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History 1: 23 year old male. Over the past week noted increasing fatigue,
sore throat, earaches, headaches, and episodic fever and chills. Unable to
run his customary 25 miles per week.
Physical Exam Erythematous throat and tonsils. Swollen cervical lymph
nodes. No other organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 5.25 x 10[12]/L
HGB 15.4 g/dL
HCT 46.1 %, MCV 87.9 fL
MCH 29.3 pg,
MCHC 33.4 g/dL
RDW 12.2
WBC 12.9 x 10[9]/L,
N 24 %
L (shown) 73%,
M 0, E 3% , B 0
PLT 333 x 10[9]/L
Question1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
1
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic,
Normochromic
WBC morphology:
Most of the lymphocytes are reactive.
They are large cells with a smudged chromatin pattern and abundant
cytoplasm with radial and/or peripheral basophilia.
Some of the larger cells have finer chromatin and nucleoli.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
2
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies: Heterophil antibody screen: positive
Question 3: What is the most likely diagnosis?
3
Answer 3
Diagnosis: Infectious mononucleosis
Clinical Course
Three weeks later, the patient's symptoms had abated, and
his WBC count was 7.6 x 10[9]/L, with 56% lymphocytes
4
History 2: 70 year old female. Symptoms of dyspnea on exertion, easy
fatigability, and lassitude for past 2 to 3 months. Denied hemoptysis, GI, or
vaginal bleeding. Claimed diet was good, but appetite varied.
Physical Exam:Other than pallor, no significant physical findings were
noted. Occult blood was negative.
CBC
RBC 3.71 x 10[12]/L
HGB 5.9 g/dL
HCT 20.9 % MCV 56.2 fL
MCH 15.9 pg
MCHC 28.3 g/dL
RDW 20.2
WBC 5.9 x 10[9]/L
N 82 %, L 13%
M 1%, E 4%, B 0
PLT 383 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
5
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
2+ hypochromasia
3+ microcytosis
2+ anisocytosis
2+ elliptocytes and target cells
occ teardrops and fragments
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
6
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Iron studies were performed, and results were:
serum ferritin <10 ng/mL (RI 12-86)
serum iron 24 µg/dL (RI 65-175)
TIBC 729 µg/dL (RI 250-410) saturation 3 % (RI 20-55)
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
7
Answer 3: Diagnosis Iron deficiency anemia
Clinical Course
Diagnostic procedures included upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy,
and small bowel biopsy. All were negative.
The patient received packed RBC transfusions and was started on iron
therapy.
The etiology of her iron deficiency anemia could not be determined,
but it was most likely nutritional.
8
History 3: 51 year old male. Seen by physician for routine preoperative
exam prior to dental surgery. Found to have low hemoglobin and a large
left upper quadrant mass.
Physical Exam: Marked splenomegaly extending from the left costal
margin to just above the iliac crest. No other organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 3.36 x 10[12]/L
HGB 10.9 g/dL
HCT 31.2 %
MCV 92.8 fL MCH 32.4 pg
MCHC 34.9 g/dL
WBC 9.3 x 10[9]/L
N 14 %
L 15 %
Abnormal cells 71% (shown)
PLT 59 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
9
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology:
The abnormal cells have round or indented nuclei with a fairly coarse
chromatin pattern.
They have variable amounts of grainy blue-gray cytoplasm with irregular
ragged borders and numerous projections.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2: What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
10
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: Marrow was difficult to obtain. A small amount of fluid was
aspirated, and the differential showed 78.1% abnormal cells similar to
those in the blood.
Sections: Hypocellular with a diffuse loosely structured infiltrate of
mononuclear cells. Increased areas of fibrosis.
Cytochemistry:
Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain of abnormal cells:
positive
Immunophenotyping: Not done.
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer 3 Diagnosis Hairy cell leukemia
Clinical Course The patient was treated with appropriate therapeutic
agents and responded well.
11
History 4
25 year old male. Recurrent upper respiratory infections with fever,
nausea, and submandibular swelling for several months prior to
admission. Noted that cuts on his hands did not heal well.
Physical Exam Submandibular adenopathy. No other organomegaly
CBC
RBC 2.70 x 10[12]/L
HGB 9.9 g/dL
HCT 28.7 %
MCV 106.3 fL MCH 36.9 pg
MCHC 34.8 g/dL
WBC 7.9 x 10[9]/L
N 4 %, L 16%,
M 1%, E 0, B 0
Abnormal cells 79% (shown)
PLT 50 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
12
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
1+ polychromasia
1+ macrocytosis
WBC morphology:
The abnormal cells are medium-sized blasts. The nuclei are often irregular
in shape, and some have invaginations or deep clefts.
Most have a fine chromatin pattern and one or more prominent nucleoli.
The cytoplasm is basophilic, and thin Auer rods are seen.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
13
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate:
The differential showed 93.6% blasts similar to those in the blood.
Dyserythropoiesis was not seen in the red cell precursors.
Sections: Markedly hypercellular.
Cytochemistry:
Myeloperoxidase: positive
Sudan black B: positive
Non-specific esterase: negative
Immunophenotyping: Not done.
Cytogenetics: Not done.
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
14
Answer 3 Diagnosis Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) FAB M1
Clinical Course
Chemotherapy was started, and remission was induced within one
month.
The post-induction marrow showed normal regeneration, with 2.5%
blasts.
The patient was placed on consolidation chemotherapy, and followed in
Oncology Clinic.
He was still in remission 4 years after diagnosis.
Note: The patient's MCV returned to the normal
range shortly after induction was started, and the cause of his mild
macrocytosis was not investigated.
15
History 5
34 year old female. Two day history of ecchymoses, petechiae, and
hematuria. She had noted headaches, nausea, and increasing dysphoria
over the past week.
Physical Exam: Mild scleral icterus. Scattered ecchymoses and
petechiae. Appeared anxious and agitated.
CBC
RBC 2.38 x 10[12]/L
HGB 6.6 g/dL
HCT 18.4 % MCV 77.5 fL
MCH 27.7 pg, MCHC 35.8 g/dL
RDW 23.8
WBC 16.9 x 10[9]/L,
N 78 % L 14%
M 8%, E 0, B 0
PLT 14 x 10[9]/L
Question 1 What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
16
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
2+ polychromasia
3+ anisocytosis
3+ fragments
2+ spherocytes
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
17
Answer 2: Further Laboratory Studies
Coagulation:
PT 12.2 sec (RI 11.0-13.5),
PTT 29.2 sec (RI 23-34)
TT 22.9 sec (RI 13-18),
Fibrinogen 0.43 g/dL (RI 0.17-0.37)
FDP 80 µg/mL (RI 0-10),
D dimer 2320 ng/mL (RI 0-420)
Chemistry:
BUN 41 mg/dL (RI 9-23)
Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL (RI 0.3-1.0)
Bilirubin Conj. 0.5 mg/dL (RI 0.0-0.3)
Total 2.8 mg/dL (RI 0.0-1.3)
Haptoglobin <5 mg/dL (RI 50-150)
Urinalysis: Large amount of blood present
Protein positive (100 mg/dL)
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
18
Answer 3
Diagnosis Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Clinical Course
Plasma exchange was commenced promptly after admission.
Initially, she became more acutely ill, and developed neurologic symptoms
(combative and irritable, with fluctuating levels of consciousness).
She was continued on plasma exchange and given other appropriate
therapy.
Over the next several days, her physical and mental status improved,
signs of hemolysis diminished, and her PLT count gradually increased.
She was discharged to be followed in Hematology Clinic.
19
History 6
6 year old male. Well until 3 weeks prior to admission. Developed upper
respiratory symptoms, persistent headaches, bone pain, and easy
bruising.
Physical Exam: Adenopathy: submandibular, axillary, and cervical.
Hepatosplenomegaly. Petechiae and bruises on trunk and limbs
CBC
RBC 3.34 x 10[12]/L
HGB 9.0 g/dL HCT 27.2 %
MCV 82.0 fL MCH 27.2 pg
MCHC 33.4 g/dL RDW 13.9
WBC 92.4 x 10[9]/L
N 4 % L 8%, M 1% E 0 B 1%
Abnormal cells 86 (shown)
PLT 18 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
20
Answer 1 Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology:
The abnormal cells are small to medium-sized blasts.
They have a relatively fine chromatin pattern, one or more indistinct
nucleoli, and scanty basophilic cytoplasm.
Occasional cells show nuclear clefts.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
21
Answer 2 Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: The differential showed 89.1% blasts similar to those in the
blood.
Sections: Markedly hypercellular.
