Download ADAPTATION TO THE CHANGES IN ENERGY METABOLISM

ADAPTATION TO THE CHANGES IN
ENERGY METABOLISM THROUGH
AGING AS A STRATEGY OF
LONGEVITY
H.V.TERESHINA
T.M. YURINA
Russian Research Institute of Gerontology, Moscow
Environment
E
HYPOTALAMUS
RELEASING
FACTORS
EPIPHYSIS
PITUITARY
AMINES
E
HORMONES
E
Internal
medium
E
E
Levels of energy utilization
BASAL LEVEL
• Growth
• Self maintenance
• Physical and mental activity
• Reproduction
• Thermogenesis
inside
EXTREME LEVEL
(STRESS)
Danger
Cold
Starvation
max
Immobilization
Heat
Overnutrition
min
outside
TYPES OF HOMEOSTASIS
V.M. Dilman
ADAPTATIVE
REPRODUCTIVE
ENERGETIC
CATECHOLAMINES
ADRENALINE
GLUCAGON
CORTISOL
SEX HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE
LEPTIN
INSULIN
SUBSTRATE PREFERENCE
CATECHOLAMINES
CORTISOL
GLUCAGON
ADRENALINE
SEX HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE
LEPTIN
INSULIN
GLUCOSE (GLU)
CHOLESTEROL (CHOL)
FATTY ACIDS (FA)
GLU FA CHOL
CHOL
INTESTINE
STEROIDOGENIC
TISSUE
BRAIN
GLU
CHOL
GLU
FFA
CHOL
LIVER
GLU
GL
FA
FFA
CHOL
FFA
GLU+FA=TG
ADIPOSE TISSUE
MUSCLE
GLU
FA
liver
hyper
hypo
glycemic
state
Glucose
glycemic
In blood
state
(insulin)
(glucagon)
IR
cell
pancreas
INTESTINE
bile
ABC
FA
chol
SRB1
HDL
SRB1
LIVER
STEROIDO
GENIC
TISSUE
Bile
acids
LDL
LDLr
CD36
estradiol
macrophage
ABC
estradiol
testosterone
TG
BILE
INTESTINE
TG-rich LP
remnants
LIVER
TG
TG
FFA
FA
LEPTIN
GH
FFA
MUSCLE
HEART
LR
GLU+FA=TG
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Fatty acids: main functions
Fuel
Fat deposition (palmitic acid, oleic acid)
Membrane structure
Phospholipid composition
Cholesterol content
Raft’s composition
Fluidity
Receptors’ activity
Transmembrane messengers
Hypothalamus
Neuronic cells
Peripheral cells
Cholesterol transport and distribution (oleic
acid)
Immune system
Linoleic and arachidonic acid metabolites
Regulation of gene transcription (PUFA)
Fatty acids’ role in the onthogenesis
• Proliferation of somatic cells
(growth and development)
• Boundaries of the reproductive
period
• Energy accumulation
(adaptation)
CHAHGES IN THE FAT AND
WATER CONTENT IN THE
HUMAN FOETUS TISSUES
DURING INTRAWOMB
DEVELOPMENT:
2 - WATER
3 – FAT
M - BODY MASS
WEIGT/VOLUME
Changes of the free
fatty acid content in
the blood of girls
and boys (young
adults) through the
0-25 yr period of life
Weight/Height
Changes of the free fatty acid content in blood
in onthogenesis
Leptin
resistance
Insulin
resistance
♂
I period
0-25 yr
♀
II period
25-50 yr
III period
Weight
50-100 yr
Weight+Height
Adipose tissue
Nonadipose tissue
Fatty acid utilization in onthogenesis
 I period
Proliferation (growth and development)
 II period
Reproduction
Deposition in the adipose tissue
 III period
Deposition in nonadipose tissues
Hypotalamic sensitivity
(V.M. Dilman)
 I period (0-25 yr)
Growth hormone (+ +)
Sex hormones (- +)
Leptin (+)
II period (25-50 yr)
Growth hormone (+ -)
Sex hormones (+ +)
Leptin (-)
 III period (50-100 yr)
Growth hormone (- -)
Sex hormones (- -)
Leptin (-)
Leptin resistance results in
increased fat body mass which
leads to the loss of the
reproductive homeostasis
This is accompanied by certain
disturbances in the cholesterol
distribution and utilization
Cholesterol level in blood arises
Deposition of fatty acids in adipose
tissue reaches its maximum to the end
of the reproductive period
Adaptative homeostasis (to the
environment) decreases
Increased levels of free fatty
acids, glucose and
cholesterol develop an
internal stress
Means of adaptation to the internal stress
Deposition of fatty acids in
nonadipose tissues
Oxidative stress (fatty acids)
Cholesterol deposition
Proliferation (IGF-I  glucose)
Deseases
and death
Apoptosis (palmitic acid,
glucose)  cell loss
Energy
expenditure
decreases
Maintenance of the energy homeostasis
in the III period as a strategy of
longevity
Calorie restriction
Apoptosis (loss of the
cell mass)
Physical and mental
activity
Mild stress
Energy
flux
Complete energy
expenditure
Adaptation is an ability of a
system to keep itself by giving
an adequate answer not only to
challengers of the environment
but to the changes of it’s own
inner conditions.
Adaptation is an expression of
lust for survival and existence
as long as possible