Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapters 16 & 17 Western Europe Prior to the 16th century, the monarch was not an absolute ruler during the middle ages Most of the monarchs ruled with the consent of their vassals (lords) Although parliamentary governments had developed during the middle ages, some of them will have relatively little power Most sovereigns felt they were ordained by God (divine right) Convenient marriages War: religious, civil (monarchs and nobles), trade disputes. In times of war, societies tend to give great power to their political leaders Growth of National loyalties or “Nationalism” (some inspired by the Protestant Reformation) The offering of “special privileges” to the noble classes Growing Bureaucracy – salaried officials began to depend on the government for their livelihood (took the place of lords) Permanent Mercenary Armies – armies paid for by the monarchy replaced knights (gunpowder made the knights/castles obsolete). The expense fed into the hands of monarchs who had resources to pay for these armies Need to Tax – monarchs no longer lived off their own incomes due to the Price Revolution and the high costs of managing a centralized state Totalitarianism vs. Absolutism Totalitarianism : political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible Absolutism: historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by any other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites Henry III (third of the “boy kings”) looked to Henry Navarre for help in curtailing the power of the Guise family who had created the Catholic League to serve their own interests As a result, Henry of Navarre was named heir to the throne and eventually becomes King Henry IV of France the Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 , giving Huguenots limited religious freedoms Henry IV was the first king of the “Bourbon” monarchy which ruled France until 1792 Henry revitalized the economy with government monopolies on certain trade products Because of his religious compromises, he will be assassinated and replaced by his son, Louis XIII, in 1624. Once again France will be vulnerable to ambitions of the nobles. Those ambitions will be thwarted by Louis XIII minister, Cardinal Richelieu Chief advisor to the Bourbons (under Louis XIII) Goals were more political (strong France) than religious “Politique” who compromised religion for power – united with protestants against the Catholic Hapsburgs (Thirty Years War) Defeated the Huguenots and took away military and political privileges, while preserving religious ones Used spies to eliminate wayward nobles Used “intendants” to collect taxes and oversee the provinces, however debt from war was costly Died shortly before Louis XIII Cardinal Mazarin, who followed him, sought to do the same under Louis XIV Had to deal with the “Fronde” – a series of rebellions led by the nobles that at one point resulted in Louis XIV fleeing from Paris The event remained in the mind of Louis XIV as he began to rule on his own after the death of Mazarin Test has a significant number of MC questions about Intendants and the Fronde Test has a significant number of MC questions about Intendants and the Fronde “L’etat, c’est moi” Reigned from the age of four (1643-1715) Referred to himself as the “Sun King” or “Most Christian King” Advocated “divine right” – Bishop Bosseut used Old testament examples to justify divinely appointed kings, and that only god could judge their behavior Patronized the arts and glorified France, its culture emulated Built the palace of Versailles, brought many high nobles to court to busy them with details of ceremony, and continued to exempt nobles from taxes His bureaucracy were members of the bourgeoisie, not the noble classes Never summoned the Estates-General (governing body similar to Parliament in England) and revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing many people to leave (hurting the economy) Appointed by Louis XIV to manage royal funds A mercantilist, he sought to increase the French Empire (for trade, taxes). He encouraged industries in luxury goods and put tariffs on imports to encourage a favorable balance of trade. He built roads and canals to improve the movement of goods. This spurs the merchant economy of France Government Financial Problems: France almost constantly at war (4 from 1667-1713)- the last one came in 1701 with the appointment of Philip V (grandson of Louis XIV) as King of Spain, alarming the rest of Europe. Outcome of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) proved a disaster for the plans of France Tariffs on imports caused foreign retaliation Revenue was spent faster than it was made, and the tax burden increasingly fell on the poor Territorial invasions and wars costly Taxes to fight the wars fell increasingly on the poor, due to the sale of noble offices, and their exemption from taxes Religious wars ineffective France began to weaken militarily In spite of decline, its position as a center for the arts and model for courtly life will continue Failing economy/inflation (Price Revolution) Emigration/depopulation Manufacturing slowed (16,000 looms v. 400 remaining in 1621, a century later) Many of the ablest men entered the church Muslims and Jews had been deported 1640 – Portugal reestablished independence Trade drops 