Cytochemistry:
Myeloperoxidase negative
Sudan black B negative
PAS positive (intensely staining clumps in cytoplasm)
Immunophenotyping:
TdT positive, B precursor markers positive,
T precursor markers negative, Myelomonocytic markers negative
Cytogenetics: 46, XY. No numerical or structural abnormalities found.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: Clear, colorless CSF, Glucose 62 mg/dL
(RI 50-80), Protein 25 mg/dL (RI 20-60), RBC 85 x 10[6]/L,
WBC 2 x 10[6]/L
Gram stain negative Culture negative
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
22
Answer 3
Diagnosis B precursor ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), FAB L1
Clinical Course
Induction chemotherapy was started.
Since there were several poor prognostic factors (high WBC,
organomegaly), protocol included intrathecal therapy.
Two weeks later, the marrow was hypocellular with 1% blasts.
The patient's physical signs and laboratory values returned to normal,
and he was discharged to the care of the Pediatric Oncology Clinic.
He continues in remission.
23
History 7
72 year old male. Symptoms of itching, rash, skin discomfort, and malaise
increasing over several months.
Physical Exam: Generalized erythroderma. Skin appeared leathery,
cracked, and peeling. Bilateral epitrochlear and inguinal adenopathy.
CBC
RBC 4.80 x 10[12]/L
HGB 14.2 g/dL HCT 42.4 % MCV
88.3 fL
MCH 29.7 pg MCHC 33.6 g/dL
WBC 10.8 x 10[9]/L
N 35 % L 13 M 8 E 4 B 0
Abnormal cells 40 (shown)
PLT 158 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
24
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology:
The abnormal cells have convoluted cerebriform nuclei.
The cytoplasm is basophilic, and occasionally contains small vacuoles.
Both small and large cell types are seen.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
25
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Cytochemistry:
PAS: many of the abnormal cells show punctate PAS positivity around
the nuclei.
Immunophenotyping:
Elevated CD3 and CD4 positivity consistent with helper T cell
phenotype.
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
26
Answer 3
Diagnosis Sezary syndrome (Confirmed by skin and lymph node
biopsy.)
Clinical Course
The patient was treated with photochemotherapy and topical medications.
His pruritis, cutaneous discomfort, and erythroderma gradually improved.
27
History 8
34 year old male. Seen for treatment of superficial skin wounds resulting
from a shotgun accident while grouse hunting. Family physician noted
slight pallor, jaundice, and scleral icterus. History of cholecystectomy five
years prior to admission. At that time the patient was told he had Gilbert's
syndrome. He stated he had always had "low blood," and that his father
and paternal grandfather both had "liver ailments."
Physical Exam: Somewhat pale yellowish skin with scattered small
surface wounds-mostly over the face, scalp and upper extremities.
Moderate scleral icterus. Spleen palpable 3 cm below the left costal
margin.
CBC (with microscopic differential)
RBC 3.93 x 10[12]/L HGB 11.3 g/dL
HCT 33.1 % MCV 84.1 fL
MCH 28.8 pg MCHC 34.4 g/dL
RDW 18.7
WBC 5.0 x 10[9]/L
N 53 % , L 31%, M 8%, E 6%, B 2%
PLT 362 x 10[9]/L
28
Question 1 What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
2+ polychromasia
2+ anisocytosis
2+ spherocytes
1+ echinocytes
WBC morphology:Within normal limits (one lymphocyte
shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limit
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
29
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Hematology:
Reticulocytes 14.3 % Absolute 562 x 10[6]/L Osmotic fragility
(unincubated)
Initial hemolysis 0.65% NaCL
Complete hemolysis 0.40% NaCL Control: Initial 0.50%;
Complete 0.20% Osmotic fragility (incubated) Initial hemolysis 0.85%
NaCL
Complete hemolysis 0.60% NaCL Control: Initial 0.60%; Complete
0.20%
Chemistry:
Bilirubin Conj. 0.5 mg/dL (RI 0.0-0.3) Total 5.8 mg/dL (RI 0.0-1.3)
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
30
Answer 3
Diagnosis Hereditary spherocytosis
Clinical Course
The patient was referred to a hematologist to evaluate the
advisibility of a splenectomy
31
History 9
15 year old male. Flu-like symptoms with a severe sore throat for two
weeks prior to admission.
Physical Exam: Cervical and axillary adenopathy. No other
organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 3.15 x 10[12]/L
HGB 9.9 g/dL HCT 28.5 %
MCV 90.5 fL
MCH 31.4 pg, MCHC 34.7 g/dL
RDW 15.2
WBC 42.6 x 10[9]/L
L 12 %
Abnormal cells 88 (shown)
PLT 22 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
32
Answer 1 Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam
were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
1+ teardrops
1+ elliptocytes
1+ fragments
WBC morphology: There is a spectrum of abnormal cells. The most
immature are blast forms with ovoid nuclei, delicate chromatin, single large
nucleoli, and a moderate amount of gray-blue cytoplasm. The more mature
cells have folded or convoluted nuclei, less obvious nucleoli, and abundant
blue-gray cytoplasm with variable numbers of fine azurophilic granules.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
33
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: The differential showed 100% cells similar to those seen in the
blood.
Sections: Markedly hypercellular.
Cytochemistry:
Myeloperoxidase negative
Sudan black B negative
Non-specific esterase positive
Immunophenotyping:
Not done.
Chemistry: Serum lysozyme 162 mg/L (RI 4-13)
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
34
Answer 3
Diagnosis: Acute monocytic leukemia with differentiation (FAB M5b)
Clinical Course
Induction chemotherapy was complicated by DIC.
Remission was never obtained.
The patient's condition progressively worsened. At his and his family's
request, therapy was stopped, and he was discharged to be cared for
at home.
He died one week later.
35
History 10: 30 year old male. Almost 4 years prior to admission, he was
diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. It was removed surgically and
he received chemotherapy. After about three years, the tumor recurred.
He was treated with radiation, and chemotherapy was resumed. During
a clinic visit he was found to have a fever of 101°F, WBC of 1.0 x
10[9]/L, and absolute neutrophil count of 0 (zero). He was admitted to
the hospital and started on IV antobiotics and daily G-CSF injections.
This CBC is from the sixth day of growth factor therapy.
CBC
RBC 3.17 x 10[12]/L
HGB 10.4 g/dL HCT 30.0 %
MCV 94.7 fL MCH 32.9 pg
MCHC 34.7 g/dL RDW 11.9
WBC 23.9 x 10[9]/L
N seg 52 % N band 13
N meta 8 N myelo 8 N pro 4
Myeloblast 1 L 8 M 3 E 3
PLT 103 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
36
Answer 1 Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam
were:
RBC morphology:
normocytic,
normochromic
1+ polychromasia
WBC morphology: Both mature and immature stages of neutrophils
have intense azurophilic granulation.
Some bands and segmented forms contain Dohle bodies. Some have
bubbly, vacuolated cytoplasm.
Neutrophil nuclei are deeply stained, and nuclear projections are seen.
Some promyelocytes are extremely large.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
37
Answer 2 Further Laboratory Studies: None
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer 3
Diagnosis Shift to the left and reactive changes in neutrophils
consistent with response to G-CSF or GM-CSF therapy
Clinical Course
Following the good response to G-CSF therapy, the patient's fever
subsided and he was discharged with plans to continue treatment
through the Oncology Clinic.
38
History 11; 33 year old female. Immigrated to the United States from Laos
four years prior to admission. History obtained through an interpreter.
Multiple transfusions and splenectomy two years prior to admission.
Reason and/or diagnosis unclear to patient. Presented with flu-like
symptoms of fever, malaise, epigastric discomfort and nonproductive
cough.
CBC
RBC 4.15 x 10[12]/L
HGB 8.1 g/dL HCT 28.6 %
MCV 68.9 fL MCH 19.5 pg
MCHC 28.2 g/dL RDW 22.3
WBC (corrected) 8.0 x 10[9]/L
N 51 % L 36 M 7 E 4 B 2
NRBC/100
WBC 83
PLT 540 x 10[9]/L
Question 1 What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
39
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
3+ hypochromasia
1+ polychromasia
2+ anisocytosis
3+ target cells
occ spherocytes and fragments Howell Jolly bodies present
WBC morphology: Within normal limits
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
40
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Hemoglobin electrophoresis:
Hemoglobin E 80 %
Hemoglobin F 5 %
Other hemoglobins* 15 % *Identified as hemoglobin A2,
hemoglobin Barts and a hemoglobin H mutant.
