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* Chapter 13 * * 7 provinces unite > win independence from Spain * 16th and 17th century * Forms a republic > diff. from other European nations * States General was the central govt. * Each province contained authority * Holland most powerful * Distrust monarchy as form of govt. * Will allow House of Orange control in military situations * Fought with England & Spain * Very tolerant nation (lived together peacefully) * Urban prosperity * Dutch farming was a model * Profitable overseas trade * Dutch East India Company * Replaced Portugal in controlling spice trade in Asia * *Decline in 18th century * No strong stadtholder to create unified political leadership * Britain surpasses the Dutch on the seas * Fishing industry declines * Domestic industries stagnant * Disunity of the provinces * What saves them from being insignificant? * Financial dominance * Banks financed European trade * *Developed out of a need for revenue *What were they? *England – parliamentary monarchy – a limited monarchy where the monarch is subject to the law and the consent of parliament * Parliament meets when summoned *France – political absolutism –strong centralized monarchies, where the royal power is dominant * * 1603 > takes throne > inherits debt and a divided Church * Strong believer in divine right of kings > not interested in meeting with Parliament much * Must consult Parliament before receiving revenue * Levied new custom duties > impositions * Rebuffs Puritans and maintains Anglican episcopacy?, causing religious dissenters to leave England for North America * System of church govt. where bishops are the chief clerics * Puritans believed only in America could they worship freely * James’s Court was center of scandal and corruption with his favorite duke (lover?) of Buckingham * Doubts about James I commitment to Protestants * Makes peace with Spain * Tries to relax penal laws against Catholics * Hesitant to support German Protestants in Thirty Years’ War I, James, am neither a god nor an angel, but a man like any other. Therefore I act like a man and confess to loving those dear to me more than other men. You may be sure that I love the Earl of Buckingham more than anyone else, and more than you who are here assembled. I wish to speak in my own behalf and not to have it thought to be a defect, for Jesus Christ did the same, and therefore I cannot be blamed. Christ had John, and I have George. Supposedly James I died with Bucky at his side. * *England goes to war with Spain again * Parliament would not adequately finance it * Charles I does what his father did *Parliament would only give Charles funds if he agreed to the Petition of Right? * stating that no forced loans or taxations could happen without the consent of Parliament *Further disputes causes Charles to dissolve Parliament *Makes peace with Spain & France * Catholic sentiment? * Wants religious conformity in England & Scotland * *Scottish rebellion against his attempt to put in the English Episcopal system leads to the reinstallment of Parliament * Parliament redresses long list of grievances * Charles I > made > dissolves Parliament again * Scots win battles in 1640 > Charles reconvenes Parliament * * Members of Parliament * Merchants & landowners in Parliament distrusted his financial policies * Puritans resented religious policies * Made their own policies * One was Charles could not dissolve them w/out their consent * Puritans divided between moderates and extremes vs. religious conservatives * Charles wanted to raise an army > opponents in Parliament said he can’t be trusted * Charles invades Parliament * Opponents escape * Parliament passes Militia Ordinance * Both raise their own armies * Cavaliers vs. Roundheads * * * Led parliamentary army in civil war * Parliament wins civil war and in response executes Charles I and abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church * Creates Puritan Republic * Ran basically a military dictatorship, which brutally conquered Catholic countries Scotland and Ireland * Disbands Parliament (House of Commons) > becomes “Lord Protector” * Put in Puritan prohibitions against drunkenness, theatre going, and dancing * Dies in 1660 > English ready to have monarchy and Anglican Church restored * Charles II becomes king * * England returns to hereditary monarch, parliament summoned at will, and Anglican church ran by bishops and prayer book * Had secret Catholic sympathies * Made secret pact with Louis XIV to convert when the time was right * Issues Declaration of Indulgence * Suspends laws against Roman Catholics & non-Anglican Protestants Parliament threatens not to fund war with the Dutch Charles rescinds the act * * * Parliament issues Test Act * Civil & military officials of the crown swear to doctrine of transubstantiation * Problem > no honest Catholic would do so * Popish Plot > basically a lie that the