60% by 1650 Charles II – Mentally ill and impotent King of Spain agreed to divide Spanish possessions between the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor (both are brother-in-laws to Charles) Upon the death of Charles (1700 – note the date), France’s Louis XIV ignores the agreement in favor of Charles' will which left the crown to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou – a would-be puppet of Louis XIV (who would NOT like this scenario?) The Dutch and English reject the acquisition of the Spanish Netherlands and colonies by the French (why would they?) After provocation by Louis XIV, the Dutch, English, Austrians and Prussians formed the Grand Alliance, who were victorious against the French Terms (who really wins?) Phillip of Anjou (Philip V) would keep the crown with the understanding Spain and France would not be united France surrendered many of its overseas colonies in North America, as well as the Straits of Gibraltar and control of the African slave trade (what this war was really about) to England Austria was given the Spanish Netherlands and Italian states, Prussia and the United Netherlands got very little (see map p. 544) Make sure this info is added to your notes! Important International Consequences Balance of Power letting limits on how far any one country could extend its power (France in this case) Marks the end of Louis XIV’s expansionist policies Vastly expanded Great Britain’s empire Gave European powers experience in international cooperation Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II did not do much to solve the problems of Spain Even before the War of Spanish Succession, Spain engaged in excessive wars (including the unsuccessful 30 Years’ War). The French-Spanish Wars resulted in the Treaty of Pyrenees (1659) in which Spain was forced to cede great amounts of territory to France The decadence of the aristocracy and it’s unwillingness to reform further led to its decline 17th century Spain is reflected well in the novel Don Quixote, in which the books namesake lives in a make-believe world that still held on to 16th century ideologies, such as noble knighthood Italy Had a history of disunity (city-states v. a centralized, absolute unified state) Treaty of Lodi created an alliance between the major city-states of Milan, Naples and Florence that kept foreign powers out of Italian affairs, for a short time Ludovico il Moro, despot of Milan, invited the French under Charles VIII, to help them join in the hostilities they were encouraging with Naples Charles not only takes Naples, but takes Florence as well (now under the rule of Savonarola, remember him?) Recognizing his mistake, il Moro joins an anti-French alliance, expelling the French and re-establishes Medici rule in Florence* (to the joy of the Papacy) *note – The Prince, by Machiavelli, was written during this time, suggesting a strong ruthless leader was necessary for unity and the dispelling of foreigners Throughout the 16th century, however, the Italian citystates remain fragmented and are pawns for stronger, centralized states like Spain and France Example: Treaty of Utrecht – previous slide England and the Netherlands During her lifetime, she exposed England to the possibility of war simply because she chose to remain single since Mary Stuart (Catholic) was her legal heir While under house arrest, Mary was treated as Queen of Scotland and legal heir to England Only after Mary plotted with Phillip of Spain did Elizabeth distance herself from her She signed the Treaty of Berwick and named James (Mary’s protestant son) the King of Scotland, subsequently executing Mary James I James I (first of the “Stuarts”) claims “divine right”. He supports the Church of England, and many Puritans and Pilgrims move to the New World Also claiming divine right, Charles I succeeds his father and appoints “Arminian” William of Laud Archbishop of Canterbury, further upsetting the Puritans because of his refusal to say Catholics weren’t Christian and his opposition to predestination Parliament refuses to give Charles “Tonnage and Poundage” for the life of his reign (recall the Magna Carta). Charles then cashed in his wife's dowry and forced loans from nobles to start a war with Spain. When the war fails, he forces wealthy nobles to give him loans to pay for it. Those who won’t give him money are thrown in jail Tonnage and Poundage is a tax upon every cask of wine and a tax on every pound weight of merchandise exported or imported – major source of money for the king! (Since Edward II) When Charles requests money for war again, Parliament presents the “Petition of Right” Charles signs the agreement, gets his money and dissolves Parliament, ushering in the “Personal Rule of Charles”, never calling on Parliament for the next 11 years. Charles raised money by: The collection of ship money from coastal and inland shipping Within three years, he had a balanced budget When Charles insists that Calvinist Scotland adopt the Book of Common Prayer, rebellion occurs. Charles calls on Parliament to request money told hold down the rebellion, and they refuse. Scotland invaded England and refused to leave, forcing England to pay 850 pounds a day until a settlement was reached Charles again calls on Parliament, the “Long Parliament” who abolished the kings “prerogative courts”, and executed