Iron studies:
Serum ferritin 3234 ng/mL (RI 12-86)
Serum iron 140 µg/dL (RI 65-175)
TIBC 152 µg/dL (RI 250-410)
Saturation 92 % (RI 20-55)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
41
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Homozygous hemoglobin E disease and alpha thalassemia
Clinical Course
The patient's flu-like symptoms subsided; they were presumed to be
viral in origin.
She was referred to the Hematology Clinic, and placed on iron
chelation therapy.
After 18 months, her serum ferritin had fallen to 114 ng/mL.
Her hemoglobin remained in the 7 to 9 g/dL range.
Chelation was discontinued, with plans to monitor the ferritin level every
six months and resume treatment when needed.
42
History 12; 19 month old male. Referred for evaluation of dysmorphic
features. On physical exam, noted to have a large head, coarse facial
features, short stature (10th percentile) and moderate hepatomegaly. His
mother stated that his early developmental milestones were not delayed
(crawled at 6 months, walked alone at 12 months).
CBC RBC 3.55 x 10[12]/L
HGB 10.3 g/dL HCT 30.3 %
MCV 85.3 fL MCH 29.0 pg
MCHC 34.0 g/dL RDW 18.5
WBC 6.0 x 10[9]/L
N (shown) 29 %
L (shown) 68%,
M 2%, E 0, B 1%
PLT 91 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
43
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations: Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology: Some of the lymphocytes have cytoplasmic
inclusions which appear as dark purple coarse granules surrounded by a
"halo." The neutrophils contain dense azurophilic granulation.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
44
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Biochemical Genetics:
WBC enzymes: arylsulfatase B 1.5% of normal mean Urinary
mucopolysaccharides, quantitative: 43.1 g/mol cr (RI 3.8-15.3)
fractionated: elevated amounts of both heparan and dermatan sulfate
detected.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
45
Answer 3
Diagnosis Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI (Maroteaux-Lamy
syndrome)
Clinical Course
Initial assessments by the Pediatric Neurology Clinic showed the
patient's cognitive and motor skills to be within normal limits for his age.
However, he gradually regressed, and by age 4 showed significant
developmental delays. His only sibling, a sister, also had MPS VI.
Other family members were evaluated as possible bone marrow donors.
None of them was a satisfactory match, and he was transplanted with
marrow from an unrelated donor. Engraftment was not successful.
Note: This patient's lymphocytes contain the distinctive cytoplasmic
inclusions often found in cases of MPS. His neutrophils also show the
"Alder Reilly anomaly" granulation sometimes seen in MPS.
46
History 13
57 year old male. History of fatigue and blistering of sun-exposed skin for
past five years. Physical exam showed extensive blistering of face and
hands, and splenomegaly.
CBC
RBC 3.28 x 10[12]/L
HGB 10.8 g/dL HCT 32.5 %
MCV 99.1 fL MCH 32.9 pg
MCHC 33.2 g/dL RDW 20.8
WBC (corrected) 12.1 x 10[9]/L
N 61 % L 29%
M6E0B2
NRBC/100 WBC 40
PLT 44 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
47
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam
were: RBC morphology:
normochromic
1+ polychromasia
2+ anisocytosis
1+ macrocytes
occ acanthocytes and fragments basophilic stippling present
numerous Pappenheimer bodies*
WBC morphology: Within normal limits
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
*Confirmed with Prussian stain: iron granules seen in >90% of
RBCs.
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
48
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy: Aspirate:
63% erythroblasts. Dyserythropoietic changes, including nuclear
lobulation and karyorrhexis.
On unstained preparations, the erythroblasts were fluorescent when
exposed to ultraviolet light.
Sections: Hypercellular marrow with erythroid and megakaryocytic
hyperplasia.
Cytochemistry:
Prussian blue iron stain: Increased sideroblasts.
Most RBC were iron-laden siderocytes.
Urine Chemistries:
routine urinalysis: unable to perform due to interfering substances-urine
was burgundy-colored.
coproporphrin 20,600 µg/24 hr (RI 50-280)
uroporphrin 62,550 µg/24 hr (RI 0-50)
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
49
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Clinical Course
The patient was advised to avoid ultraviolet light. His treatment plan
(including a splenectomy) resulted in some abatement of his symptoms;
however, his thrombocytopenia persists.
He continues to be followed in Hematology Clinic.
Adult onset of this type of porphyria is very rare.
50
History 14; 37 year old male. Lifelong history of a seizure disorder,
treated since age two. At a routine check with his neurologist, he
complained of fatigue, exertional dyspnea, and lightheadedness over the
past 2-3 months. He appeared pale, but otherwise his physical exam was
within normal limits. He was found to have a decreased hemoglobin, and
was referred to Hematology Clinic.
CBC
RBC 1.26 x 10[12]/L
HGB 5.7 g/dL HCT 16.3 %
MCV 130 fL MCH 45.2 pg
MCHC 34.9 g/dL RDW 18.1
WBC 6.2 x 10[9]/L
N 73 % L 21 M 1 E 4 B 1
PLT 219 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
51
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
3+ macrocytosis
3+ anisocytosis
Numerous oval macrocytes
Occ teardrop cells and fragments
WBC morphology: Many neutrophils show nuclear hypersegmentation
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
52
Answer 2 Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy Aspirate : Erythroid hyperplasia with
megaloblastic maturation. Large polychromatic and orthochromatic
megaloblasts show nuclear karyorrhexis and other dyserythropoietic
changes. Multiple Howell Jolly bodies are seen in both megaloblasts
and oval macrocytes. eutrophils show premature nuclear segmentation,
with giant metamyelocytes and band forms.
Sections:Appear hypercellular
Chemistry:
Serum folate <1.0 µg/L (RI 3.5-15)
RBC folate 131 µg/L (RI 160-600)
Serum B12 136 ng/L (RI 250-900)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
53
Answer 3
Diagnosis Megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency
Clinical Course
The patient was given large doses of folic acid, and within 6 days his
reticulocyte count was 15.2%. One month later, his hemoglobin was
12.7 g/dL, MCV was 92 fL, and his blood smear morphology was
normal. The anticonvulsant drug he had been taking is known to
interfere with folate metabolism. In addition, the patient had been trying
to lose weight, and over the past few months his diet had consisted
mainly of TV dinners, with little or no fresh vegetables or fruits. A
nutritional consult was arranged, and he was instructed to add folic acid
to his daily medications. Note: Patients with folic acid deficiency
occasionally show decreased levels of vitamin B12. Because of the
patient's history and lack of typical neurologic symptoms, concurrent
pernicious anemia was considered very unlikely.
54
History 15
70 year old male. Previously healthy and physically active. Noted
sudden onset of fatigue, fever and shaking chills four days prior to
admission.
Physical Exam: Temperature of 103.5°F. Otherwise, within normal
limits.
CBC
RBC 4.86 x 10[12]/L
HGB 14.2 g/dL HCT 42.8 %
MCV 88.1 fL
MCH 29.2 pg MCHC 33.2 g/dL
RDW 14.2 WBC 2.7 x 10[9]/L
N 74 % L 24 M 2 E 0 B 0
PLT 16 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are
seen in this blood smear field?
55
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology:
Rare neutrophils (less than 1%) contain intracytoplasmic inclusions (three
examples are shown).
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
56
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Coagulation and chemistry panels were within normal limits.
Blood cultures collected at the time of admission were negative.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
57
Answer 3 Diagnosis Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Note: Human
granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a tick-borne illness caused by
rickettsia-like coccobacilli of the genus Ehrlichia. The organisms infect
the patient's neutrophils, forming characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions
known as morulae. On a Wright-Giemsa stained blood smear, the
morula appears as a small (1µ to 3µ diameter) mulberry-shaped
intracytoplasmic cluster of bluish coccobacillary organisms. In HGE,
morulae are found in the neutrophils, but in a closely related form of
ehrlichiosis they occur primarily in monocytes and macrophages.
Finding morulae confirms a diagnosis of ehrlichiosis; however, they are
not seen in every case. Upon further questioning, it was learned that
this patient lived in a wooded area frequented by deer. Although he
could not recall a tick bite, he did have a deer feeder in his yard.
Clinical Course
Following appropriate antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition
improved. His fever subsided, his leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
resolved, and morulae could no longer be found in his neutrophils.
He was discharged in stable condition.
58
History 16
32 year old female. Symptoms of fatigue and chronic headache.
Stated she had been treated for "anemia" as a child, but did not recall the
reason or the duration of the treatment. No history of familial disease, and
no known exposure to chemicals or environmental toxins.
Physical Exam The tip of the spleen was palpable. No other significant
findings were noted.