king was going to be assassinated and his brother James would take throne * Dies 1685 > leaves James II in shaky terms with Parliament * * James II – repeals the Test Act, puts Catholics in positions of power, and issues another Declaration of Indulgence permitting religious freedom * Parliament afraid of a Catholic heir to the throne invite William of Orange to invade England * James flees to France - William and Mary (James eldest Protestant daughter) succeed to the throne in the bloodless Glorious Revolution * England becomes a limited monarchy and permits worship of all Protestants, but not Catholics (The Toleration Act of 1689) * Start of parliamentary democracy * Act of Settlement puts King George I on the throne * *Sir Robert Walpole dominated English politics from 1721 till 1742 based on his royal support, ability to handle the House of Commons and control over government patronage * promoted peace at home and abroad * spread trade from North America to India * builds the military, especially the navy making Britain a world power *The results of Walpole is England becomes a military power with both religious and political liberty * * Takes over country upon death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661 * Rebellion by nobility > the Fronde > affects Louis XIV’s approach to leadership * Was an absolute monarch, but often conferred with councils and the regional judicial bodies call the parlements * Later curtails parlements power, but is supported by some of them anyways * Parlement of Paris > most powerful > curtails its power too * Absolutism * Kings or Queens ruling absolutely over large territories with relatively fixed boundaries * Henry IV & Cardinal Richelieu paved the way for absolutism of Louis XIV * Reduced power of nobility * * Louis & advisors > masters at propaganda & image creation * Huge palace that was built for Louis XIV and housed thousands of important nobles, royal officials and servants * “feather pillow” tactic? * Louis XIV nicknamed Sun King * Why? * Ruled by Divine Right * Palace becomes a symbol of his power * Govt. moved from Paris to quiet countryside of Versailles * Good for Louis why? * * Prior to construction it was a hunting lodge under Louis XIII * In today’s standards it would have cost $2 billion to build * Treaty of Versailles ending WWI was signed in the Hall of Mirrors * The Garden is 1,976 acres > 200,000 trees > 50 fountains > 210,000 flowers * When it was built it could accommodate 5,000 people * The palace is one of the largest palaces in the world. It has more than 700 rooms, 2000 windows, 1250 fireplaces, 67 staircases * The paintings, tapestries, sculptures and furniture of this fabulous palace have been executed by the best Italian and French artists of the earlier times * During the reign of Louis-Philippe the chateau (palace) was converted into a museum in 1830 * All together the site is 19,262 acres > larger than the island of Manhattan * The Chapel took 28 years to complete > it had to be perfect for Louis XIV > it was designed to be a symbol of Catholic Church * * Vast network of bureaucrats ran the country * Chief advisors > Jean-Baptiste Colbert > finance minister * Controlled exports > Limited imports * Regulations set for guilds > control products being made * Made sure French products were above all else > fine quality * France making money but Louis spending too much * Palace of Versailles > half of revenue * Funding of many wars * Lavish lifestyle * Duke of Orleans > in charge for Louis XV * John Law & Mississippi Bubble > major financial fiasco * Brought disgrace on govt. * * Not only power hungry but land hungry as well * Wanted to expand France’s borders * War of Devolution and the Second Dutch War * Fought in the Netherlands * Failure > no land gained in the end > money resources lost * War of Spanish Succession * Spain & France combine? * Other European monarchies saw this as a threat * Grand Alliance > England, Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia & HRE * Louis forced to make peace > Treaty of Utrecht 1713 * Balance of power maintained * * Political unity according to Louis required Religious unity * Suppression of the Jansenists – religious order that came from the Roman Catholic Church opposed to the teachings of the Jesuits – during Louis’s reign, both he and the Popes banned Jansenism and forced its followers underground * Revocation of the Edict of Nantes – Huguenots were banned from certain professions, had churches and schools closed, ministers exiles and Protestant children baptized by Catholic priests * France becomes symbol of religious repression * * Economically > less advanced than the west * Economy agrarian * Trade > very limited > only grain traded to west * Politically > weak * War caused loyalty shifts * 3 powers * Habsburg Empire * Prussia * Russia * Poland > * failure to est. central govt. * *Most Polish monarchs were foreigners