Laud When rebellion erupted in England, Parliament attempts to have the king recognize the “Grand Remonstrance” which would have severely limited his power Charles attempts to arrest members of parliament instigating Civil War (English Revolution) The Roundheads, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell and his “New Model Army”, defeated Charles and ruled as a dictator (persecuted Catholics, Irish). Charles I was executed English not fond of “taxation without representation” – sound familiar Found Charles to be a despot Wanted to limit Royal Power Petition of Right 1628 King 1. No taxes without consent/act of Parliament 2. No one imprisoned without due process is compelled to summon parliament every 3 years Archbishop Laud is impeached (and beheaded) After Oliver Cromwell’s death, Parliament invited the exiled Charles II to rule (Stuart Restoration) Charles II acknowledged the rights of the people (especially religious), passed the Habeas Corpus Act James II (brother) took over – openly Catholic, he claimed divine right, demanded the repeal of the Test Act, and issued the Declaration of indulgence. He was immediately challenged. James imprisoned seven bishops who refused to announce these changes James fathered a male heir in 1688, who unlike his older sister Mary, would be raised Catholic. William of Orange, Mary’s husband, invaded England. With the support of unified protestant factions, the stage was set for the “Glorious Revolution” William and Mary took the throne, and immediately signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689. They also signed the Act of Toleration, the Mutiny Act, the Act of Settlement, and the Act of Union ON A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER, define the vocabulary terms Next, draw a SPEC chart. After reading, place major ideas from the reading in the appropriate part of the SPEC chart. S P E C 7 northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands after the revolt against Spain (officially recognized by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648). The House of Orange held the title of stadholder. In times of peace, burghers held political power William III of Orange attempted to consolidate power, but was not successful. A republican form of government was once again formed, following his death 17th century considered a golden age for the Dutch due to wealth and power gained from sea trade Socially, there was a high standard of living and fairly equal distribution of wealth. They were tolerant in religious matters Amsterdam became the center of commerce. This was aided by the development of the Bank of Amsterdam and the Dutch East India Company Four 17th century trade wars Anglo-Dutch Wars (ended with the Glorious Revolution), and wars with France to ensure a balance of power in Europe will lead to decline (1672 – “Year of Disaster”). Golden Age Painters http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzjHwF_2iH U&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1& safe=active Dutch Republic portion generates predictable questions At LEAST ONE designed to see if you recognize Amsterdam as a popular commercial area in the 17th Century Also, factors of Dutch Artwork Was protestant nation w/o absolute ruler-they were different from Rome and Madrid’s baroque art full of Catholic Church and ruling monarchs Merchants patronized Individual and everyday life Dutch Golden Age for painters in 1600’s Frederick the Great Gustavus Adolphus William of Orange Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Painting of daily life Lack of Religious or Catholic Themes All of the above None of the above Paris Amsterdam Ribe (original capital of Denmark) London Philip I of Spain converts them to Catholicism and they join the Holy Roman Empire Religious Tolerance commerce from shipping and the Dutch East India Company increases economic power High standard of living and equal distribution of wealth Eastern Europe Not really an empire, very feudal and not in Rome 1356 – the “Golden Bull” ( a papal declaration) established the practice of allowing 7 German princes to elect the Emperor (they often chose a weak one) Some parts became Protestant Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottomans Was devastated by the Thirty Years’ War The empire was replaced by independent states in the region (over 300 by 1500) By the 18th century, Austria and Prussia were gaining power 1519 – Charles V was elected emperor and tried to consolidate the area under Catholic rule The Lutheran reformation gave princes and cities a religious reason for rejecting his authority Peace of Augsburg signed by Charles V led to the Thirty Years War German princes could choose to be Lutheran or Catholic Frederick III, ruler of the Palatinate, converted to Calvinism As an “elector”, this posed a problem. Also, several other princes followed his lead The Catholic counter-reformation added to the growing religious tension, as in some areas Protestantism are increasingly being wiped out Leaves Holy Roman Empire divided into 300 independent states Elects an emperor who had no imperial army, revenues or central authority France emerges as a power house due to the decline of Holy Roman Empire’s power. Prussia Hohenzollerns rule territory known as BrandenburgPrussia Unification of northern Germans states