CBC
RBC 3.87 x 10[12]/L
HGB 12.9 g/dL HCT 37.3 %
MCV 96.4 fL
MCH 33.3 pg MCHC 34.5 g/dL
RDW 12.4
WBC 6.1 x 10[9]/L
N 57 % L 30 M 10 E 1 B 2
PLT 484 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood
smear field?
59
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
dimorphic population (mostly normochromic; some very hypochromic
cells)
1+ teardrop cells
1+ target cells
1+ elliptocytes
occ fragments basophilic stippling present
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits.
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
60
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Chemistry
Serum ferritin 536 ng/mL (RI 12-86) Serum iron 105 µg/dL (RI 65-175)
TIBC 195 µg/dL (RI 250-410) Saturation 54 % (RI 20-55) Serum
folate 4.2 µg/L (RI 3.5-15) Serum B12 236 ng/L (RI 250-900)
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: 28.9% erythroblasts. Dyserythropoietic changes not seen.
Other cell lines also appeared morphologically normal.
Sections: Normocellular marrow.
Prussian blue iron stain: Sideroblasts increased in number; 21% type III
(ringed) sideroblasts.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
61
Answer 3
Diagnosis
A sideroblastic process of unknown etiology.
Clinical Course
Because this patient was not anemic, it was decided not to treat her.
Nine years after her original diagnosis, she remains clinically stable.
Her hematologic parameters, including the hemoglobin,
MCV, and serum ferritin have stayed very close to their initial values.
She will continue to be followed by Hematology Clinic.
62
History 17 39 year old female. istory of fibrocystic breast disease. Seen
for routine work-up prior to breast biopsy.
Physical Exam Moderate splenomegaly. No other organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 4.28 x 10[12]/L
HGB 13.4 g/dL HCT 41.2 %
MCV 96.3 fL
MCH 31.3 pg MCHC 32.5 g/dL
WBC 133.6 x 10[9]/L N seg 56 % N
band 15 N meta 13 N
myelo 4 N pro 3 L 3 M 4 E 1 B 1
PLT 417 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen
in this blood smear field?
63
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology:
Mature stages and precursors all within normal morphologic limits
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
64
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential (1000 cells):
Erythroblasts 9.9% Myeloblasts 1.1 N promyelocytes 1.4 N and
precursors 71.7 L 2.0 M 2.8 E and precursors 2.2 B and precursors 8.9
Sections:
Markedly hypercellular with increased megakaryocytes.
Cytochemistry:
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase [LAP] score: 3 (RI 64-176)
Cytogenetics:
46,XX,t(9;22)(q34;q11) [Philadelphia chromosome]
seen in all marrow cells analyzed.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
65
Answer 3
Diagnosis Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Clinical Course
Following the standard preparatory regimen,
the patient received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant.
The donor was her HLA-matched brother.
Her post-transplant course went well,
and 28 days later, her hemoglobin was 11.9 g/dL, WBC 2.0 x 10[9]/L, and
PLT 84 x 10[9]/L.
Her marrow showed evidence of good engraftment in all three cell lines.
Cytogenetics showed 46,XY normal karyotype in all marrow cells analyzed.
No 46,XX cells and no cells with a Philadelphia chromosome were seen.
This patient continues to be followed in Hematology Clinic.
At her last visit, ten years post-transplant, she was still doing well
and had no evidence of recurrent disease.
Molecular diagnostic studies performed at that time were negative for
BCR-abl transcripts.
66
History 18 10 year old female. Seen in Pediatric Neurology for evaluation
of difficulty with speech, lack of coordination, and decreased school
performance. Parents stated that development had seemed "normal" until
kindergarten, when it became evident that she was a "slow learner“ and
had difficulty speaking clearly. By second grade, her mental and physical
capabilities appeared to be progressively deteriorating, and she could no
longer keep up with her peers in a regular classroom. Her special ducation
teachers suggested medical evaluation. She had 4 siblings, ages 8 to 19
years, all in good health.
Physical Exam Her neurologic exam showed significant abnormalities,
including slow, slurred speech, general hypotonia, and difficulty in both fine
motor skills and coordination. She also had moderate splenomegaly.
67
CBC (with microscopic
differential)
RBC 5.57 x 10[12]/L
HGB 14.6 g/dL
HCT 42.6 % MCV 76.5 fL
MCH 26.2 pg MCHC 34.3 g/dL
WBC 7.0 x 10[9]/L
N 72 % L 23 M 4
E1B0
PLT 108 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
68
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology:
Rare vacuolated lymphocytes
(one shown)
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
69
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: Numerous large to medium-sized "foamy" appearing
macrophages with relatively small central or eccentric nuclei, and
cytoplasm filled with fairly uniform, small clear vacuoles.
Granulocyte, erythrocyte, and megakaryocyte maturation within
normal limits.
Sections: Appear slightly hypocellular
Biochemical genetics:
Skin fibroblast samples from the patient, her parents, and siblings
were analyzed for sphingomyelinase activity:
Patient: 36 nmol/mg/hr Mother: 65 Father: 69 Siblings 19 yr: 80 16 yr:
85 13 yr: 69 8 yr: 81 Normal Controls (mean): 83
70
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
71
Answer 3
Diagnosis Niemann-Pick disease
Clinical Course
The patient was followed in Pediatric Neurology Clinic.
Her condition worsened,
and she lost the ability to speak, walk, or care for herself.
She was last seen in clinic at age 15.
Note: In the most prevalent type of Niemann-Pick disease,
deterioration is rapid, and survival beyond early childhood is not
common.
Because this patient had a more chronic course,
and did have some enzyme activity, her disease was classified as
a Niemann-Pick variant.
72
History 19 30 year old male who stated he had always been in good
health. Several years ago at a routine check-up, he was told that he had
a mild form of "anemia." He was recently denied insurance coverage after
indicating this condition on an application form. Now seeking clarification
of his anemia and its impact on his insurability.
Physical Exam Within normal limits: no significant findings.
CBC
RBC 6.22 x 10[12]/L
HGB 12.1 g/dL
HCT 38.3 % MCV 61.6 fL
MCH 19.5 pg MCHC 31.6 g/dL
RDW 15.4 WBC 7.1 x 10[9]/L
N 55 % L 33 M 10 E 1 B 1
PLT 204 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
73
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
1+ target cells
basophilic stippling present
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
74
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Hemoglobin electrophoresis:
Hemoglobin A 92.7%
Hemoglobin A2 6.6%
Hemoglobin F 0.7%
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
75
Answer 3
Diagnosis Beta thalassemia trait
Clinical Course
Appropriate documentation of his condition and his eligibility for
insurance coverage was provided to the patient.
No further follow-up was necessary.
76
History 20 54 year old female. One year history of fatigue, weight loss, and
increasingly severe back pain.
Physical Exam She appeared pale, but otherwise her physical exam was
within normal limits.
CBC
RBC 2.85 x 10[12]/L
HGB 7.6 g/dL HCT 23.9 %
MCV 83.8 fL MCH 26.7 pg
MCHC 31.8 g/dL RDW 16.8
WBC 8.4 x 10[9]/L
N 60 % L 26 M 12 E 1 B 1
PLT 418 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
77
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic
Normochromic with occ. hypochromic cells
Moderate rouleaux formation
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
78
Answer 2 Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy: Aspirate differential (1000 cells): Erythroblasts
19.2% Myeloblasts 0.4 N promyelocytes 0.8 N and precursors 45.2 L
9.2 M 3.6 E and precursors 3.2 B and precursors 0.0 Plasma cells 18.4
The plasma cells show variable morphology. Many have a normal
appearance, but immature forms with prominent nucleoli are also
present. ultinucleated plasma cells and occasional very large forms are
noted. Sections: Hypercellular with clusters of plasma cells.
Immunohistochemical stains for kappa/lambda light chains show
sheets of kappa positive cells and a few widely scattered lambda
positive cells.
Chemistry:
Total protein 11.0 g/dL (RI 5.2-8.3) Serum protein electrophoresis:
Albumin 3.2 g/dL (RI 3.0-5.0) Globulins: Alpha1 0.4 (RI 0.1-0.5) Alpha2
1.0 (RI 0.5-1.2) Beta 0.8 (RI 0.5-1.1) Gamma 5.6 (RI 0.6-1.7)
Monoclonal protein (5.5 g/dL) seen in gamma fraction.
Immunoglobulins, quantitative: IgA 9 mg/dL (RI 85-450)
IgG 5800 mg/dL (RI 800-1700) IgM 25 mg/dL (RI 60-370)
Radiography: Multiple lytic lesions of the skull, spine, pelvis, and
femurs.