and tools for foreign powers * Monarchy was elected *Had a central legislative body called the Sejm or diet * Single member (bribed) could use a liberum veto which requires the body to disband * Problem with giving nobles too much power *Poland disappears from map in 18th century as a result * * 1648 Austrian Hapsburgs held on to title of Holy Roman Emperor, but the title depended on help from many other German states and principalities * The territories, some outside of Germany, were so geographically and culturally diverse that there was no common ground to unite them politically * Despite internal difficulties the empire increases under Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI * Pragmatic Sanction –> Charles VI no male heir > afraid Austria Hapsburgs will fall to surrounding powers * This instrument would provide the legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Hapsburg dynasty putting his daughter Maria Theresa in charge * Frederick II of Prussia invades Hapsburg Empire and puts Maria at risk in1740 * Father left Maria a weak military * * Rule of Frederick William, the Great Elector * Raised taxes through force to build an army * Junkers (Yoon-kers), the German noble landlords in return for obedience to Frederick could enforce serfdom * Prussia valued as an ally b/c of strong army * Frederick William’s successors * Frederick I, helps Hapsburgs in War of Spanish Succession and becomes King of Prussia * Frederick William I – most successful Prussian leader – made the strongest army in Europe the symbol of power and unity, while staying out of war * Frederick II or Great – did not have wisdom of his father and invaded Silesia starting long Austrian-Prussian rivalry * Fighting for control of Germany * *Russia emerges as a European power in the 17th Century * No warm water ports for trade * Major problem * Romanov Dynasty (1613 to 1917) * Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) * Time of Troubles * Violent tyranny * Nobles elect Tsar after Ivan’s Death * Michael Romanov (1st Romanov) * Successors * * * Aleksei and Theodore II Brought stability and centralized govt. Still weak though * * Came to power at age ten and believed that the power of the tsar must be secure from the jealousy and greed of the , boyars, the old nobility and the strelsy, the guards of the Moscow garrison * publicly executed rebellious strelsy and repressed and humiliated the boyars * Wanted to increase Russian military power, so he drafted an army of 300,000 soldiers * Built a navy on the Baltic Sea and went to war with the Ottomans * The Great Northern War – Peter defeats the Swedes and takes control of Estonia, Livonia, parts of Finland * St. Petersburg – built a capital in honor of himself with places forcibly built by the boyars that resembled small versions of Versailles * Peter’s son, Aleksei, with Charles VI of Hapsburg attempts a conspiracy against Peter and is sentenced to death / dies in prison under mysterious circumstances Warning Looking at Sophia (Peter’s Step Sister) may result in nightmares Ruled as regent prior to Peter * * Peter realized he was faced with a lot of opposition so he brings the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church closer to the tsar * Table of Ranks – made a person’s social position and privileges more important than lineage * Abolishes the patriarch and puts in its place the Holy Synod, which consisted of several bishops headed by a layman called the procurator general * 1725 – Peter dies and leaves no successor as Russia becomes unstable * * Europeans fought with Ottomans over control of the Mediterranean, Balkans, and Black Sea * Largest Muslim empire during it’s time * Fall of Roman Empire > it was the largest political entity governing very diverse group of people > 18th Century power receding * Religious toleration seen more here than anywhere else in Europe * Still some religious discrimination – dhimmis – non-Islamic persons in the Empire could worship, but couldn’t rise in power, had to pay a poll tax, could not serve in the military and were prevented from wearing certain colors * Devshirme – Christian boys recruited and raised as Muslims and put into the military as infantry troops known as Janissaries / they were basically well treated slaves * Sultans governed their empire through millets (units) – officially recognized religious communities * * Ulama > Islamic Scholars advised sultans (Ottoman Ruler) Islamic law protected here > the Sharia * * The Ottomans attempt to expand their empire into Europe, but fail * The power of the main political figure, after the Sultan, the vizier grows and splits up the empire * Europe passes the Ottomans in learning, science, and military prowess * Ottomans suffer military losses to the united European states and Russia and in consequence lose land and revenue * Europe sees the Ottoman Empire as one in decline and Islam as an inferior religion