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Isolation & Exploration
Encouraging Exploration
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Renaissance encouraged adventure &
curiosity
Europeans seek greater wealth
• Looked for spices & luxury goods
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Nutmeg
Cinnamon
Ginger
Pepper
• Add spices to bland food
• Charged merchants high prices
Encouraging Exploration
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Spread of Christianity
Crusades (1096-1270) left hostility
between Christians & Muslims
• Christians wanted to continue the fight to
convert non-Christians
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Bartolomeu Dias
• Portuguese explorer
• “Serve God, His Majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness…and to grow
rich”
Technological Advances
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Newly designed ships for longer voyages
• Caravel
• Triangular sails
• Worked against the wind
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Astrolabe
• Brass ring with marked degrees
• Use the ring & stars to mark distances from
the equator
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Magnetic compass
• Invented by the Chinese
Competition for Trade
Portugal Leads the Way
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Prince Henry supported trade
• Helped conquer north African cities
• Saw the wealth that lay beyond Europe
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Portugal had trade ports in West Africa
• Traded goods for gold and ivory
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Portuguese sailors reach Asia (India)
• Captain Bartolomeu Dias (1487) sailed to the tip of
Africa
• Storms blew the ships around the tip
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Tried to reach India but supplies were low
1498 Vasco da Gama reached the port of
Calicut (India)
• 27,000 Miles
Spain Competes with Portugal
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Spanish were jealous of Portuguese
Christopher Columbus
• Believed he could reach India faster by
sailing west
• Reached the Caribbean islands in October,
1492
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Spain believed they reached India first
• Upset Portugal and created competition
Treaty of Tordesillas
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Spain & Portugal prepared for war as
competition grew
Pope Alexander VI
• Met with both nations to calm behaviors
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Developed a Line of Demarcation
• A line directly down the center of the Atlantic
Ocean
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All lands west of the line belonged to Spain
All land east of the line belonged to Portugal
• The treaty showed agreement to obey the
line
New Trading Empires
Trading in the Indian Ocean
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Da Gama’s voyage opens sea trading with
Asia
Violence erupts
• Countries battle for possession of Asian ports
• Asian people battle new explorers
Portugal’s Trading Empire
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Established circa 1500
Built relationships throughout the Indian
Ocean area
Took control of spices from Muslim
merchants
Defeated Muslim & Italian stronghold on
Asian trade
Gained control of Spice Islands
• Spice-rich lands outside the East Indies
Portugal Trading
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Reached Japan in 1543
• Shipwrecked sailors washed ashore
• Portuguese merchants soon followed
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Asians were curious of newcomers
Goods impact cultures
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Clocks
Eyeglasses
Tobacco
Firearms
Japanese change from using swords to muskets
& cannons
• Allowed for the building of forts
• Small towns built outside of forts
Dutch Trading & Cultural
Impact
Dutch Take Over
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Portuguese driven out of East Indies
Dutch trading takes over
• People of the Netherlands
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Became sea trading power by 1600
• 20,000 Ships for trading
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Dutch East India Trading Company
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Established in Asia
Mint Money
Make trade treaties
Protected by their own army
Dominated England & Portugal trading
Dutch Grow Trade
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Capture Spice Islands in 1619
Amsterdam becomes a leading
commercial center by 1600s
Dutch controlled much of Asia & Cape of
Good Hope
• Located in South Africa
Impact on Asian Culture
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Effects of European trade was limited
• Asians worked to limit influence of new trade
• China & Japan tried to maintain their culture
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Christian Missionaries
• 1549 Christian missionaries arrive in Japan
• Japanese associate missionaries with
muskets & other goods they wanted
• 300,000 Japanese converted to Christianity
by 1600
• Japan worked for almost 40 years to rid
Japan of Christians
Impact (Cont)
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Closed country policy
• Persecution of Christians led to closed door
policy
• Did not agree with European ideas
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Did like their technology
• Shoguns sealed the country by 1639
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Closed country policy
The Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty Background
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Dynasty existed 1368 – 1644 A.D.
Ming Dynasty in power when Portugal
arrived in China (1514)
Group of overlords who ruled China
• Helped protect southeast Asian countries
• Demanded payments for recognition of
dominance
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Mings wanted peace & prosperity in China
Hongwu (Rise of the Ming)
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Commanded the army to defeat the
Mongol rulers
Became the first Emperor of the Ming
Dynasty
Promoted power & prosperity in the
region
Encouraged Confucian moral standards
• Opposite of Christian missionaries
Hongwu (Cont)
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Agricultural changes
• Improved rice production
• Improved irrigation
• Introduced fish farming
• Introduced commercial farming
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Cotton
Sugar Cane
Created a merit-based service system
Became a ruthless tyrant & paranoid of
takeovers
Yonglo
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Yonglo became Emperor in 1398
• Son of Hongwu
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Extreme interests in the world outside of
China
China Explores
China’s Expeditions
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Led by Zheng He
• Friend of Yonglo
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Huge Expeditions
• Large fleets to far lands
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40 – 300 Ships per expedition
• Focused on East Africa
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Arrived in foreign ports with thousands of men
• Gave people gifts to show superiority
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Scented oils
Gold
Silver
Silk
Impact of Explorations
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China’s economy does not grow
• Economy based on agriculture & not industry
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Christian missionaries take focus off of
Confucian teachings
Daily Life
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Farmers put emphasis on growth of rice &
crops
• Collected from the Americas
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Role of Women
• Sons over daughters
• Sons raise family under parents roof
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Ensured support for family elders
• Females not valued
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Sometimes killed
• Men dominate household
• Women help run the house
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Had outside jobs occasionally
The Qing Dynasty
Pronounced Ching
Mings Lose Power
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Ming Dynasty weakens after 200 years
• Ineffective rulers
• Corrupt government leaders
• No government money
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Manchuria invades China
• Manchurians take over in 1644
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Qing Dynasty lasted 260 years
• Grew China
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Taiwan
Chinese Central Asia
Mongolia
Tibet
Qing Dynasty
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Manchurian rulers faced resistance during
reign
• Not traditionally Chinese
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Qing Changes for Chinese
• Men wear hair in pigtail as sign of submission
• Qings accepted by showing Confucian beliefs
• Reduced government expenses & lowered
taxes
Qings Isolate Asia
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Traders had to follow special rules
• Trade only at certain ports
• Pay tribute
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Taxes to trade given to government
Dutch traders were successful in following rules
• Become large shippers of tea to Europe
• 80% of cargo
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Great Britain did not follow rules
• Were forbidden to trade
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China becomes “big brother” to Korea
• SIGNIFICANT TO LATER WARS
Cultural Developments
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China becomes conservative and refuses
change from outsiders
• Closed country ideas
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Large family structure is important
• Major growth in population
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Focused on arts
• Creation of ceramics & porcelain