79
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
80
Answer 3
Diagnosis Multiple myeloma (IgG, kappa type)
Clinical Course
The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Her bone pain lessened, and her serum protein levels gradually
decreased to within normal ranges.
After several months, however, she was again experiencing bone
pain and abnormal protein levels.
She continued to be followed in Hematology Clinic, and at her last
visit--four years after the original diagnosis--the disease still
appeared to be progressing slowly.
81
History 21
23 year old male admitted to the Emergency Room. Blood samples
transported to acute care laboratory for stat analysis.
No information on patient's condition or the reason for the
ER admission was provided.
CBC
RBC 5.69 x 10[12]/L
HGB 15.5 g/dL HCT 45.0 %
MCV 79.9 fL MCH 27.2 pg
MCHC 34.4 g/dL
WBC 12.4 x 10[9]/L
N 70 % L 23 M 7 E 0 B 0
PLT 184 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
82
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
3+ microspherocytes
3+ small fragments
1+ target cells
WBC morphology: Reactive neutrophils with Dohle bodies present
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
83
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Chemistry
Serum was grossly hemolysed.
Sodium 132 mmol/L (RI 136-146)
Potassium 5.0 mmol/L (RI 3.7-5.2)
Chloride 101 mmol/L (RI 99-112)
Bicarb. 23 mmol/L (RI 22-29)
BUN 13 mg/dL (RI 9-23)
Creatinine 1.4 mg/dL (RI 0.3-1.0)
Urinalysis
Urine was grossly red. Blood 3+
Protein 3+
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
84
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Acute hemolysis. Morphology suggests severe burns.
Clinical Course
The patient had been severely burned in a fire at his residence.
He suffered 50% total burns with 35% third degree burns.
He was immediately transferred to a specialized burn unit, but did not
survive.
85
History 22: 11 year old male. Presented in emergency room with recent
onset of easy bruising, bleeding gums, and persistent epistaxis.
Previously in excellent health. Mother stated he was "never sick before
in his entire life." No history of recent viral infection, and no family
history of bleeding disorders.
Physical Exam: Bleeding from the left nostril. Numerous petechiae and
purpura; mostly on the extremities. No organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 4.52 x 10[12]/L
HGB 13.4 g/dL HCT 37.2 %
MCV 82.3 fL MCH 29.6 pg MCHC 35.9
g/dLRDW 12.1
WBC 5.3 x 10[9]/L N 44 % L 39 M 14 E
1B2
PLT <5 x 10[9]/L MPV 10.9 fL
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
86
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations: Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology: Normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Appear increased in size
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
87
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: Erythrocyte and granulocyte maturation within normal limits.
Megakaryocytes appear normal in number and morphology.
Sections: Slightly hypocellular for his age, with abundant
megakaryocytes.
Coagulation:
INR 0.91 (RI 0.85-1.15)
PTT 24.8 sec (RI 23-34)
TT 15.8 sec (RI 13-18)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
88
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Clinical Course
The patient was given standard therapy for ITP for more than a month,
but failed to respond. His platelet counts did not improve and he
continued to have severe nosebleeds. Because the patient's ITP was
refractory to treatment, it was decided to perform a splenectomy.
During the procedure, he received several units of platelets, and
tolerated the surgery well. His platelet count gradually recovered; after
six months it was 289 x 10[9]/L. He is followed in Hematology Clinic,
and continues to do well.
89
History 23: 52 year old female.Seen by her local physician for a minor
hand injury, and found to be pancytopenic. Referred to University
Hematology Clinic.
Physical Exam Essentially normal. No organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 2.19 x 10[12]/L
HGB 7.4 g/dL HCT 21.0 %
MCV 96.1 fL MCH 33.6 pg
MCHC 35.0 g/dL RDW 17.8
WBC 0.8 x 10[9]/L
N seg 42 % N meta 1 L 57
PLT 61 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
90
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were
:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
1+ polychromasia
2+ anisocytosis
Occ teardrop cells and elliptocytes
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
91
Bone marrow biopsy
92
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies: Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: 34.0% neutrophil promyelocytes.
The promyelocytes contain abnormal heavy azurophilic granulation.
Auer rods are present, and cells with multiple Auer rods (faggot cells) can
be found.
Sections: Variable cellularity with both hyper- and hypocellular areas,
and a predominance of immature granulocytes. Megakaryocytes appear
decreased in number.
Cytogenetics:
46,XX,t(15;17)(q22;q11-12) seen in 22 of 24 marrow cells analyzed. Two
cells had a normal 46,XX female karyotype.
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
93
Answer 3
Diagnosis Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) FAB M3
Clinical Course
Chemotherapy was started, and remission was achieved.
Subsequent bone marrows showed no leukemic cells,
and no evidence of cytogenetic abnormality.
The patient remained in clinical remission for almost two years,
when abnormal promyelocytes and the 15:17 translocation
reappeared in her marrow.
She was reinduced successfully, and at that time elected to undergo
autologous bone marrow transplantation. The transplant was initially
successful. Unfortunately, after about one year she again relapsed.
The patient decided against further treatment, and she died two
months later.
94
History 24, 8 month old male brought to emergency room. In good health
until 24 hours prior to admission, when parents noted fever, progressive
lethargy, and dark red urine. Product of normal pregnancy and
uncomplicated delivery. Diet had consisted mainly of breast milk and
formula, with some fruits and vegetables added recently. Parents were
both from Egypt. No known family history of anemia, jaundice, gallstones,
or splenectomy.
Physical Exam: Lethargic, pale infant with jaundiced skin and scleral
icterus. Moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Temperature of
102°F.
CBC: RBC 1.28 x 10[12]/L
HGB 4.5 g/dL HCT 11.4 %
MCV 89.1 fLMCH 35.2 pg
MCHC 39.4 g/dL
WBC 27.8 x 10[9]/L
N seg 65 % N myelo 1 L 31
M 3 E 0 B 0 NRBC/100 WBC 2
PLT 425 x 10[9]/L
Question 1 What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
95
field?
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations: Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
2+ polychromasia
3+ irregularly shaped spherocytes
2+ fragments
1+ echinocytes
Many of the spherocytes have a clear "veil" or "blister" of membrane on
the edge of the cell. RBC fragments include helmet and "bite" cell forms.
WBC morphology: Reactive neutrophils with toxic granulation
PLT morphology: Within normal limits .
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
96
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Chemistry:
Serum was grossly hemolysed. Bilirubin Conj. 1.0 mg/dL (RI 0.0-0.3)
Total 6.7 mg/dL (RI 0.0-1.3)
Haptoglobin <5 mg/dL (RI 50-150)
Urinalysis:
Urine was grossly red. Blood 3+ Protein 3+
Biochemical Genetics:
RBC enzymes: G6PD 0.8 IU/10[11]RBC equiv. (RI 15.2-23.6)
Pyruvate kinase levels within normal limits
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
97
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Clinical Course
The patient was admitted and transfused with packed RBCs. On the
following day, his hemoglobin was 10.7 g/dL. His condition stabilized
and his hematuria cleared. He recovered rapidly. Other laboratory
parameters returned to normal levels and there was no further evidence
of hemolysis. Note: G6PD is an enzyme that protects erythrocyte
hemoglobin from oxidation and subsequent denaturation. Individuals
with a deficiency of this enzyme are susceptible to hemolytic episodes
following oxidant stress to their red cells. In the Mediterranean type of
G6PD deficiency, acute hemolysis can be initiated by the ingestion of
fava beans. Questioning of the parents disclosed that one of the
vegetables that had been added to the infant's diet—on the day before
admission--was fava beans. The patient was discharged, and the
parents were provided with a list of foods, medications, and other
substances that should be avoided by persons with G6PD deficiency. 98
History 25: 4 year old female with history of frequent upper respiratory
infections. Fever and sore throat for several days. Found to have
decreased WBC and platelet counts, as well as hepatosplenomegaly.
Referred for evaluation of possible malignancy.
Physical Exam: Pale child with light blonde "silver streaked" hair, light
gray-blue eyes, and photophobia. Her liver and spleen were both palpable
approximately 8 cm below the respective costal margins.
CBC
RBC 3.79 x 10[12]/L
HGB 11.2 g/dL HCT 32.4 %
MCV 85.5 fL MCH 29.6 pg
MCHC 34.6 g/dL RDW 12.0
WBC 2.9 x 10[9]/L
N 27 % L 66 M 7 E 0 B 0
PLT 73 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
99
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations: Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic,
normochromic
WBC morphology: The neutrophils contain irregularly shaped
cytoplasmic granules of variable coloration, including large gray
granules.
Many of the lymphocytes have a single large azurophilic inclusion.
