control of spices from Muslim merchants Defeated Muslim & Italian stronghold on Asian trade Gained control of Spice Islands • Spice-rich lands outside the East Indies Portugal Trading Reached Japan in 1543 • Shipwrecked sailors washed ashore • Portuguese merchants soon followed Asians were curious of newcomers Goods impact cultures • • • • Clocks Eyeglasses Tobacco Firearms Japanese change from using swords to muskets & cannons • Allowed for the building of forts • Small towns built outside of forts Dutch Trading & Cultural Impact Dutch Take Over Portuguese driven out of East Indies Dutch trading takes over • People of the Netherlands Became sea trading power by 1600 • 20,000 Ships for trading Dutch East India Trading Company • • • • Established in Asia Mint Money Make trade treaties Protected by their own army Dominated England & Portugal trading Dutch Grow Trade Capture Spice Islands in 1619 Amsterdam becomes a leading commercial center by 1600s Dutch controlled much of Asia & Cape of Good Hope • Located in South Africa Impact on Asian Culture Effects of European trade was limited • Asians worked to limit influence of new trade • China & Japan tried to maintain their culture Christian Missionaries • 1549 Christian missionaries arrive in Japan • Japanese associate missionaries with muskets & other goods they wanted • 300,000 Japanese converted to Christianity by 1600 • Japan worked for almost 40 years to rid Japan of Christians Impact (Cont) Closed country policy • Persecution of Christians led to closed door policy • Did not agree with European ideas Did like their technology • Shoguns sealed the country by 1639 Closed country policy The Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty Background Dynasty existed 1368 – 1644 A.D. Ming Dynasty in power when Portugal arrived in China (1514) Group of overlords who ruled China • Helped protect southeast Asian countries • Demanded payments for recognition of dominance Mings wanted peace & prosperity in China Hongwu (Rise of the Ming) Commanded the army to defeat the Mongol rulers Became the first Emperor of the Ming Dynasty Promoted power & prosperity in the region Encouraged Confucian moral standards • Opposite of Christian missionaries Hongwu (Cont) Agricultural changes • Improved rice production • Improved irrigation • Introduced fish farming • Introduced commercial farming Cotton Sugar Cane Created a merit-based service system Became a ruthless tyrant & paranoid of takeovers Yonglo Yonglo became Emperor in 1398 • Son of Hongwu Extreme interests in the world outside of China China Explores China’s Expeditions Led by Zheng He • Friend of Yonglo Huge Expeditions • Large fleets to far lands 40 – 300 Ships per expedition • Focused on East Africa Arrived in foreign ports with thousands of men • Gave people gifts to show superiority Scented oils Gold Silver Silk Impact of Explorations China’s economy does not grow • Economy based on agriculture & not industry Christian missionaries take focus off of Confucian teachings Daily Life Farmers put emphasis on growth of rice & crops • Collected from the Americas Role of Women • Sons over daughters • Sons raise family under parents roof Ensured support for family elders • Females not valued Sometimes killed • Men dominate household • Women help run the house Had outside jobs occasionally The Qing Dynasty Pronounced Ching Mings Lose Power Ming Dynasty weakens after 200 years • Ineffective rulers • Corrupt government leaders • No government money Manchuria invades China • Manchurians take over in 1644 Qing Dynasty lasted 260 years • Grew China Taiwan Chinese Central Asia Mongolia Tibet Qing Dynasty Manchurian rulers faced resistance during reign • Not traditionally Chinese Qing Changes for Chinese • Men wear hair in pigtail as sign of submission • Qings accepted by showing Confucian beliefs • Reduced government expenses & lowered taxes Qings Isolate Asia Traders had to follow special rules • Trade only at certain ports • Pay tribute Taxes to trade given to government Dutch traders were successful in following rules • Become large shippers of tea to Europe • 80% of cargo Great Britain did not follow rules • Were forbidden to trade China becomes “big brother” to Korea • SIGNIFICANT TO LATER WARS Cultural Developments China becomes conservative and refuses change from outsiders • Closed country ideas Large family structure is important • Major growth in population Focused on arts • Creation of ceramics & porcelain