started under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1415) 1640 - Foundation for the Prussian state was laid by Frederick William – the “Great Elector” – as a result of the 30 Years War Powerful, well-funded army through taxation Established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes Took government control from Junkers, but gave them positions in the government , absolute power over their peasants (now serfs) and exempted them from taxes Mercantile policies, including high tariffs Built roads and canals Prussia at its peak Modern Day Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium, Czech Republic and Switzerland Why was he so powerful again? Known as the Great Elector, FW began strengthening Hohenzollern power Built well-equipped army Army helps him become a major player in European Politics Demanded loyalty of Junkers, German Landowners; in exchange, Junckers received power over serfs Frederick William I ( 1713-1740 “Soldier King”) completed the dominance of the King over the Junkers, creating a rigid militaristic state known as the “Sparta of the North”. Army doubles to over 80,000 men 13th largest population of Europe 3rd or 4th largest army Officer class becomes Prussia’s most prestigious class. Austria Made up of traditional Hapsburg hereditary lands Ferdinand III had consolidated power in the Germanspeaking Habsburg provinces Leopold I defeated the Ottoman siege at Vienna in 1683 halting Muslim expansion into Europe Treaty of Karlowitz gave Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia and Slovenia to Austria, creating a large, powerful Austrian Empire The War of Spanish Succession gave Austria the Spanish Netherlands and Spanish holdings in Italy Austria Three distinct regions: hereditary provinces of the Habsburgs, Bohemia and Hungary Too many nationalities and religions (Hungary was defiantly Protestant, Bohemia and the “hereditary lands” were Catholic following the 30 Years’ War) These territories had their own estates-general, with the Austrian emperor as a symbolic figurehead. Landed aristocracy provided military officers and government bureaucrats, and little else The “Pragmatic Sanction” proclaimed by Charles VI stated that the Habsburg lands would always be under the control of a single ruler (could be female) AP Test you to understand its purpose and recognize Frederick the Great (of Prussia) violates it later. Emperor Charles VI (Habsburg) (reigns 17111740) Dies thinking he guaranteed peace and integrity of his realm. Determined to ensure his daughter, Maria Theresa’s succession, drew up a document=Pragmatic Sanction Territories of Habsburg Empire remain unified under her Maria Theresa would inherit all Habsburg lands and the throne Center of Orthodox Christianity (“Third Rome” after Rome itself and Constantinople) Russia overthrew the Mongols under Ivan the Terrible (“Czar”) who united and expanded Russia through the use of “Cossacks’. Ivan crushed the Boyars (landed aristocracy) “Time of Troubles” – period of civil war after the death of Ivan, came to an end with the appointment of Michael Romanov as czar by the feudal lords Tsar (czar) – divinely ordained autocratic ruler Landed aristocrats (boyars) Merchants – heavily regulated by the czar Peasants – increasingly became bound to the land as serfs • Early Russia – Russia and development vs. rest of Europe (Mongols) – Mongol Control and Rise of Moscow • Princes of Moscow and the Mongols • Duchy of Moscow • Ivan I • Ivan III- Novgorod and Independence – – – – – Mongol Khan Dispute among the Khanates The Khanate Golden Horde Isolationism of Russia Orthodox Church and freedom from the Mongols – Russian Czar/Tsar • Prince of Moscow/Duchy of Moscow • Czar and Boyars – Service Nobility – Military service • Ivan the Terrible – – – – – – Autocratic Ruler Orthodox Church Boyars Cossacks Middle Class Oprichnina/Oprichnikie • Time of Troubles – – – – Ivan heir and death of his son Invasion of Swedish and Polish armies Cossacks in eastern regions Nobility and control • Michael Romanov – – – – Reestablishment of autocracy Czarist control over people Enserfment of peasants Nobility and power – Reforms in Russia and Peter the Great • Russian westernization- Ivan III, Ivan IV and Peter the Great – Catherine the Great and enlightened despotism • Peter and Army – Prussian and other western advisors • Great Northern War – St. Petersburg – Army and size • Russian Bureaucracy • Russian Peasant life – People and assignments • Territorial Expansion – St. Petersburg and Baltic Sea – Peter and War in the South- Ottoman lands and Crimea • Peter and western Ideas • Absolutism and Baroque Architecture – Palaces and Power • Show places for the authority of the king • Architecture played an important role in politics because it enhanced the image of a ruler and awed the people • The Royal Palace was a favorite architectural expression of absolutist power • Baroque was a dramatic and emotional style – Cities and Urban Planning • Cities were built along orderly lines • Large imposing public buildings • New avenues brought speed to cities • Long straight streets – The growth of St. Petersburg • Example of the tie among architecture, politics, and urban development • Peter the Great built the new western city in the baroque style • Show place for Russia and the Czar • In the 18th century one