Eosinophil granulation is also abnormal, with very large granules
present.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
100
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
None. The clinical findings and the blood smear were considered
diagnostic.
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
101
Answer 3
Diagnosis Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Clinical Course
The patient's respiratory infection resolved. She was evaluated for
bone marrow transplantation,
and within a few weeks received a transplant from an unrelated donor.
Following transplantation, her hematologic parameters recovered and
remained stable.
Eighteen months later she was experiencing graft-versus host disease
and mild hypertension, both of which were being treated.
Her local physician assumed subsequent responsibility for her medical
care.
102
History 26
47 year old male. For several weeks, he had experienced intermittent
fevers, chills, and headaches. These became more frequent and
severe, and over the past two weeks he also noted increased fatigue,
nausea, and loss of appetite. Significant past medical history:
congenital kidney defects and chronic pyelonephritis necessitated a
renal transplant 18 years before this admission. Prior to
transplantation the patient underwent a bilateral nephrectomy and
a splenectomy. Since his successful transplant he had been on longterm immunosuppressive agents, and had enjoyed good health.
Physical Exam
Pale and tired appearing.
Temperature of 102.6°F.
Several small ecchymoses, in various stages of healing, on his legs.
103
CBC
RBC 2.26 x 10[12]/L
HGB 7.1 g/dL
HCT 20.7 % MCV 91.6 fL
MCH 31.4 pg
MCHC 34.3 g/dL RDW 16.2
WBC 1.1 x 10[9]/L
N 19 % L 79 M 2 E 0 B 0
PLT 68 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
104
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
1+ hypochromasia
2+ anisocytosis
1+ target cells
occ echinocytes
Howell-Jolly bodies present Numerous red cells contain small
intraerythrocytic ring forms. A few cells contain more than one ring,
and occasional tetrad forms are seen.
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
105
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Coagulation:
INR 1.1 (RI 0.85-1.15)
PTT 28.1 sec (RI 23-34)
TT 16.2 sec (RI 13-18)
FDP 27 µg/mL (RI 0-10)
Chemistry:
BUN 24 mg/dL (RI 9-23)
Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL (RI 0.3-1.0)
Bilirubin Conj. 0.1 mg/dL (RI 0.0-0.3) Total 1.4 mg/dL (RI 0.0-1.3)
Haptoglobin <5 mg/dL (RI 50-150)
Urinalysis:
Large amount of blood present
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
106
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Babesiosis
Note: Babesiosis is a tick-borne infection of vertebrates caused by
intraerythrocytic sporozoan parasites of the genus Babesia.
In the United States, the causative organism in humans is usually
Babesia microti.
On Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears,
Babesia appears as a small ring-shaped form within the infected red
cells.
Because they multiply intracellularly, two and sometimes four parasites
(the characteristic "tetrad" form) may be seen within a single cell.
Most people infected with Babesia microti remain asymptomatic,
or have only mild clinical manifestations.
However, persons who are immunocompromised and/or
asplenic are at increased risk for severe disease.
This patient had recently spent a weekend in an area known to be
endemic for
Babesia, and recalled experiencing several tick bites.
107
Clinical Course
The patient was immediately started on appropriate treatment for
babesiosis,
and monitored carefully for signs of increasing hemolysis,
DIC and/or renal failure. When his laboratory results indicated
that his condition was worsening, he was exchange transfused with
several units of
packed red cells.
His clinical condition and pancytopenia gradually improved,
and he was discharged. Antibody titers sent to the CDC had confirmed
the diagnosis.
Within the next six months, the patient was admitted four
more times with recurring babesiosis.
His post-transplant regimen and his babesiosis
treatment were both adjusted, and eventually the infection was brought
under control.
108
History 27: 47 year old male. Seen by his local physician for increased
weakness and exercise intolerance. His CBC showed pancytopenia and
abnormal "blast-like" cells on the blood smear. He was referred to
University Hematology Clinic.
Physical Exam: Essentially normal. No organomegaly.
CBC
RBC 3.75 x 10[12]/L
HGB 12.7 g/dL HCT 37.7 % MCV
100.5 fL
MCH 33.9 pg MCHC 33.7 g/dL
RDW 11.6
WBC 1.2 x 10[9]/L N 1 % L 65
abnormal cells 34 (two shown)
NRBC/100
WBC 11 (one shown)
PLT 58 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
109
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
1+ polychromasia
1+ macrocytosis
Occ elliptocytes and teardrop cells
Most of the NRBCs show dysplastic changes.
WBC morphology: The abnormal cells are medium sized blasts with
a high N/C ratio. The nuclei are round to oval, with a finely dispersed
chromatin and one or more prominent nucleoli. There is a variable
amount of basophilic cytoplasm.
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
110
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies: Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential (1000 cells): Erythroblasts 66.1 % Myeloblasts, type I
29.1 N and precursors 2.0 L 2.4 M 0.0 E and precursors 0.4 B and
precursors 0.0 The morphology of the myeloblasts is similar to that
described for the peripheral blood. No Auer rods are seen.
Dyserythropoiesis is marked, with megaloblastoid changes, prominent
cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear lobulation and karyorrhexis.
Sections: markedly hypercellular.
Cytochemistry:
PAS (periodic acid-Schiff):
Erythroblasts contain blocks of PAS positive material in the cytoplasm.
Immunophenotyping:
The leukemic cells are positive for:
CD45, CD34, CD13, CD33, CD14, and CD36.
Cytogenetics:
47,XY,+8 seen in virtually all metaphases examined.
111
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
112
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Erythroleukemia
(AML FAB M6)
Note: The diagnosis of erythroleukemia includes consideration of clinical
findings,
morphology, and the following bone marrow differential results:
1] 50% or more of the marrow cells are erythroid precursors.
2] 30% or more of the non-erythroid marrow cells are myeloblasts.
This case easily meets these criteria.
113
Clinical Course
Chemotherapy was started, and the patient achieved remission within
two months.
His bone marrow showed no residual leukemic cells
and no evidence of trisomy 8 or other cytogenetic abnormalities.
Because of the poor prognostic factors associated with his leukemia,
he decided to undergo bone marrow transplantation as soon as possible.
Fortunately, a sibling was an identical HLA match, and the
transplant was performed less than six months after his initial diagnosis.
His posttransplant course was complicated by graft-versus-host disease,
but it eventually resolved. At his last clinic visit, three years after
transplant,
he was no longer on immunosuppressive drugs, and continued to do
well.
114
History 28
22 year old female. Immigrated to the United States from Vietnam
three years prior to admission. Enrolled in the Medical Technology
program at the University. She had always been in good health.
During an introductory hematology class in which students stain and
observe their own blood under the microscope, she suspected that
some of her cells were not morphologically normal. She asked a
teacher to look at the blood smear with her, and the teacher
suggested that a CBC be performed.
CBC
RBC 5.45 x 10[12]/L HGB 11.6 g/dL
HCT 34.0 % MCV 62.5 fL MCH 21.3
pg
MCHC 34.2 g/dL
WBC 4.0 x 10[9]/L N 55 % L 33 M 9 E
3B0
PLT 243 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
115
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
2+ target cells
2+ elliptocytes
occ teardrops and fragments
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
116
Question 3 What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer 3
Diagnosis: Alpha thalassemia trait
Note: The diagnosis of alpha thalassemia trait is often one of exclusion.
However, this young woman's characteristic red cell parameters
(borderline HGB level, low MCV, relatively high RBC count), her
erythrocyte morphology, her ethnic background,
and her lack of clinical symptoms strongly support this diagnosis.
Clinical Course
No treatment was needed. When asked about her family history,
the woman related that she was the youngest of ten living siblings,
and her mother had also delivered five stillborn infants.
117
History 29: 48 year old female. Found to have anemia and splenomegaly
on routine examination by local physician. Referred to University
Hematology Clinic.
Physical Exam: Spleen palpable to the level of the umbilicus. Liver
palpable 3 cm. below right costal margin. The rest of the exam was within
normal limits.
CBC RBC 3.85 x 10[12]/L
HGB 10.4 g/dL HCT 30.8 %
MCV 80.0 fL MCH 27.0 pg
MCHC 33.7 g/dL RDW 18.8
WBC 4.7 x 10[9]/L
N seg 68 % N meta 4 N
myelo 2 L 20 M 5 E 0 B 1
NRBC/100 WBC 5 (shown)
PLT 143 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
118
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
1+ polychromasia
2+ anisocytosis
2+ teardrop cells
2+ elliptocytes
WBC morphology: Mature stages and precursors all within normal
morphologic limits.
PLT morphology: A few large irregularly shaped atypical platelets
present. Some have dark granulation, others are hypogranular.
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
119
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential (500 cells):
Erythroblasts 47.6 Myeloblasts 0.6% N and precursors 39.4 L 8.6
M 2.4 E and precursors 1.0 B and precursors 0.4
Marrow smears are markedly dilute. Neutrophil maturation within normal
limits.
Immature and mature micromegakaryocytes present.
Sections:
Markedly hypercellular with increased megakaryocytes.
Reticulin-stained sections show moderate to marked reticulin fibrosis.
Cytogenetics:
46,XX. No numerical or structural abnormalities found.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
120
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF)
Clinical Course
Other than abdominal fullness and mild fatigue,
the patient continued to have no symptoms of her disease.
The option of a bone marrow transplant was discussed with the patient
and her family.
Although two of her siblings were HLA identical matches, it was decided
not to transplant at that time, but to follow the patient closely and
reevaluate transplantation if her condition changed.
Two years after diagnosis, her disease was still stable,
with virtually no changes in her hematologic parameters or her spleen
size.
She continues to be followed in clinic.
121
History 30
18 year old male student from Nigeria. Came to the emergency room with
symptoms of fever, shaking chills, nausea, and generalized malaise;
occurring intermittently over the past five days.
Physical Exam: Fever of 103.3°F. Tachycardia with a heart rate of 122.
Otherwise within normal limits.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 5.85 x 10[12]/L HGB 13.3 g/dL
HCT 41.8 % MCV 71.5 fL
MCH 22.7 pg MCHC 31.8 g/dL RDW
12.1 WBC 6.2 x 10[9]/L
N 89 % L 8 M 2 E 1 B 0 PLT 102 x
10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
122
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
Numerous red cells contain intraerythrocytic organisms. Infected RBCs
are enlarged; some are oval shaped, others appear somewhat
"fimbriated." Doubly infected cells are present, and several morphologic
stages can be found, including ring forms, mature schizonts, and
gametocytes.
WBC morphology: Within normal limits (one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology: Within normal limits.
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
123
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Biochemical Genetics:
RBC enzyme: G6PD 11.7 U/g Hgb (RI 4.6-13.5)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
124
Answer 3
Diagnosis: Malaria Upon further questioning, the patient stated that he
had arrived in the United States from Nigeria approximately six months
prior to this visit. Shortly after his arrival, he had experienced a similar
illness that was diagnosed as malaria.
Medication was prescribed, but once he felt better he did not continue to
take it. Based on the blood smear morphology, the periodic pattern of his
fever and chills, and his travel history, the causative organism was
identified as Plasmodium ovale.
Clinical Course
The patient was hydrated with normal saline, and started on appropriate
Treatment for the erythrocytic stages of malaria. Several days later he
began a second course of therapy to eliminate the exoerythrocytic
(hepatic) forms of the organism. He completed the course of therapy, and
on subsequent visits was asymptomatic.
Note: On the basis of his low MCV, his relatively high RBC count,
and his ethnic background, it is likely that this patient also has alpha
thalassemia trait.
125
History 31: 11 year old male. Presented to local physician with worsening
abdominal and leg pain, decreasing appetite, and weight loss over the
previous three weeks.
Physical Exam: Large tender mass palpable on the left side of abdomen.
Bilateral inguinal adenopathy. Pain with movement of lower extremities.
Abdominal CT scan showed a 6 x 7 cm. retroperitoneal mass. He was
referred to University Hospital for evaluation.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 4.58 x 10[12]/L HGB 12.4 g/dL
HCT 36.6 %
MCV 80.0 fL MCH 27.2 pg MCHC
34.0 g/dL RDW 12.8
WBC 7.6 x 10[9]/L N 59 % L 25
M 12 E 4 B 0 Rare abnormal cells on
scan (one shown)
PLT 172 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
126
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology:
The abnormal cells are medium sized with rounded to slightly irregular
nuclei, condensed chromatin, and one or two distinct nucleoli.
There is a moderate amount of deeply basophilic cytoplasm. Some cells
contain prominent vacuoles, which at times overlay the nucleus.
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
127
Question 2 What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate: The differential showed 80.2% abnormal cells similar to those
in the blood.
Sections: Markedly hypercellular.
Immunophenotyping: More than 90% of mononuclear cells in the
marrow were a monoclonal population strongly positive for surface IgMkappa light chain and B-cell associated antigens CD19, CD20, and
CD24. T-cell associated antigens: negative
Myelomonocytic antigens: negative
TdT: negative
Cytogenetics:
46,XY,t(8;14)(q24;q32) in 20 of 21 marrow metaphases analyzed.
Surgical Pathology: Wedge biopsies of the abdominal mass were
obtained during an exploratory laparotomy. Because it encased the
mesenteric vessels, the mass could not be excised completely.
128
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Burkitt lymphoma/Burkitt cell leukemia
(FAB ALL L3)
129
Clinical Course
Chemotherapy was started, and was initially
complicated by febrile episodes and severe neutropenia.
These problems were resolved, and one month later there was no
evidence of
Burkitt cells in the blood or bone marrow.
The patient's clinical status and laboratory values returned to normal,
and he was
discharged to the care of the
Pediatric Oncology Clinic. At last follow-up, 2 1/2 years after diagnosis,
he continued to be in remission.
130
History 32: 82 year old female. Brought to Emergency Room with
symptoms of severe frontal headache and associated confusion. Noted
to have decreased energy level and a 15 pound weight loss over the
previous three months. The patient was initially evaluated for a possible
CVA. Neurologic exam and
CT scans were negative, but she was found to be pancytopenic.
Physical Exam: Pale appearing, but otherwise within normal limits. No
organomegaly.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 2.05 x 10[12]/L HGB 6.6 g/dL
HCT 19.9 % MCV 97.1 fL
MCH 32.2 pg MCHC 33.2 g/dL RDW
16.4 WBC 3.5 x 10[9]/L
N 48 % L 34 M 15 E 3 B 0 PLT 55 x
10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
131
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic
2+ anisocytosis
2+ oval macrocytes
1+ teardrop cells
WBC morphology: Dysgranulopoietic changes, including
hyposegmentation, pseudo-Pelger-Huët nuclei,
and hypogranularity are seen in some neutrophils
(one shown here).
PLT morphology: Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
132
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential (1000 cells):
Erythroblasts 24.6 Myeloblasts 7.0% N and precursors 49.0 L 14.0 M
1.8 E
and precursors 1.2 B and precursors 1.4 Plasma cells 1.0
Neutrophil maturation is left shifted. Auer rods are not seen in the
myeloblasts.
Mild dysgranulopoiesis and dyserythropoiesis are noted.
Sections:Hypocellular. Megakaryocytes are decreased in number.
Cytogenetics:
46,XX,del(5)(q15q33) in 18 of 20 marrow metaphases analyzed.
Chemistry:
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), vitamin B12, and folic acid levels are
all within reference ranges.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
133
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB)
Clinical Course
The patient was transfused with packed RBCs. Her condition improved,
and she was admitted to an extended care facility. She required
transfusions
approximately every two weeks to maintain her hemoglobin.
Approximately three months after diagnosis her CBC showed an abrupt
rise in the
WBC count to 59.4 x 109/L, with 74% myeloperoxidase positive blasts
(indicative of evolution to acute myeloid leukemia).
She and her family declined further treatment,
and she was discharged to be cared for at home.
134
History 33
75 year old male.
Symptoms of severe headache and generalized pruritis.
Physical Exam
Spleen palpable 10 cm. below left costal margin. Liver palpable 3 cm.
below right costal margin. The rest of the exam was within normal limits.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 7.70 x 10[12]/L HGB 17.3 g/dL
HCT 54.3 % MCV 97.1 fL MCH 32.2
pg
MCHC 33.2 g/dL RDW 16.4 WBC 18.3
x 10[9]/L N seg 79 %
N myelocyte 5 % L 9 M 4 E 0 B 3 PLT
484 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
135
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Essentially normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology:
Within normal limits
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
136
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential:
Within normal limits
Sections:
Markedly hypercellular for age. Megakaryocytes normal in
morphology and moderately increased in number.
Cytogenetics:
46,XY. No numerical or structural chromosome abnormalities detected.
Pulmonary function:
Oxygen saturation: 97% (RI 94-100)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
137
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Polycythemia vera
Clinical Course
The patient is being followed by his local physician,
and treated with periodic phlebotomy.
138
History 34
53 year old male. Healthy and physically active. Recently noted fatigue
and groin soreness.