of the worlds largest cities – – – – Straight avenues Houses were built in uniform line Parks, Canals, and streetlights Each social groups was to live in a specific section – Western section was Peters favorite • Peasants bore the heavy burdens to construct the city Elected in 1613 (Romanov Dynasty ruled until 1917) Continued to consolidate lands at the expense of the serfs (now like slaves – recall the rise in demand for food) and spread eastward (Cossacks again) 1682-1725 – westernized Russia Women forced to dress like Western European women, men shaved beards Built St. Petersburg (window to the west) in which engineers, artists, scientists et al were invited to westernize Russia Serfs turned slaves built St. Petersburg Denmark Very Feudal –monarchs elected and shared power with the nobility Nobility exercised a lot of power over peasants Losses in the 30 Years War and war with Sweden led to a bloodless revolution, in which the power of the nobility was curtailed and an absolutist constitution was instituted in 1665 Christian V from 1670-1699 crafted a centralized administration with the nobility as part of the upper bureaucracy Sweden 1611 - Gustavus Adolphus created a stable monarchy by granting the nobility positions in the bureaucracy and creating a formidable army Eventually Charles XI will assume the throne and began to create a strong absolute monarchy Resumed control of crown lands and their revenues Improved the army and navy Weakened the power of the Riksdag and the church By 1693, he created a state that dominated Northern Europe By 1718, however, Charles XII had gone to war with Poland, Denmark and Russia, leading to Sweden’s decline 1569 – formal merger between Poland-Lithuania, although a marriage began the process in 1386 which began the Jagiello dynasty (largest Christian kingdom) Assemblies of nobles elected the kings and limited their power Nobles kept peasantry in a state of serfdom 1572 – Jagiello dynasty came to an end and an outsider was chosen as king – Swede Sigismund III. The nobility continued to strengthen, and left Poland no more than a confederation of semi-independent estates It became a battleground foreign powers who found it easy to invade but difficult to manage Based in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuk Turks by the Mongols Took over and renamed Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 Within 100 years dominated the regions surrounding the Western Mediterranean (stopped short at Vienna) Predominantly Muslim, although religious toleration practiced Enslaved Christian boys (Janissaries) for the military (devshirme) Over time, persecution grew Built up the empire and the arts Took parts of Hungary, taking advantage of a weak Europe during the protestant reformation Stopped at Vienna, or the history of Europe would be vastly different Ottomans stayed in power until 1922 – greatly expanding Islam and kept Eastern Europe on it’s toes Mughal Empire established in 1526 by Babur and dominated for 300 years Babur’s harsh tactics replaced by Akbar who was more religiously tolerant Abolished jizya Allowed Hindus in the government and military Eliminated sati Married a Hindu Golden age of art and architecture for the next 100 years Taj Mahal built (at the expense of those who paid taxes) Religious toleration ended Jizya reinstated Hindu temples destroyed Hindus persecuted and begin to unite Europeans arrive in the 17th century penetrating the periphery (coastal regions) of India Ignored the European presence, which continued to penetrate into the interior of the subcontinent Mughals had to fight Hindu uprisings, which left them vulnerable to European encroachment Continued wars to expand were costly, never became “maritime”, allowing for European countries to control maritime trade Defeated the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) in 1368 Created a strong central government, reinstated Confucianism and civil service exams Sponsored grand voyages under Zheng He, but discontinued (ALMOST “maritime”) Conquered by the Qing in 1644 (Manchus) Manchu rulers – governed until 1912 Maintained and ethnic elite Used civil service to employ Chinese Supported Confucianism, the arts and expanded the empire Had established trade with Europe, however in 1724, Christians banned, 1757 trade with Europe was limited to Canton Trade was still substantial – silver increased creating a new merchant class During this era, European countries cannot penetrate into China and control the region as they had done in India, Southeast Asia and the Americas As Europe becomes more industrialized in the next era, that will change and China will not be able to hold off their intrusions any longer Ruled until 1868 – instituted a rigid social class model caste in nature (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant) AKA – Edo Period - capital moved to Edo (Tokyo) National Seclusion Policy –isolated Japan (those going in and out – only the Dutch – 1 ship a year - and Chinese could enter Nagasaki) Result – culture thrived (haiku and Kabuki), however Japan lags in technology Similar to China, strong governments in Japan keep the Europeans at bay during this era However, Japan will isolate and industrialize in the next era, allowing them to compete with Europe militarily and economically, avoiding a takeover by European powers