Physical Exam
Adenopathy: several small (~1 cm diameter) soft nodes in supraclavicular
and axillary areas. Two larger (>2 cm diameter) firm inguinal nodes. No
other organomegaly. The rest of the exam was within normal limits.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 4.02 x 10[12]/L HGB 13.6 g/dL
HCT 38.3 % MCV 95.3 fL
MCH 33.8 pg MCHC 35.5 g/dL RDW
12.4
WBC 51.3 x 10[9]/L N 10 % L 89 M 1
PLT 156 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this
blood smear field?
139
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normocytic, normochromic
WBC morphology:
Most of the lymphocytes are small and mature appearing with
clumped
chromatin and a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.
Some cells are slightly larger with less clumped chromatin.
There are increased numbers of damaged cells.
PLT morphology:
Within normal limit
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
140
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential:
68% lymphocytes morphologically similar to those described in the blood.
Sections: Normocellular with a predominantly interstitial infiltrate of small
lymphocytes. Occasional focal infiltrates also seen.
Immunophenotyping:
More than 90% of the lymphoid cells in the marrow are
monotypic/monoclonal B lymphocytes. They are weakly reactive for SIg
and CIg, showing mu and delta heavy chains and kappa restricted light
chains. The cells are strongly reactive for CD5, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, and
HLA-DR; moderately reactive for CD11c, and negative for CD10.
Cytogenetics:
46,XY. No numerical or structural chromosome abnormalities detected.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
141
Answer 3
Diagnosis
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
(B-cell CLL/SLL)
Clinical Course
The patient was initially followed without therapy. He had no additional
symptoms and stable hematologic parameters
for about two years. At that time, he developed splenomegaly
and his WBC gradually began to increase, eventually reaching >200 x
10[9]/L.
Appropriate chemotherapy was initiated, and his WBC dropped to
acceptable levels.
His spleen size remains constant, and
he continues to be followed by Hematology Clinic.
142
History 35
50 year old male. Admitted with symptoms of chest discomfort and
shortness of breath. History of splenectomy secondary to trauma 21
years prior to this admission.
Physical Exam: Cardiovascular examination was unremarkable, and
the electrocardiogram was within normal limits. The liver appeared
slightly enlarged.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 3.83 x 10[12]/L HGB 12.9 g/dL
HCT 36.7 % MCV 95.8 fL MCH 33.7
pg MCHC 35.2 g/dL RDW 19.7
WBC 62.0 x 10[9]/L N seg 14 %
N band 11 % N meta 2 % L 8 M 1 E 64
B 0 PLT 429 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear
field?
143
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations
Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
normochromic
2+ anisocytosis
1+ target cells
occ acanthocytes
Howell-Jolly bodies present
WBC morphology:
Many of the eosinophils are hypogranular and show dysplastic
changes.
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
144
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies
Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential:
42.8% eosinophils and precursors, many of which are
hypogranular. Maturation of erythrocytes,
neutrophils, and megakaryocytes is within normal limits.
Sections:
Hypercellular with increased eosinophils.
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase [LAP] score: 89 (RI 64-176)
Cytogenetics:
46,XY. No numerical or structural chromosome abnormalities detected.
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
145
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (hypereosinophilic syndrome
Clinical Course
Over the next six years, the patient was given several courses of
chemotherapy,
which were effective
for only short periods of time. He developed progressive
cardiomyopathy and experienced a cerebrovascular accident.
During his final hospital admission, his WBC rose rapidly and
he developed bilateral pleural effusions. He deteriorated rapidly,
and he and his family elected to forego all but supportive therapy.
He died seven years after his original diagnosis.
146
History 36
30 year old male. Symptoms of fatigue, sore throat, and heat intolerance.
Stated he had always been mildly anemic, and had one brother with a
"blood problem."
Physical Exam
Spleen and liver slightly palpable. The rest of the exam was within normal
limits.
CBC
(with microscopic differential)
RBC 4.21 x 10[12]/L HGB 13.7 g/dL
HCT 40.0 %
MCV 95.0 fL MCH 32.5 pg MCHC 34.3
g/dL
RDW 17.0 WBC 7.0 x 10[9]/L N 51 %
L 42 M 3 E 4 B 0 PLT 310 x 10[9]/L
Question 1
What morphologic alterations are seen in this blood smear field?
147
Answer 1
Morphologic Alterations Results of the blood smear exam were:
RBC morphology:
Normochromic with a few hypochromic cells
2+ anisocytosis
2+ teardrop cells
1+ RBC fragments
1+ elliptocytes
1+ target cells
Basophilic stippling seen
WBC morphology:
Within normal limits
(one lymphocyte shown here)
PLT morphology:
Within normal limits
Question 2
What further laboratory studies, if any, are indicated?
148
149
Answer 2
Further Laboratory Studies Bone marrow biopsy:
Aspirate differential: 36.6% erythroblasts. There is marked
dyserythropoiesis with giant erythroblasts, multinucleation, karyorrhexis,
and nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. The changes are more pronounced
in the later stages (polychromatic and orthochromatic erythroblasts).
Several giant anucleate erythrocytes are seen. Maturation of
granulocytes and
megakaryocytes is within normal limits.
Sections: Normocellular with diffusely scattered
dyserythropoietic elements.
Chemistry:
Iron studies, serum lead, folic acid levels, and TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone) were all within reference ranges. Acidified serum test negative
Haptoglobin 17 mg/dL (RI 50-150)
Question 3
What is the most likely diagnosis?
150
Answer 3
Diagnosis
Probable congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA)
Clinical Course
Because his anemia was mild, it was decided that the patient did not
require treatment at the time. He was subsequently lost to follow-up.
Note: The congenital dyserythropoietic anemias have traditionally been
divided into three types: CDA I, II, and III. However, there is some overlap
between types, and it may be difficult to classify individual cases. This
patient's disorder most closely resembles CDA III.
151
• Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia
• Peripheral blood leukocytosis >25 x 109/L
– Segmented neutrophils and bands >80% of leukocytes
– Immature granulocytes <10% of leukocytes
– Myeloblasts <1% of leukocytes
• Hypercellular bone marrow
– Increased number and percentage of
neutrophilic granulocytes
– Nucleated marrow cells with <5% myeloblasts
– Normal neutrophilic maturation pattern
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• No Philadelphia chromosome or bcr/abl fusion gene
• No other cause for neutrophilia
– No infectious or inflammatory process
– No evidence of another myeloproliferative disease
– No evidence of a myelodysplastic or
myelodysplatic/myeloproliferative disease
– No evidence of a tumor or, if present, the myeloid cells must
show clonality
152
Diagnostic Criteria
Leukemia
for
Chronic
Myelomonocytic
Persistent monocytosis (>1 x 109/L) in the peripheral blood
 No Philadelphia chromosome or bcr/abl fusion gene
 <20% blasts and promonocytes in the peripheral blood
and bone marrow
 >1 myeloid lineage with dysplasia
o if there is no dysplasia the diagnosis of CMML can
still be made if the other requirements are satisfied
and:
o the marrow cells contain an acquired, clonal
cytogenetic abnormality, or
o persistent monocytosis for 3 months
and
o exclusion of all other causes of monocytosis
153
• Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia
• Persistent eosinophilia >1.5 x 109/L in blood, increased bone
marrow eosinophils
• >5% but <19% myeloblasts in the bone marrow or >2% in the
peripheral blood
• Clonality of myeloid cells
• No reactive eosinophilia due to allergy, parasitic, infectious,
pulmonary, or collagen vascular disease
• No reactive eosinophilia due to other malignancies:
• T-cell lymphomas
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
• Other myeloproliferative diseases
• Acute myeloid leukemia
– including inv(16), t(16;16)
• Mastocytosis
• CML
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Hodgkin's lymphoma
• No T-cell population with abnormal cytokine production and aberrant
phenotype
• CML=Chronic myelogenous leukemia
154
• Diagnostic Criteria for Accelerated and Blast-Phase
Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaAccelerated Phase
(Requires one or more of the following criteria):Blast
Phase (Requires one or more of the following criteria):
• Blasts comprising 10 to 19% of the peripheral blood WBCs
and/or of nucleated bone marrow cells
• >20% peripheral blood basophils
• Persistent thrombocytopenia (<100 x 109/L) unrelated to
treatment
• Persistent thrombocytosis (>1000 x 109/L) unresponsive to
treatment
• Increasing splenomegaly or leukocytosis unresponsive to
treatment
• Cytogenetic evidence of clonal evolution
• Blasts composing >20% of peripheral blood WBCs or of
nucleated bone marrow cells
• Extramedullary blast proliferation
• Large foci or clusters of blasts in the bone marrow biopsy
155